• 대한가정학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.195-211
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• 1997

This thesis is conducted a survey of consumer problems and dissatisfaction and their complaining behavior. It analyzes the complex and varied consumer problems and dissatisfactions, then minimizes them and motivates active response. Also, this thesis is intended to provide fundamental study that may be used for the formulation of consumer protection polices. For this purpose, questionary survey method was used and the sample was taken from 603 housewives lives in Seoul. The major results of the study are summarized as follows; 1) Quality of product was the most frequent problem among consumer problems and dissatisfaction. 2) The level of consumer complaining behavior was 50.69/100 which is a little above median point. Non-complaining behavior was the most frequent, and followed by private/public behavior, public behavior and private behavior. 3) Path analysis of the variables affecting complaining behavior showed total causal effect to be biggest for degree of information search. The experience of consumer problems and dissatisfaction of consumers caused positive effect though causal relation.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2015

Empirical studies of superior's ethical leadership on organizational effectiveness of organization member have been done in various fields. However, it is difficult to find the previous research on civil servant in public sector. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse causal relationship of ethical leadership and organizational effectiveness and to suggest theoretical and political implication for enhancing the level of civil servant's organizational citizenship behavior. As the result of analysing the causal relationship of superior's ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior, the factor of organizational effectiveness as the public attitude, this study shows that normative behavior, communication, reinforcement, and right decision-making have significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior. Based on these results, this study suggested theoretical and political implication and the limitations of study.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.131-144
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of experience and the consumer problem perception on its seriousness in relation to E-commerce in information society and how much consumers wanted to be provided with consumer information and education. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. The consumers showed the highest degree of consumer information needs related to the protection of private information and the highest degree of consumer education needs related to consumerism/law/method of compensation for damages. 2. The consumers showed the highest level of anxiety at a time of e-commerce in to the total causal effect of the variables influencing consumer information needs and the variable of sex(male university students)showed the greatest total causal effect in relation to consumer education needs.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2018

Government R&D grants for SMEs have risen to three trillion Korean won a year, placing Korea second among OECD nations. Indeed, analysis results have revealed that government support has not only expanded corporate R&D investment and the registration of intellectual property rights but has also increased investment in tangible and human assets and marketing. However, value added, sales and operating profit have lacked improvement owing to an ineffective recipient selection system that relies solely on qualitative assessments by technology experts. Nevertheless, if a predictive model is properly applied to the system, the causal effect on value added could increase by more than two fold. Accordingly, it is important to focus on economic performance rather than technical achievements to develop such a model.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권10호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2022

The purpose of the existing work is to inspect the impact of knowledge management on organizational performance. Business experts now appreciate how important knowledge management is for organizational performance. Earlier studies have investigated the research model with causal linkages, however, only a few of them have considered sample-selecting bias problems when analyzing the model of knowledge management on organizational performance. The number of 312 executives related to knowledge management from 312 enterprises that have been approved with quality management systems offered suitable responses for analyses. The data was employed to investigate the effect of knowledge management on organizational performance, considering sample-selecting bias. The empirical outcomes indicate that sample-selecting bias exists in the causal impact of knowledge management on organizational performance. The empirical findings are helpful to scholars of knowledge management as well as business executives by giving an insight into the casual effect of knowledge management on organizational performance with the intervention of sample-selecting bias. The acceptance of knowledge management should be tailored to improve competitive advantages that will lead to better organizational performance.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.675-688
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• 2020

