• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 2015

A 7-year-old castrated male Korean Shorthair cat was referred with lethargy and anorexia. Laboratory examination revealed moderate degenerative changes of peripheral neutrophils on blood smear examination and decreased levels of free and total thyroxine ($T_4$) as well as bacterial growth on blood culture. Molecular analyses of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and heat shock protein 60 gene confirmed the bacterium as Enterobacter cloacae. A minimal inhibitory concentration test showed multidrug resistance of the bacterium against 16 antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent sequencing specifically for $bla_{TEM}$, $bla_{SHV}$, $bla_{CTX-M}$, and plasmid-mediated ampC genes revealed positive results to $bla_{TEM-1}$, $bla_{CTX-M-15}$, and plasmid-mediated $bla_{ACT-1}$ genes, indicating that the isolated bacterium contains plasmids containing genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated ampC beta-lactamase. After 1 month of treatment with antibiotics and levothyroxine, the cat's condition improved; both the thyroid function test and the blood culture showed no abnormalities. This is the first report of community-acquired multidrug-resistant E. cloacae-induced euthyroid sick syndrome in a cat. By the prompt diagnostic procedures and properly selected antibiotic therapy, the cat was recovered from the multidrug-resistant bacterium-induced septicaemia.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.74-77
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• 2001

A ten-year-old, male cat presented with recent loss of body weight, depression, vomiting, anorexia, polydipsia, and polyuria. General physical findings included depression, weakness, severe dehydration and a strong acetone odor on the breath. A complete blood count and serum biochemical profiles were leukocytosis, hyperglycemia (286 mg/dl), hypokalemia (2.6 mEq/L), hyponatremia, and high serum fructosamine (600 $\mu$mol/L). In blood gas analysis the cat had acidosis (pH 7.127, p$CO_2$26.7 mmHg). In urinalysis glycosuria and ketouria were appeared. On the basis of clinical signs, serum chemistry, blood gas analysis and urinalysis, diabetic ketoacidosis was diagnosed. Treatment included subcutaneous administration of protamine zinc insulin (0.75 U/head) and intravenous administration of 0.9% saline. Potassium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate was added to the fluids. Serum fructosamine for assessment of glycemic control was measured on occasion calls. On day 296, the patient improved clinically and did not experience any problems resulting from diabetic ketoacidosis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1991

The nerve impulse pattern of Chorda tympani(CT) of cat was tested with Monosodium glutamate(MSG) solutions as well as some basic taste substances applied on the tongue of cat. The effect of MSG applied in the tongue prior to the stimulation of other taste substances was also investigated. The response impulse frequency of CT of cat was changed by the kind and concentration of taste substances. The response to citric acid was the highest among the tested substances, NaCl, KCl and MSG showed similar responses. When different concentrations of MSG were applied on the tongue prior to other substances, the response to NaCl increased with the maximum response at the MSG concentration of 0.02 M. The response to sucrose tended to be reduced, but the response to citric acid was distinctly supressed by the previous MSG stimulation. These results were well consistent with the sensory evaluation on the effect of MSG to some basic taste substances. previously reported by the authors.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2019

Melting temperature shift ($T_m-shift$) is a new detection method that analyze the melting curve on real-time PCR thermocycler using SYBR Green I fluorescent dye. To establish a $T_m-shift$ method for the detection of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. tubaeforme in cats, specific primers, with GC tail of unequal length attached to their 5' end, were designed based on 2 SNP loci (ITS101 and ITS296) of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. The standard curve of $T_m-shift$ was established using the standard plasmids of A. ceylanicum (AceP) and A. tubaeforme (AtuP). The $T_m-shift$ method stability, sensitivity, and accuracy were tested with reference to the standard curve, and clinical fecal samples were also examined. The results demonstrated that the 2 sets of primers based on the 2 SNPs could accurately distinguish between A. ceylanicum and A. tubaeforme. The coefficient of variation (CV) of $T_m$- values of AceP and AtuP was 0.07% and 0.06% in ITS101 and was 0.06% and 0.08% in ITS296, respectively. The minimum detectable DNA concentration was $5.22{\times}10^{-6}$ and $5.28{\times}10^{-6}ng/{\mu}l$ samples of AceP and AtuP, respectively. The accuracy of $T_m-shift$ method reached 100% based on examination of 10 hookworm DNA samples with known species. In the clinical detection of hookworm in 69 stray cat fecal sample, the $T_m-shift$ detection results were consistent with the microscopic examination and successfully differentiated between the 2-hookworm species. In conclusion, the developed method is a rapid, sensitive and accurate technique and can provide a promising tool for clinical detection and epidemiological investigation of cat-derived hookworms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.82-82
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• 2002

