• 제목/요약/키워드: Catalyst free

검색결과 269건 처리시간 0.022초

A Green and Highly Efficient Solvent-free Synthesis of Novel Calicx[4]resorcinarene Derivatives Using Tungstate Sulfuric Acid

  • Karami, Bahador;Khodabakhshi, Saeed;Safikhani, Niloofar;Arami, Afsaneh
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제33권1호
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    • pp.123-127
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    • 2012
  • A facile and simple procedure for the synthesis of novel and known calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives were developed via a reaction of arylaldehydes with resorcinol in the presence of catalytic amounts of tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA) under solvent-free conditions. This eco-friendly method has many appealing attributes, such as excellent yields, short reactions times, use of safe and recoverable catalyst, and simple work-up procedures. TSA was characterized by powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and FTIR spectroscopy.

Rapid and Ecofriendly Esterification of Alcohols with 2-Acylpyridazinones

  • Kim, Bo Ram;Sung, Gi Hyeon;Ryu, Ki Eun;Kim, Jeum-Jong;Yoon, Yong-Jin
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제34권11호
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    • pp.3410-3414
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    • 2013
  • Atom-economical esterification is of great importance in green chemistry. In this work, we demonstrated the catalyst and additive free esterification of alcohols by their reaction with 2-acyl-4,5-dichloropyridazin-3(2H)-ones without solvent at $100^{\circ}C$. Aliphatic and aromatic alcohols were converted into the corresponding esters in good to excellent yields. It is noteworthy that the reaction is solvent-free, atom-economic, easy-workup, and rapid and that the process is inexpensive.

Ultrasound Mediated, Sodium Bisulfite Catalyzed, Solvent Free Synthesis of 6-Amino-3-methyl-4-substitued-2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile

  • Darandale, Sunil N.;Sangshetti, Jaiprakash N.;Shinde, Devanand B.
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제56권3호
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    • pp.328-333
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    • 2012
  • A simple, convenient and practical green synthetic protocol for sodium bisulfite catalyzed multicomponent reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, malononitrile, and various aldehydes for the synthesis of 6-amino-4-phenyl-3-methyl-2,4-ihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitriles using ultrasound irradiations in solvent free condition. This method provides the advantage of operational simplicity, shorter reaction time and excellent yields making the protocol environment friendly and economically lucrative.

Optimum Synthesis and Characterization of Precursor Solution for a Hard Coating Silica Film Prepared by Sol-Gel Process

  • 김선일;김구열;임형미;이봉우;나재운
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제21권8호
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    • pp.817-822
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    • 2000
  • Crack-free hard coating siIica films were prepared by sol-gel processfrom twokinds of silicon alkoxide (tetra-ethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane) and two kinds of alcohol (methanol and isopropyl alcohol) with an acid catalyst,acetic acid. A silicate framework of the precursor solution was investigated by infrared spectros-copy (IR) in the process of hydrolysis and condensation. Theextent of the condensation in the intermediates was elucidated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 29Si-NMR spectroscopy. The hard coating films werecharacterized by IR,scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and dif-ferential scanning calroimeter (DSC). The synthetic condition for the crack-free and transparent silica film for-mation was optimized interms of starting materials for the precursor solution as well as preparation method of the silica film.

유리지방산을 많이 함유한 미강유와 글리세린의 에스테르화 반응에 관한 연구 (Study on Reesterification of Rice Bran Oil Containing High Free Fatty Acids and Glycerol)

