• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.517-532
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop a critical pathway for case management of patients who have received Lumbar Laminectomy because of low back pain, arm and leg numbness, and radiating pain in the leg. For this study, a preliminary critical pathway was developed through a review of the literature including five critical pathways which are currently being used in the USA. In order to identify the overall service contents required by these patients, 30 cases were analyzed. These cases were taken from medical records of those with Lumbar Laminectomy between January, 1998 and December, 1998 in the department of neurosurgery at the Pusan National University Hospital in Pusan. An expert validity test was done for the preliminary critical pathway, a clinical validity test was also done using 12 patients with Lumbar Laminectomy between October 1, 1999 and January 31, 2000. After these processes, the final critical pathway was developed. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The vertical axis of the critical pathway includes the following eight items: assessment, consultation, diet, test, medication, treatment, activity, education/ discharge planning. The horizontal axis includes the time from the start of hospitalization to discharge. Analysis of the 30 medical records was done. analysis of the service contents showed the horizontal axis of the preliminary critical pathway was set from hospitalization to the 12th post operation day and the vertical axis was set to include eight items, the contents which should have occurred, according to the time frames of the horizontal axis. 2. As a result of the expert validity test, it was found that among the 233 items, 203 showed over 88% agreement and 30 of them showed less than 88% agreement, which were then revised or deleted from the critical pathway. At the preliminary meeting for the clinical validity test, the time of hospitalization on the horizontal axis was shortened to the 10th post operation day. A clinical validity test was done with 12 patients with Lumbar Laminectomy. All the cases progressed according to the critical pathway although some variances were noted in assessment, consultation, test, medication, and treatment. 3. Based on these results, a final critical pathway was determined. In conclusion, this critical pathway is partially applicable to the care of patients with Lumbar Laminectomy and needs further investigation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.46-64
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• 1995

The 12-hour work shift can be influenced on the nurse's job satisfaction, effective personnel administration, and quality of patient care. The purpose of this study was to explore the perception on the 12-hour work shift by nurses. A total of 516 nurses were selected by convenience sampling from six general hospitals in Seoul. Based on the literature review, the questionnaire on the need of the 12-hour work shift was designed by the investigator. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Duncan's method as post-hoc test. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. The need of 12-hour work shift The mean needs of 12-hour work shift in the nursing practice, psychological, physical, socioeconomic, and environmental perspectives were 3.05, 2.72, 2.66, 3.08, and 4.22. 2. The need of 12-hour work shift by demographic data For the nursing practice, there was a statistically significant relationship between marital status(p=.021), satisfaction on the 8-hour work shift(p=.038), the perception on the 12-hour work shift(p=.001) and the need of 12-hour work shift. For the psychological perspectives, there was a statistically significant relationship between marital status(p=.016), the perception on the 12-hour work shift(p=.0001), and the need of 12-hour work shift. For the physical perspectives, there was a statistically significant relationship between age(p=.002), marital status(p=.005), the number of children(p=.005), the duration of job career(p=.014), the job position(p=.002), the work shift(p=.030), the perception on the 12-hour work shift(p=.0001) and the need of 12-hour work shift. For the socioeconomic perspectives, there was a statistically significant relationship between the job position(0=.002), the work shift(p=.006), the perception of the 12-hour work shift(p=.002) and the need of 12-hour work shift. For the environmental perspectives, there was a statisitically significant relationship between the traffic method(p=.05), the duration of the job career(p=.026), the perception on the 12-hour work shift(p=.309) and the need of 12-hour work shift. 3. The need of 12-hour work shift by the demographic data There was a statistically significant difference between marital status(p=.014), the number of children(p=.038), the job position(p=.007), the work shift(p=.037), and the perception on the 12-hour work shift(p=.0001) for the need of 12-hour work shift.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.903-916
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the ear-based rectal temperature measured with a tympanic thermometer with the rectal temperature measured with a glass mercury thermometer in order to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer and to determine relationship among rectal, axilla, and abdominal temperature in neonates. The samples consisted of thirty four neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and nursery at an university affiliated hospital. The mean age of the subjects was 4.9 days. The ear-based rectal temperatures were taken with a tympanic thermometer in rectal mode (First Temp Genius 3000). Rectal and axilla temperatures were taken with a glass mercury thermometer, Abdominal temperature was continuously monitored with the probe connected to the servo controller of incubator. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. Intrarater comparison : Agreement between the first and the second ear-based rectal temperature was 97% within 0.1$^{\circ}C$. 2. Comparison of ear-based rectal temperature and the rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer : ear-based rectal temperature ranged from 36.95$^{\circ}C$d to 37.95$^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 37.58$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.22$^{\circ}C$). Rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.2$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean 36.75$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.29). The mean difference between both temperatures was 0.84$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between both temperatures was r＝0.77(p＝0.00). 3. Comparison of rectal and axilla temperature : Axilla temperature ranged from 35.8$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.1$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.55$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between the rectal and axilla temperature was 0.23$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between rectal and axilla was r＝0.67. 4. Comparison of axilla and abdominal temperature : Abdominal temperature ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.0$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.58$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between axilla and abdominal temperature was only -0.03$^{\circ}C$. Findings of this study suggest that ear-based rectal temperature overestimates the actual rectal temperatures in neonates. Therefore, the interchangeble use of both temperatures in clinics seems problematic. The site offset(adjustment value) programmed in rectal mode of the tympanic thermometer needs to be readjusted. Choosing one optimal site for temperature measurement for each patient, and using the specific site consistently would result in more consistent measurements of changes in body temperature, and thus can be more effective in diagnosing fever or hypothermia.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.61-70
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• 2012