Catalase(CAT)는 주요한 활성산소(ROS)의 일종인 과산화수소($H_2O$$_2$)가 Hydroxyl 유리기 생성에 관여하지 못하도록 $H_2O$$_2$를 $H_2O$ 및 $O_2$로 대사시켜 주는 효소계 항산화제의 한 종류이다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 CAT가 5% $O_2$및 20% $O_2$조건하에서 1-세포기 돼지체외수정란의 배발달에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 돼지난포란을 10% PFF, 0.1mg/ml cysteine, 10IU/m1 PMSG, 10IU/m1 hCG 및 10ng/m1 EGF가 첨가된 NCSU23 배양액에서 22시간 동안 배양을 실시하고, 성선자극호르몬이 배제된 배양액에서 추가로 22시간을 배양하여 체외성숙을 유도하였다. 체외성숙이 유기된 난자는 난구세포를 제거하고, 2.5mM caffeine과 0.1% BSA가 첨가된 mTBM 배양액에 정자를 1.25 $\times$ $10^{5}$cells/ml의 농도로 5-6시 동안 공동배양을 실시하여 체외수정을 유도하였다. 체외수정후 1-세포기의 수정란을 0.4mg/ml BSA가 첨가된 NCSU23 배양액에 CAT를 각각 0, 100, 500 및1,000uni1 첨가하여 30 embryos/ 50u1 소적으로하여 38.8$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$및 5%$CO_2$, 5% $O_2$90% $N_2$조건하의 배양기에서 각각 7일간 배양을 실시하였다. 조사된 결과는 SAS/STAT 6.03 Package를 이용하여 통계분석을 실시하였다. 체외배양 48시간에 난할률을 조사하였을 때, 대조구와 처리구간 차이가 인정되지 않았으나, 배양 7일째 배반포형성률에 있어서는 각각 22.7$\pm$2.7, 22.1$\pm$3.9, 18.7$\pm$4.9, 및 15.1$\pm$2.5%로서 처리구가 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 나타냈다. 그리고 산소농도에 따른 배반포형성률은 5% $O_2$ 조건(22.1$\pm$2.4%)이 20% $O_2$조건(17.2$\pm$2%)보다 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 총세포수에 있어서는 각각 44.4$\pm$4.0, 43.3$\pm$36, 25.4$\pm$2.4 및 13.4$\pm$1.5로서 처리구가 대조구보다 세포수가 적은 것으로 나타났으며, 산소농도에 따른 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 따라서, 체외생산된 돼지초기수정란을 배양할 때, CAT의 첨가는 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다.다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary glucose oxidase (GOD), catalase (CAT), or both supplementation on reproductive performance, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in sows. Methods: A total of 104 multiparous sows were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 26) with each group given a basal diet, basal diet plus GOD at 60 U/kg, basal diet plus CAT at 75 U/kg, and basal diet plus GOD at 60 U/kg and CAT at 75 U/kg. Sows were fed the experimental diets throughout gestation and lactation. Results: Dietary GOD supplementation increased average daily feed intake of sows and litter weight at weaning (p<0.05). Dietary CAT supplementation reduced the duration of parturition, stillbirth, and piglet mortality and increased growth performance of weaned piglets (p<0.05). Dietary GOD and CAT supplementation enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and lessened oxidative stress product levels in plasma of sows and elevated antioxidant capacity of 14-day milk and plasma in weaned piglets (p<0.05). Dietary GOD supplementation increased fecal Lactobacillus counts and reduced Escherichia coli counts of sows (p<0.05). Compared with the basal diet, the GOD diet reduced fecal Escherichia coli counts of sows, but the addition of CAT did not reduce Escherichia coli counts in the GOD diet. Dietary GOD and CAT supplementation reduced the apoptosis rate of the liver, endometrium, and ovarian granulosa cells in sows (p<0.05). In the liver, uterus, and ovary of sows, the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was downregulated by dietary GOD and CAT supplementation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dietary GOD and CAT supplementation could improve the antioxidant capacity of sows and weaned piglets, and alleviate hepatic, ovarian and uterine apoptosis by weakening apoptosis-related gene expression. Glucose oxidase regulated fecal microflora of sows, but supplementation of CAT to GOD could weaken the inhibitory effect of GOD on fecal Escherichia coli.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.315-319
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• 1998

Gastric smooth muscle of cats was used to investigate the involvement of protein kinase in vanadate-induced contraction. Vanadate caused a contraction of cat gastric smooth muscle in a dose-dependent manner. Vanadate-induced contraction was totally inhibited by 2 mM EGTA and 1.5 mM $LACI_3$ and significantly inhibited by $10\mu$M verapamil and $1\mu$M nifedipine, suggesting that vanadate-induced contraction is dependent on the extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration, and the influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ was mediated through voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channel. Both protein kinase C inhibitor and tyrosine kinase inhibitor significantly inhibited the vanadate-induced contraction and the combined inhibitory effect of two protein kinase inhibitors was greater than that of each one. But calmodulin antagonists did not have any influence on the vanadate-induced contraction. On the other hand, both forskolin ($1\mu$M) and sodium nitroprusside ($1\mu$M) significantly inhibited vanadate-induced contraction. Therefore, these results suggest that both protein kinase C and tyrosino kinase are involved in the vanadate-induced contraction which required the influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in cat gastric smooth muscle, and that the contractile mechanism of vanadate may be different from that of agonist binding to its specific receptor.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.351-356
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• 2018

