• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2021

Chronic alcohol is responsible for oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant activity and protective effects of seed of Carthamus tinctorius L. on ethanol-induced C6 glial cells. Antioxidant effect of seed of C. tinctorius L. was measured by scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-prcrylhydrazy (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide radical, and nitric oxide. The seed of C. tinctorius L. extract showed significant radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, it revealed strong DPPH and ·OH scavenging activity, displaying more than 80% at 500 and 100 ㎍/mL, respectively. Treatment of 500 mM ethanol to C6 glial cell led to decline of cell viability and elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, seed of C. tinctorius L.-treated groups significantly increased cell viability and decreased ROS levels, compared to ethanol-induced control group. These results suggest that seed of C. tinctorius L. would have protective effect against neuronal oxidative stress induced by alcohol.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1764-1771
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• 2010

Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae) is an herb primarily distributed throughout in the world. The species is regarded as ecologically important in the world. Safflower was used for medicines, as well as making red (carthamin) and yellow dyes. We have used the RAPD technique to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of C. tinctorius. We obtained 123 bands from all the 26 cultivars. The average number of bands was 9.5 per primer. The genetic diversity of safflower is found among cultivars and there is a high among-cultivar differentiation. The OPC18-01 band is the specific marker for Syria cultivar, whereas no products were detected in individuals from other country cultivars. We found seven phenetic bands for determining the specific marker of cultivars with SCAR markers. Though the number of individuals sampled for analysis was small and probably not fully representative of the total available diversity in C. tinctorius, this study demonstrates that the regions (Morocco, Syria, and Turkey) of the Mediterranean Sea were more variable than other regions with the exception of India. In this result, although only simple result of RAPD is difficult to assert the center of species diversity of C. tinctorius, the regions of the Mediterranean Sea may be the most probable candidate for the origin of safflower. India was also the candidate of the center or secondary center of species diversity of C. tinctorius. RAPD markers were effective in classifying cultivar levels of safflower.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2004

Anti-wrinkle Effect of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extract (CTSE) was evaluated by determination of the anti-oxidation, collagen synthesis and elastase inhibition in normal human fibroblast. CTSE showed anti-oxidation and collagen synthesis ability as much as or greater than other phytoestrogenic compounds such as genistein or resveratrol. Consistent with collagen synthesis promotion, CTSE also showed inhibitory effect on elastase activity. In the human skin irritation test, 0.2％ CTSE did not show any adverse effect. These results demonstrate that CTSE can be useful as an anti-wrinkle cosmetic ingredient.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2002

A total of eight flavonoids (1-8), including a novel $quercetin-7-o-(6"-o-acetyl)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (6) and seven known flavonoids, luteolin (1), quercetin (2), luteolin $7-o-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (3), $luteolin-7-o-(6"-Ο-acetyl)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (4) quercetin $7-o-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (5), acacetin 7-o-{\beta}-D-glucuronide (7) and apigenin-6-C-{\beta}-D-glucopyrano $syl-8-C-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (8), have been isolated from the leaves of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and identified on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical studies. The antioxidative activity of these flavonoids was evaluated against 2-deoxyribose degradation and rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals generated via a Fenton-type reaction. Among these flavonoids, luteolin-acetyl-glucoside (4) and quercetin-acetyl-glucoside (6) showed potent antioxidative activities against 2-deoxyribose degradation and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Luteolin (1), quercetin (2), and their corresponding glycosides (3 & 5) also exhibited strong antioxidative activity, while acacetin glucuronide (7) and apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside (8) were relatively less active.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2012

The stability of yellow and red dyes prepared from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in aqueous solution and in solid state was investigated. External factors such as light irradiation and temperature on the stability were examined during storage. Changes in absorbance of dye solutions and the color changes of fabrics dyed after long time storage were measured. Also, color reproducibility during storage was investigated by dyeing test on various fabrics. Red colorant in aqueous solution was very unstable to light, resulting that about 40% of absorbance were lost in 12hrs. The absorbance of yellow dye solutions was not decreased within 84hrs. In aqueous medium, yellow dye was much more stable than carthamin. Both dyes are relatively stable for long storage when they are stored in solid state compared to when in aqueous solution. Color changes are marginal in both dyes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.201-201
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• 1996

