• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.485-494
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• 2008

The Wnt signaling network, which is composed of Wnt ligands, receptors, antagonists, and intracellular signaling molecules, has emerged as a powerful regulator of cell fate, proliferation, and function in multicellular organisms. Over the past two decades, the critical role of Wnt signaling in embryonic cartilage and bone development has been well established, and much has been learnt regarding the role of Wnt signaling in chondrogenesis and cartilage development. However, relatively little is known about the role of Wnt signaling in adult articular cartilage and degenerative cartilage tissue. This review will briefly summarize recent advances in Wnt regulation of chondrogenesis and hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes, and review data concerning the role of Wnt signaling in the maintenance and degeneration of articular chondrocytes and cartilage.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2014

Background The septal cartilage is the most useful donor site for autologous cartilage graft material in rhinoplasty. For successful nasal surgery, it is necessary to understand the developmental process of the nasal septum and to predict the amount of harvestable septal cartilage before surgery. Methods One hundred twenty-three Korean patients who underwent three-dimensional (3D) facial bone computed tomography (CT) were selected for evaluation of the midsagittal view of the nasal septum. Multiple parameters such as the area of each component of the nasal septum and the amount of harvestable septal cartilage were measured using Digimizer software. Results The area of the total nasal septum showed rapid growth until the teenage years, but thereafter no significant change throughout the lifetime. However, the development of the septal cartilage showed a gradual decline due to ossification changes with aging after puberty in spite of a lack of change in the total septal area. The area of harvestable septal cartilage in young adults was $549.84{\pm}151.26mm^2$ and decreased thereafter with age. Conclusions A 3D facial bone CT scan can provide valuable information on the septal cartilage graft before rhinoplasty. Considering the developmental process of the septal cartilage identified in this study, septal surgery should not be performed until puberty due to the risk of nasal growth impairment. Furthermore, in elderly patients who show a decreased cartilage area due to ossification changes, septal cartilage harvesting should be performed carefully due to the risk of saddle nose deformity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.2 s.103
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• pp.143-152
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• 2004

It has not been elucidated whether the initiation of condylar development of the mandible is related with the periosteum of the mandible, or if it derives from a separate programmed blastema not related with the mandible. Also, although the mandibular condylar cartilage is known to promote growth, few studies have dealt with molecular-biologic mechanisms such as the expression of specific genes according to the differentiation of the mandibular condyle. To elucidate the unique cellular characteristics, development, and differentiation process of the mandibular condyle, an examination of expressions of genes characteristic of cartilage and bone were carried out using RT-PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization. 1. Type? collagen mRNA was detected with type II collagen mRNA in the differentiation and growth process of the cartilage of the mandibular condyle. TypeII collagen mRNA was demonstrated in the whole resting md upper part of the poliferative zone, whereas type II collagen mRNA was observed in the resting, proliferative and upper hypertrophic cartilage zone of the mandibular condyle. 2. The condylar cartilage rapidly increased in size due to the accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes as characterized by the expression of type II collagen mRNA during postnatal development. 3. BMP-4 mRNA was present in the anlage of the future condylar process and also in the ossifying mandibular body. 4. IHH mRNA was limited exclusively to the lower part of the proliferative zone and the upper part of the hypertrophic cartilage zone during condylar development. These findings were different from those in the growth-plate cartilage of the long bone, indicating a characteristic feature of the differentiation of the chondrocytes in the condylar cartilage present in prenatal and postnatal development. Furthermore, it was also suggested that chondroblasts of condylar cartilage rapidly differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes with increased functional Load force such as muscle activity and mastication.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.48-50
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• 2002

Cartilage defects are common and painful conditions that affect people of all ages. Although many techniques have developed, none of the current available treatment options is satisfactory. Recent advances in biology and materials science have pushed tissue engineering to the forefront of new cartilage repair techniques. The purpose of this study is to determine effective regeneration method for tissue-engineered cartilage. A serum free medium was developed for cartilage tissue engineering. Chondrocyte passage number was found to influence greatly on cartilage tissue formation in vivo. Injectable, biodegradable polymer matrix was developed for chondrocyte transplantation through injection. Transplantation of chondrocytes mixed with the injectable matrices resulted in the cartilage formation in nude mice's subcutaneous sites and rabbit knees. This study may lead to the development of tissue-engineered cartilage appropriate for clinical applications.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 2023