L-Serine dehydratase (LSD) is an iron-sulfur containing enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-serine to pyruvate and ammonia. Among the bacterial amino acid dehydratases, it appears that only the L-serine specific enzymes utilize an iron-sulfur cluster at their catalytic site. Moreover, bacterial LSDs are classified into four types based on structural characteristics and domain arrangement. To date, only the LSD enzymes from a few bacterial strains have been studied, but more detailed investigations are required to understand the catalytic mechanism of various bacterial LSDs. In this study, LSD type II from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtLSD) H37Rv was expressed and purified to elucidate the biochemical and catalytic properties using the enzyme kinetic method. The L-serine saturation curve of MtLSD exhibited a typically sigmoid character, indicating an allosteric cooperativity. The values of $K_m$ and $k_{cat}$ were estimated to be $59.35{\pm}1.23mM$ and $18.12{\pm}0.20s^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, the plot of initial velocity versus D-serine concentration at fixed L-serine concentrations showed a non-linear hyperbola decay shape and exhibited a competitive inhibition for D-serine with an apparent $K_i$ value of $30.46{\pm}5.93mM$ and with no change in the $k_{cat}$ value. These results provide insightful biochemical information regarding the catalytic properties and the substrate specificity of MtLSD.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.42-54
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• 1992

To understand the structural changes of the myocardial myocytes and endothelial cells in ischemic and reperfused heart, and to elucidate their roles in those conditions, the authors observed cat and rat myocardium ultrastructurally and evaluated them with morphometric techniques. In cat, mild ischemia and moderate degree reperfusion injury was induced by ligation of the anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery and reperfusion. In rat, severe ischemia and irreversible reperfusion iniury was made using in vitro Langendorff techniques. In normal cat myocytes, the volume densities of cytoplasm, myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules were $0.11{\pm}0.013,\;0.51{\pm}0.096,\;0.25{\pm}0.082,\;0.09{\pm}0.008,\;0.02{\pm}0.010$ (Mean${\pm}$S.D.) respectively, and the myofibril/mitochondria ratio was $2.33{\pm}1.379$. The numerical density and average volume of mitochondria were $0.76{\pm}0.210/{\mu}m^3$ and $0.33{\pm}0.057{\mu}m^3$ respectively. In normal cat endothelial cells, the volume densities of cytoplasm, cytoplasmic vesicles, tubular systems (including endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus) and mitochondria were $0.43{\pm}0.023,\;0.28{\pm}0.007,\;0.22{\pm}0.021,\;0.03{\pm}0.014$ respectively. The mean thickness of endothelial cells was $230{\pm}45.2{\mu}m$. The numerical density and average volume of cytoplasmic vesicles were $508{\pm}55.0/{\mu}m^3,\;578{\pm}104.8nm^3$ respectively. In cat myocytes which received mild ischemic injury, the volume densities of organelles were not changed significantly in ischemic and reperfusion states. In reperfusion group myocytes, the numerical density of mitochondria was decreased significantly and the average volume was increased significantly. In endothelial cells, the volume density of tubular system in ischemic group and the average volume of cytoplasmic vesicles in reperfusion group were increased significantly. In rat myocytes which received severe ischemic injury, the volume density and average volume of mitochondria were increased significantly, and the volume density of sarcoplasmic reticulum and numerical density of mitochondria were decreased significantly in both ischemic and reperfusion groups. In ischemic and reperfused endothelial cells, the volume density and numerical density of cytoplasmic vesicles, the volume density of cytoplasm were decreased significantly. The volume densities of tubular system were increased significantly in both ischemic and reperfused groups. The volume density of mitochondria in ischemic group and the average volume of cytoplasmic vesicles in reperfusion group showed significant increase. The authors, based on the above observations, conclude that the mitochondria of myocytes and the cytoplasmic vesicles of endothelia are the first group of targets in ischemic and reperfusion injury and in this respect, the degree of ischemic insult is not significant. The role of myocyte mitochondria in reperfusion injury may be insignificant, but endothelial cells may contribute actively to reperfusion injury.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2019

This study was carried out to identify the skin anti-aging effect of cycloheterophyllin on dermal fibroblasts. To elucidate anti-aging effects of cycloheterophyllin on dermal fibroblasts, I measured cell viability, mRNA expressions, and Collagen, type I/matrix metallopeptidase 1(MMP1)-ELISA assay. In this study, I investigated the effects of cycloheterophyllin on Collagen, type I, alpha 1(COL1A1)/Collagen, type III, alpha 1(COL3A1)/MMP1/Superoxide dismutases/Catalase(CAT) mRNA expressions and Collagen, type I/MMP1 protein production. Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR showed that cycloheterophyllin increased mRNA level of COL1A1/COL3A1/CAT genes and collagen, type I protein by ELISA assay compared to UVA-treated dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore MMP1 mRNA and protein expressions were decreased by cycloheterophyllin treatment. These observations revealed that cycloheterophyllin increased anti-aging effects in dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, I identified the anti-aging effects of cycloheterophyllin, and these results showed that the cycloheterophyllin can be a considerable potent ingredient for skin anti-aging. Based on this, I anticipated further researches about cycloheterophyllin for mechanism to develop not only cosmetics but for healthcare food or medicine.