Purpose - The entry of Super Supermarkets (SSM), operated by large corporations, into the retail distribution market weakens the competitive power of local supermarkets (SM) and their families leading to a rapid collapse of the local-SM market. Accordingly, this is a very sensitive and urgent issue in Korean society and politics. Therefore, the government is required to take steps to activate a local-SM market and regain the loyalty of their customers. However, in spite of the urgent need of a comparative study on the advantages and competitive power of local-SM in relation to the SSM, little research has been done on this issue to date. One purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in store characteristics of the local SM and SSM, and to explore the relationships amongst various store characteristics, such as consumption emotion, relation quality, and store loyalty between store types to provide an efficient solution to activate a local-SM market. Research design, data, methodology - To analyze the differences in the evaluation of store characteristics between store types, and to test the moderator and mediator effects, data were collected from 488 customers in Seoul, Incheon,and Gyeonggi Province. The theoretical model consists of four hypotheses, and data was processed to test these using factor analysis, t-test, regression analysis, hierarchical regression, and the three step regression proposed by Baron and Kenny. Results - First, the analysis shows that local-SM customers evaluate location characteristic factors significantly higher compared to SSM customers. However, SSM customers evaluate quality of merchandise, sales promotion activities, and store environment significantly higher. Yet, there are no significant differences in the evaluation of consumption emotion, relation quality,and store loyalty between the store types. Second, the analysis of moderator effects of the store type show that sales promotion and store atmosphere factors have a significantly negative moderating effecton positive consumption emotion, while positive consumption emotion has a significantly positive moderating effect on absorption of relation quality, while there are no significant moderating effects between consumption emotion and store loyalty. Third, while both trust and absorption of relation quality are partially mediated between consumption emotion and store loyalty, only absorption is partially mediated between positive consumption emotion and store loyalty. There are no significant mediating effects of absorption between negative consumption emotion and store loyalty. Conclusions - We strongly recommend that location restrictions on entrance of SSM into local-SM market should either be further strengthened or sustained for the activation of the local store market. Government should strengthen financial support to improve the quality of merchandise, sales promotion, employee education, store environment of the local-SM by providing appropriate business consulting. Moreover, the result implies that the owners of alocal-SM should take measures to increase customers' absorption and store loyalty, such as store cleanliness, maintaining a delightful atmosphere at the store, and training employees on attitudes towards customers. As this study is restricted within Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi Province, care needs to be taken in generalizing the interpretation and application to the national level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.361-375
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of 3~5 year old children attending kindergarten and childcare facilities in 2010 and 2014. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2010 and 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) and included 509 subjects aged 3~5 years old attending kindergarten and childcare facilities. Results: In 2014, rate of skipping meals by children was 16.2%, an increase of 5.5% compared with the rate of skipping meals by children in 2010. Calcium intake in 2014 was 397.41 mg at 3 years old, 419.27 mg at 4 years old, and 414.01 mg at 5 years old. For the mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) of subjects in 2010 and 2014, MAR at 3 years old (0.86) was significantly lower than those at 4 and 5 years old (0.90, 0.91) (p < 0.01). In 2010 and 2014, EAR intake at 3 years old (2.72) was significantly higher than those at 4 years old (2.14) and 5 years olds (1.92) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: As a result, compared with 2010 before establishment of the Children's foodservice management center, there was no improvement in the polarization of nutrient intake of children in 2014. Therefore, researchers believe that a continuous monitoring system developed by nutrition experts and children's foodservice management center are needed to improve the nutritional status of children. Of children between the ages of 3~5 years old, those with intakes under EAR were mostly 3 years old. Therefore, researchers suggest that the infant age group of KDRIs, which is classified as 1~2 years old and 3~5 years old, needs to be reestablished considering the growth and development of infants.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2017