The human fetal sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is characterized by unequal development of the paired bones and delayed cavitation. Thus, during the long in utero period, the bony ilium becomes adjacent to the cartilaginous sacrum. This morphology may be analogous to that of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We examined horizontal histological sections of 24 fetuses at 10-30 weeks and compared the timing and sequences of joint cartilage development, cavitation, and ossification of the ilium. We also examined histological sections of the TMJ and humeroradial joint, because these also contain a disk or disk-like structure. In the ilium, endochondral ossification started in the anterior side of the SIJ, extended posteriorly and reached the joint at 12 weeks GA, and then extended over the joint at 15 weeks GA. Likewise, the joint cartilage appeared at the anterior end of the future SIJ at 12 weeks GA, and extended along the bony ilium posteriorly to cover the entire SIJ at 26 weeks GA. The cavitation started at 15 weeks GA. Therefore, joint cartilage development seemed to follow the ossification of the ilium by extending along the SIJ, and cavitation then occurred. This sequence "ossification, followed by joint cartilage formation, and then cavitation" did not occur in the TMJ or humeroradial joint. The TMJ had a periosteum-like membrane that covered the joint surface, but the humeroradial joint did not. After muscle contraction starts, it is likely that the mechanical stress from the bony ilium induces development of joint cartilage.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1 s.65
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• pp.229-239
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• 2006

Objectives : Articular cartilage is a potential target for drugs designed to inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to stop or slow the destruction of the proteoglycan and collagen in the cartilage extracelluar matrix. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of KHBJs for cartilage-protective effect in human and rabbit articular cartilage explants. Methods : The cartilage-protective effects of KHBJ were evaluated by using glycosaminoglycan degradation assay, collagen degradation assay, colorimetric analysis of MMPs activity, and histological analysis in rabbit and human cartilage explants culture. Results : KHBJs significantly inhibited GAG and collagen release of rabbit and human cartilage explant in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, KHBJs inhibited MMP-3 and MMP-13 activities from IL-$1{\alpha}$-treated cartilage explants cultures. Histological analysis indicated that KHBJ004 reduced the degradation of the cartilage matrix compared with that of IL-$1{\alpha}$-treated cartilage explants. KHBJ004 had no harmful effect on chondrocytes viability or cartilage morphology in cartilage explants. Conclusions : These results indicate that KHBJs inhibits the degradation of proteoglycan and collagen through the downregulation of MMP-3 and MMP-13 activities without affecting the viability or morphology of IL-$1{\alpha}$-stimulated rabbit and human articular cartilage explants.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.166-169
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• 2017

The goal of auricular cartilage harvest is to obtain a sufficient amount for reconstruction and to minimize the change in ear shape. The cartilage can be harvested by a posterior or anterior approach, and each method has advantages and disadvantages. The posterior approach presents the advantage of scar concealment, but there are limits to the amount of cymba cartilage that may be harvested. In contrast, the anterior approach may cause a noticeable scar. However, as cartilage is collected, the anterior approach provides a view that facilitates the preservation ear structure. In addition, it is possible to obtain a greater amount of cartilage. From January 2014 to December 2015, we harvested auricular cartilage graft material in 17 patients. To prevent the development of trapdoor scars or linear scar contracture, short incisions were made on the superior border of the cymba and cavum. Two small and narrow incisions were made, resulting in suboptimal exposure of the surgical site, which heightens the potential for damaging the cartilage when using existing tools. To minimize this, the authors used a newly invented ball-type elevator. All patients recovered without complications after surgery and reported satisfaction with the shape of the ear.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.269-280
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• 1997

The development and change of the cartilage canals ralated to chondrocyte growth and the major histological pattern were investigated in the calcaneus of the Korean native cattle fetuses from CRL 28mm to 175mm. The results as follows; 1. The cartilage canal first appeared in the caudal subperichondral region of the sustentaculum tali of the CRL 28mm fetus, and well developed after the period. 2. The three major cartilage canals, one entered from the head of calcaneous into where achilles tendon insert and the others from the caudal region of sustentaculum tali and the calcaneal sulcus, growth distinctively. The latters participated in the ossification center prior to the former. 3. The number of cells in this canals and the size increased synchronously with chondrocytic hypertrophy. In the intermediate and deep canals, the chondrogenic change showed distinctinvely. Our results demonstrated that the cartilage canals from the lower part were important the formation of the ossification center, and the growth and development of canals associated with the hypertropic changes of chondrocytes in the calcaneus of the Korean native cattle fetus.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.52-53
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• 2007

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to obtain basic data on the histological changes in the tracheal cartilage of the embryos and fetuses of the Korean native cattle. Twenty-two embryos and fetuses of the Korean native cattle, ranging from 30mm(peesumptive fetal age 44 days) to 440mm(presumptive fetal age 168 days) in crown-nump(C-R) length, were used for present study. The results were summerized an follows; 1. Mesenchymal cells differentiated as chondroblasts were condensed into tracheal cartilage in the CRL 30mm of the Korean native cattle embryo, and the chondrocytes begun to appear in the tracheal cartilage in the CRL 40mm fetus. 2. The tracheal cartilage in the CRL 70mm fetus was composed of the large number of chondrocytes. The histochemi8cal reactions for glycosaminoglycans showed strong positive reaction in the CRL 380mm, and for collagen substance showed mildly in the 6th experimental group.