  • 문성훈;이준식
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.193-199
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    • 1980
  • 유리 지방산을 많이 함유한 미강유(산 값=119.7)와 당량의 글리세린의 에스테르화 반응에 관한 실험을 시도하였는 바, 실험 결과를 보면 (1) 반응온도를 $170^{\circ}C$에서 $210^{\circ}C$$250^{\circ}C$로 올렸을 때 촉매의 유무 및 반응시간에 관계 없이 평균 산 값은 각각 42.7, 21.5 및 10.0으로 반응이 촉진되었고, (2) 촉매를 사용하였을 때 온도와 시간에 관계없이 반응이 현저히 촉진되었다. 이 때의 평균 산 값은 12.5로써 촉매를 사용하지 않을 때의 평균 산 값 36.9보다 훨씬 적었으며, (3) 반응시간을 3시간에서 6시간으로 증가 시켰을 때도 촉매의 유무 및 반응 속도에 관계없이 평균 산 값은 각각 31.1과 18.3으로 반응이 촉진되었다. 관 크로마토그래피에 의한 트러-글리세리드 및 유리 지방산의 분석 결과를 보면 탈검한 미강유를 $250^{\circ}C$에서 6시간동안 촉매를 사용하거나 사용하지 않고 에스테르화 반응을 시켰을 때 트리-글리세리드의 경우, 반응 전 미강유의 10.4%로부터 각각 72.9%와 61.1%로 증가하였고 유리 지방산의 경우, 반응전 미강유의 60.2%로 부터 각각 1.4%와 6.1%로 감소하였다. 요드값에 의해서 간접적으로 중합물을 측정한 결과를 보면 촉매에 의한 중합은 일어나지 않았으며 온도를 $170^{\circ}C$에서 $210^{\circ}C$로 올렸을 때에도 중합은 일어나지 않았으나, $250^{\circ}C$에서 6시간동안 반응을 시켰을 때에는 어느 정도 중합물이 생성됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피에 의한 분석에 의하면 미강유의 지방산은 주로 올레산(42.5), 리놀산(29.0%) 및 팔미트산(20.3%)이었다.

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catalyst-free 유기금속 화학증착법을 이용한 InN nanorods의 성장

  • 김민화;홍영준;정건욱;박성현;이건훈;문대영;전종명;김미영;이규철;윤의준
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.126-126
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구에서는 catalyst-free 유기금속 화학증착법 (MOCVD)를 이용하여 사파이어 (0001)면 위에 직접 InN nanorods를 성장하였다. InN 박막의 성장에서 TMIn과 $NH_3$를 전구체로 사용하였으며, 캐리어 가스로는 질소를 사용하였다. 성장 전, 기판에 $1100^{\circ}C$에서 3분간 nitridation 처리를 거친 후 온도를 낮춰 $630{\sim}730^{\circ}C$의 온도범위 에서 InN 박막을 성장하였다. 이때 $710^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 박막은 columnar growth의 특성을 보였으며 동일조건에서 80분간 성장시킨 결과 InN nanorods가 성장되었다. 성장시킨 InN nanorod는 X-선 회절 측정법, 주사 전자 현미경 그리고 투과 전자 현미경을 이용하여 그 특성을 분석하였다. 투과 전자 현미경을 통한 분석결과 지름이 150~200 nm이며 그 길이는 수 ${\mu}m$인 InN nanorod가 성공적으로 성장되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 X-선 회절 측정법과 주사 전자 현미경을 통한 분석에서 이들 nanorods가 대부분 c 방향으로 수직하게 정렬되어 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 Ti/Au (120/80 nm)를 전극으로 사용하여 개개의 nanorod의 전기적 특성을 분석한 결과 linear한 I-V특성이 관찰되었으며 비저항은 평균적으로 $0.0024\;{\Omega}cm$ 이었다. transfer 특성의 측정결과 -50V까지 게이트 전압을 인가하여도 드레인 전류의 변화는 매우 적어 doping level이 상당히 높다고 예상가능하다. 또한 mobility는 $133\;cm^2/Vs$로 도출되었다.

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범밀도함수이론에 기초한 니켈(100) 표면에서의 전기화학적 질소환원반응 메커니즘에 관한 연구 (A Density-Functional Theory Study on Mechanisms of the Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction on the Nickel(100) Surface)