Soft tunic syndrome (STS) is a protozoal disease caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Previous studies have proven that combined formalin-hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) bath is effective in reducing STS progress and mortality. To secure target animal safety for field applications, toxicity of the treatment needs to be evaluated. Healthy ascidians were bathed for 1 week, 1 h a day at various bathing concentrations. Bathing with 5- and 10-fold optimum concentration caused 100% mortality of ascidians, whereas mortality by 0.5- to 2.0-fold solutions was not different from that of control. Of the oxidative damage parameters, MDA levels did not change after 0.5- and 1.0-fold bathing. However, free radical scavenging ability and reducing power were significantly decreased even with the lower-than-optimal 0.5-fold concentration. Glycogen content tended to increase with 1-fold bathing without statistical significance. All changes induced by the 2-fold bathing were completely or partially restored to control levels 48 h post-bathing. Free amino acid analysis revealed a concentration-dependent decline in aspartic acid and cysteine levels. In contrast, alanine and valine levels increased after the 2-fold bath treatment. These data indicate that the currently established effective disinfectant regimen against the parasitic pathogen is generally safe, and the biochemical changes observed are transient, lasting approximately 48 h at most. Low levels of formalin and $H_2O_2$ were detectable 1 h post-bathing; however, the compounds were completely undetectable after 48 h of bathing. Formalin-$H_2O_2$ bathing is effective against STS; however, reasonable care is required in the treatment to avoid unwanted toxicity. Drug residues do not present a concern for consumer safety.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.21
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• pp.135-154
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• 2009

For the introduction of domestic private investigation act, with beginning of private investigation act bill by Ha Soon-bong in 1999, congressmen Choi Jae-chun, Lee Sang-bae, in 2005, Lee In-gi in 2008, and Kang Sung-chun in 2009 initiate the each bill, and many researches and studies in the academia about the private investigation act bill makes have a bright prospect toward to the bill. However, up to the present, there is a debating which services will charge for management for the private investigation business. It is important that which facilities will assume charge of management for the private investigation business because this is a cornerstone to set up a successful investigation act which fulfills a nation's needs in the future. According to the other countries which induced the act earlier, they, by perceiving the act as a part of the private security, manage the act by setting the police or the separate services such as committees. In municipal laws, there was a case suggesting The National Police Agency and The Justice Department as the facilities for the management and supervision, however, for the unification of administration for the whole private security, similarities of the private investigation and police service, privacy of police services, and development for the domestic private security business, the national police agency, taking care of the private security business, should be assigned as the department for management and supervision, additionally, suggestion to establish "The Management Committee for Private Investigation Business" as a separate facility under the national police agency is needed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.90-114
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the influence and effect of muscle enforcement program on Activity of daily living(ADL) improvement and posture balance of the old, and to provide more effective muscle enforcement program and educational data. The muscle enforcement exercise program was performed on the old(institution, 16 men, 10 women) for 8 weeks from April 22, 2002 through June 17,2002. Programed Exercise 1 - Exercise 10 were practised 8 times per program for 3 days a week. The load of exercise was increased per two weeks. The methods of measurement were questionnaire, Indiana 47903(action-response analysis machine) and Sample exercise protocol for KAT 2000(balance training device). SAS/PC statistic analysis was used for data analysis. T-test was used for analysis of change before and after exercise in this study. The summary and conclusions are as follows. 1. On subjectively recognized health states, the healthy were $42.3\%$. On the satisfaction with health states, the satisfied were $50.0\%$. On the factors of effects on daily-life behavior performance, the group who had troubles was $50\%$ and the group who was so and so was $34.6\%$ compared with the old of the same age. On prospect about health states in the future, the group who would be better was $38.\%$. On effective methods for problem solving, exercise was $42.3\%.\;88.5\%$ of respondents answered the need of health care. The participation intention in health program was $92.3\%$. 2. On the change of psychological emotion and behavior aspects, the group who had repeated complaints or anxieties and reduced activities or interests was effective(P<0.01). 3. On the improvement effects of IADL difficulties, the group who had difficulties in doing daily-life indoors was improved effectively compared with before and after exercise(P<0.01). On medication management, the effects of improvement after exercise were high compared with before exercise(P<0.01), the effects of improvement was high on the whole. 4. On the effects of ADL function improvement, putting on upper clothing and lower clothing was improved effectively(P<0.05), toilet use and individual sanitation was improved effectively(P<0.05). 5. On the effects of action-response, the results of 8weeks regular exercise program were not different significantly compared with before and after exercise. The behavior quickness of the old by muscle enforcement program was not increased. This means that the old needs much time for exercise sense training because of the regression of cognition sense. 6. In the effect of posture balance, the whole grades were effective from 1272.69 before excercise to 476.92 after exercise(P<0.01). Especially right balance 657.65 was lowered to 208.57 after exercise most effectively(P<0.01). Rear balance 776.34 before exercise was lowered to 136.65 after exercise. The results of measurement were significant(P<0.05).