In survival analysis of observational data, the inverse probability weighting method and the Cox proportional hazards model are widely used when estimating the causal effects of multiple-valued treatment. In this paper, the two kinds of weights have been examined in the inverse probability weighting method. We explain the reason why the stabilized weight is more appropriate when an inverse probability weighting method using the generalized propensity score is applied. We also emphasize that a marginal hazard ratio and the conditional hazard ratio should be distinguished when defining the hazard ratio as a treatment effect under the Cox proportional hazards model. A simulation study based on real data is conducted to provide concrete numerical evidence.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.11-14
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural causal relationship between the SNS marketing attributes of luxury brands on brand awareness, brand involvement, and brand attachment. Research design, data and methodology: To this end, a survey was conducted on 427 users of large Internet communities and SNS. The results of the empirical analysis are summarized as follows. Results: First, among SNS marketing attributes, information, reliability, and update had a significant positive (+) influence on purchase intention. Second, among SNS marketing attributes, informativity, interaction, playability, and update had a significant positive (+) influence on brand recognition. Reliability, interaction, and update had a significant positive (+) effect on brand involvement. In addition, in brand attachment, playability and up-to-dateness had a significant positive (+) influence. Conclusions: Looking at the causal relationship between brand attitudes, there was a significant positive influence on brand involvement, and a significant positive influence on brand involvement, but the effect of brand awareness on brand attachment was not significant.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify the causal relationship developmental activity of the marine sports among the educational value and barrier's factors in a middle school teachers in Busan. Responses were collected from 352 questionnaires which participated in the survey chosen by convenient sampling from the middle school teachers who working the area of Busan. A total of 338 responses were used in data analysis; 14 questionnaires were excluded form data analysis because of incomplete or missing data. To conduct this study the multiple regression analysis was used by SPSS 10.0. The result of this study disclosed; first, The factors of educational value such as self-concept development, collaboration, human relationship, and emotional development were statistically causal relationship with the developmental activity of the marine sports. The other factors of creativity, leisure activity, and health were not statistically causal relationship with the development activity of the marine sports. Second, the barrier's factors of facility and weather were statistically causal relationship with the developmental activity of the marine sports. The other barrier's factors of safety accident, program, and participation expense were not statistically causal relationship with the developmental activity of the marine sports.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.849-858
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• 2016

관측 자료를 이용한 인과연구에서 관심 있는 처리변수의 효과가 다른 공변량의 효과와 중첩되지 않도록 조건화할 공변량을 선택하는 것이 중요하다. 인과연구에서의 공변량선택 문제는 공분산분석 모형에서의 변수선택 문제와 다르다는 것을 예를 들어 설명하였다. 그리고 모든 변수들 사이의 인과관계를 파악하지 않고도 적용할 수 있는 실용적인 공변량선택기준에 대해 살펴보았다. VanderWeele과 Shpitser (2011)가 새로운 기준을 제안하면서 새로운 기준이 다른 두 기준보다 나은 성능을 보인다고 주장하였는데, 이 기준에도 한계와 단점이 있음을 예증하였다. 새로운 기준이 완전한 기준은 아니지만 조건을 조금 수정하면 다른 두 기준과 달리 중첩을 제거할 수 있다는 점에서 좀 더 나은 기준이라고 할 수 있다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.121-132
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• 2017

Purpose - There are many variables related to consumer-brand relationship such as brand attitude, attachment, commitment and brand loyalty and we should manage these all variables successfully to achieve a strong brand loyalty. The objective of this research is to investigate the path from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Specially, this article focuses on the moderating effects of brand type and consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research design, data, and methodology - The seven hypotheses were proposed and tested empirically in this research. Three of seven hypotheses were the effects of brand attitude and brand attachment on the brand commitment and brand loyalty. Another two hypotheses presented the moderating effect of brand type and other two hypotheses expressed the moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships between variables. Research data were collected from the surveying of university students and the 282 samples were used to test the proposed hypotheses empirically. We utilized SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 for statistical analyses such as reliability test, validity test and path analysis. Results - The results show that brand attitude influences the brand loyalty and brand attachment influences the brand commitment positively. The brand attachment also influences the brand commitment positively. We found that there is a moderating effect of brand type in the causal relationship between brand attitude and loyalty though there is no significant moderating effect in the causality between brand attachment and commitment. We also fount that there is no significant moderating effect of consumer innovativeness in the causal relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty. In Summary, 5 of 7 hypotheses in this study were supported and 2 hypotheses were not supported. Conclusions - There is a path model of consumer-brand relationship from brand attitude and brand attachment to brand commitment and brand loyalty. Companies should provide their consumers with effective marketing program in every phase of consumer-brand relationship to build brand loyalty. In addition, there are possibilities that the relationships among brand attitude, brand attachment, brand commitment and brand loyalty are moderated by brand type and consumer innovativeness. Companies should consider perceived brand type and innovativenss of their consumers in planning and executing their various marketing programs for their brand management.