천연물 성분의 약효와 간독성에 관여하는 기전연구의 일환으로 사염화탄소로 유발된 흰쥐에서 혈청 중의 효소 활성도, 지질함량 및 과산화지질을 측정하여 홍화자 추출물과 분획물이 사염화탄소로 유발되는 간독성에 미치는 효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 홍화자는 홍화(Carthamus tinctorius L.)의 씨로서 성미는 신, 온하며 활혈거제 및 소 지통의 효능을 가진 구어혈제로서 자궁에 대한 흥분작용과 관상동맥을 확장시키는 작용이 있으며 혈압을 하강시키는 작용이 있다. 또한 고cholesterol 혈증을 낮추고 혈전폐색성 맥간염을 치료하는 효과도 있다고 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.179-179
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• 1998

We previously reported the hepato-protective effect of butanol soluble fraction of methanolic extract of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, the active component from the butanol soluble fraction was isolated by column chromatographic separation using Silica gel and Sephadex LH -20 and identified by spectroscopic methods such as Mass, $^1$H - NMR and $\^$13/C-NMR. The hepato-protective effect of the isolated active component on the CCl$_4$-induced liver damaged rats has been evaluated by performing blood chemical analysis and biotransformational enzyme analysis.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.221-225
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• 1999

Antioxidative compounds contained in roasted safflower seeds were investigated. Six phenolic compounds, N-feruloylserotonin, N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin, matairesinol, 8'-hydroxyarctigenin, acacetin 7-Ο-β-D-glucoside(tilianine) and acacetin were isolated and identified from the extract of seeds. The inhibitory effects of six phenolic compounds on 1,1-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical and lipid peroxidation induced by H₂O₂/FeSO₄in rat liver microsomes were determined. Two serotonins showed more potent DPPH radical scavenging activity, and a stronger inhibitory effect on the lipid peroxidation than that of α-tocopherol. In addition, acacetin and matairesinol also considerably inhibited lipid peroxidation, while 2-hydroxy-arctigenin and tilianine were inactive. These results suggest that phenolic compounds, including serotonins, lignans and flavonoids in the roasted safflower seeds can be used as potential dietary natural antioxidants.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.781-785
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• 2006

The chemical compositions of the seeds of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plant were evaluated to determine possible compound having proliferative effects on human osteoblast cells. Three-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were used to assess the effects of the isolates on the human osteoblast-like line (Saos-2). Activity guided fractionation led to the isolation of ALP activating lignin and alkaloid glycosides through the extraction of the seeds, solvent partitioning and repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica (ODS) column chromatographic separations. The data from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass (MS), and Infrared (IR) analyses enabled the determination of the chemical structure and characterization of two compounds as a tracheloside and an N-(p-coumaroyl)-serotonin mono-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside. These two compounds showed respectively $149.2{\pm}4.2$ and $138.9{\pm}3.5%$ ALP activity compared to the control when evaluated at a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.928-935
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.) on the physicochemical properties of ground pork as an animal fat replacer. Three types of ground pork were evaluated: 20% pork fat added (control), 10% pork fat and 10% safflower seed powder added (10% SS), and 20% safflower seed powder added (20% SS). The moisture, protein, and ash contents were highest in 20% SS, and the fat content was highest in the control (p<0.05). The cooking yield, moisture retention, fat retention, and water-holding capacity were highest in 20% SS, and the control showed a reduction in the diameter (p<0.05). The external and internal L-, a-, and b-values of the control were higher than those of the 10% SS and the 20% SS (p<0.05). The cholesterol content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 50.85, 21.77, and 17.91 mg/100 g, respectively, and that of the 20% SS was lowest among the samples (p<0.05). The linoleic acid content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 28.68%, 41.04%, and 54.26%, respectively. The total unsaturated fatty acid content of the control, the 10% SS, and the 20% SS was 50.53%, 55.76%, and 64.93%, respectively. The linoleic acid and the total unsaturated fatty acid content were highest in the 20% SS (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in amino acid composition.