  • 김민지;이상헌
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제61권4호
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    • pp.604-610
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    • 2023
  • 주변 조건에서 N2를 환원하여 NH3를 생성하는 전기 촉매 질소 환원 반응(nitrogen reduction reaction, NRR)은 산업공정에서 에너지 소비를 감소시킬 수 있는 유망한 기술로 주목을 받고 있다. N2를 흡착하고 활성화할 수 있는 촉매 금속 표면 중 많이 사용되는 Ni(100) 표면의 여러 사이트(site)의 흡착 성능을 밀도 함수 이론 계산(density-functional theory)를 기반으로 비교하였다. 또한 안정적인 NRR반응의 경로를 유도하는 N2의 두 가지 흡착 구조를 조사하였고 end-on 구조는 top site에 흡착, distal pathway로 반응이 진행되고 side-on 구조는 bridge site에 흡착되며 enzymatic pathway로 반응이 진행되었다. 마지막으로 구조 별 가장 안정한 메커니즘의 깁스 자유에너지를 구하여 반응의 경향성을 알아봄으로써 NRR 반응의 금속 촉매 표면 흡착에 대한 연구에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

Glycerol 후처리에 의한 Free-formaldehyde 발생 억제 효과 (The Effects of Glycerol Aftertreatment for Low-Formaldehyde Finishing)

  • 최석철;김호정
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.59-67
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    • 1986
  • To control the amounts of formaldehyde released from the cotton fabric finished with N-methylol compounds, glycerol was used as a formaldehyde-scavenging agent. It was observed the effects of catalysts and curing conditions when aftertreated with glycerol on melamine resin finished fabric. The effects of Different processes of glycerol treatment, and different resins, urea resin and melamine resin, were compared. The conclusions obtained from the results are as follows: 1) It was shown hatt the aftertreatment with glycerol (treated without catalyst) was more effective than treated with catalysts in controlling free formaldehyde. 2) The optimum curing temperature and curing time for the glycerol aftertreatment without adversely affecting the other properties of fabric was about $160^{\circ}C$, 3 min. 3) According to the increase of glycerol concentration in both aftertreatment and simultaneous treatment the amounts of free formaldehyde was reduced. The rate of decrease was manifest within the limits of $6\%$ in the case of simultaneous treatment with glycerol ana resins, and $3\%$ in the case of glycerol aftertreatment on resin finished fabrics. 4) Dry wrinkle recovery angle was decreased the increase of glycerol concentration. Melamine resin had a little adverse effect than urea resin, particulary glycerol aftertreatment. 5) The breaking strength was increased with the increase of glycerol concentration.

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Three Component Solvent-free Synthesis of Chroman-2,4-dione-based Heterocyclic Ketene Aminal (HKA) Derivatives by "GAP" Chemistry

  • Yu, Fu-Chao;Hao, Xiao-Pan;Jiang, Xiu-Yang;Yan, Sheng-Jiao;Lin, Jun
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제35권6호
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    • pp.1625-1632
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    • 2014
  • A concise and efficient one-pot synthesis of chroman-2,4-dione-based HKA derivatives by three component reaction of HKAs, triethoxymethane and 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives under solvent-free and catalyst-free conditions is described. This protocol has many advantages, in that the GAP (Group-Assistant-Purification) chemistry process is involved in this method. As a result, the experimenter can avoid cumbersome process steps such as traditional chromatography and recrystallization purifications. The desired products can be easily obtained by washing the crude products with 95% EtOH.

카본블랙 촉매를 이용한 유동층 반응기에서 메탄의 직접 열 분해에 의한 수소생산 연구 (Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane over carbon black catalyst in a fluidized bed)

  • 정재욱;남우석;윤기준;이동현;한귀영
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국신재생에너지학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회
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    • pp.284-287
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    • 2005
  • A fluidized bed reactor made of quartz with 0.055 m I.D. and 1.0 m in height was employed for the thermocatalytic decomposition of methane to produce $CO_2 - free$ hydrogen. The fluidized bed was proposed for the continuous withdraw of product carbons from the reactor. The methane decomposition rate with the carbon black N330 catalyst was quickly reached a quasi-steady state rate and remained for several hour. The methane decomposition reaction was carried out at the temperature range of $850-925^{\circ}C$, methane gas velocity of $1.0U_{mf}\;3.0U_{mf}$ and the operating pressure of 1.0 atm. Effect of operating parameters such as reaction temperature, gas velocity on the reaction rates was investigated. The produced carbon by the methane decomposition was deposited on the surfaces of carbon catalysts and the morphology was observed by SEM image.

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