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.221-255
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• 2016

The Russian government enacted the 'Federal Law on the Free Port of Vladivostok' to improve the medical industry in the Far East in 2015. As a result, Korean medical institutions are increasingly interested in advancing into Free Port of Vladivostok. Increased demand for high-quality Korean medical services from Russian patients and the active government policy direction of the Russian government serve as strengths and opportunities for advancing into Free Port of Vladivostok. On the other hand, the legal imperfections caused by the delay in the establishment of sub-regulations for Federal Law on the Free Port of Vladivostok and the low reliability of the Russian government are both weaknesses and threats. Therefore, Korean medical institutions will need to carefully consider the timing of advancing into Free Port of Vladivostok by closely monitoring the process of establishing the sub-regulations of Federal Law on the Free Port of Vladivostok. And it is the most realistic model for Korean medical institutions to establish 'Professional clinic model linked with health screenings(1st stage model)'. The Korean government needs to conclude a 'MOU for Cooperation on Health and Medical Care between Korea and Russia' with the Russian government and should also carry out the 'Korean Minnesota Project'.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2017

Objectives : In an effort to suggest a developmental plan of Traditional Korean Medicine health promotion project(TKM-HPP), this study was conducted to identify the problems experienced by public health Traditional Korean Medicine(PH-TKM) doctors in duty and to analyze successful cases of the health promotion project. Methods : Two PH-TKM doctors in duty at the Public Health Centre branch and Public Health Centre respectively, and one TKM doctor in charge of Public Health Centre participated in the in-depth interview. The research procedure was as follows; 1) inform study objectives and interview questions to participants, 2) in-depth interview with semi-structured questions, and 3) post-confirmation and verification. The interview was recorded and transcripted. In-depth interview was composed of 6 subsections: 1) Introducing participants and share purpose of interview, 2) Confirmation of the job status and difficulty of public health centre, 3) Reflecting and sharing experiences of public health clinic job performance cases, 4) Current status and improvement needs of TKM-HPP, 5) Discussions on improvement of TKM-HPP in public health center, 6) Sharing and reconfirmation of interview results. Thematic analysis was conducted from the narratives. Results : The study showed that; 1) the support from the local government was critical for the successful TKM-HPP and participation of the PH-TKMs; 2) the major problems experienced by PH-TKMs were lack of training for TKM-HPP in the field and lack of knowledge at local government level; 3) the suggestions to provide PH-TKMs with manual to educate residents effectively and redefine roles of PH-TKMs in the project. It also suggests that TKM-HPP model should be developed by the district in a way of reflecting regional characteristics. Conclusions : Firstly, more efforts should be made on the projects rather than medical treatment in public health centers, except for areas where medical institutions are scarce. Secondly, in order to facilitate participation of PH-TKM doctors, each local office should reduce medical care and increase efforts related with projects. Thirdly, the institution has to develop feasible TKM-HPP plans that can be carried out by PH-TKMs by the manual. Lastly, pre-training should be provided to PH-TKMs to understand contents of TKM-HPP related to public health centre work before the placement.