• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.737-742
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• 2021

Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast are a rare, distinct category of breast carcinomas that require immunohistochemical staining for diagnosis. Currently, there is not enough evidence on the clinical pattern, prognosis, and proper management of the disease. Only few case series have described the imaging findings of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast. We herein present a case of a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (small cell) presenting as a locally aggressive tumor with metastatic disease, and describe the radiologic findings.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.8 s.253
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• pp.579-582
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• 2005

Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is an uncommon lung cancer that include large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with components of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, giant cell carcinoma and/or spindle cell carcinoma histologically. We report a case that pathologically diagnosed as combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with component of adenocarcinoma after right pneumonectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection. A 44-year-old man with intermittent chest pain was referred to our hospital for lung mass on the right mid lung field.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 1990

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a distinct subtype of cervical cancer that appears analogous to oat cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumors of the lung. It has been assumed to be derived from the neural crest via argyrophilic cells in the normal endocervix. We have recently encountered a case of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix coexisting with adenocarcinoma which was argyrophil negative. A 66-year-old multiparous woman was admitted because of vaginal bleeding for 2 months. Cervicovaginal smear revealed several scattered clusters and sheets of monotonous small cells with some peripheral palisading in the background of hemorrhage and necrosis. Radical hysterectomy specimen revealed an ulcerofungating tumor on endocervical canal which was composed of two components. Major component of the tumor was made up of monomorphic population of small oval-shaped tumor cells arranged in sheets and partly in acinar structures or trabecular fashion. Other component was adenocarcinoma, endocervical well-differentiated type. Argyrophilia was present on the Grimelius stain and immunohistochemical studies revealed diffuse positivity to neuron-specific enolase and carcinoembryonic antigen. Electron microscopic examination showed clusters of small round to oval cells, which had a few well-formed desmosomes and several membrane-bound, dense-core neurosectetory granules.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.126-130
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• 2011

A composite glandular/exocrine-endocrine carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract is characterized by the co-existence of two adjacent, but histologically-distinct tumors in an organ. Composite glandular/exocrine-endocrine carcinomas are a special type of tumor comprised of common adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine components that account for at least one-third of the entire tumor area. Composite tumors have been reported in a range of organs, but are relatively rare in the stomach. We report a case of a composite neuroendocrine carcinoma with an adenocarcinoma of the stomach (mixed exocrine-endocrine carcinoma), which was misdiagnosed as a giant submucosal tumor preoperatively based on esophagogastroduodenoscopy and a contrast-enhanced axial computed tomographic scan.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.122-125
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• 2011

We report a rare case of the coexistence of a gastric small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with a gastric adenocarcinoma. A 62-year-old man presented with epigastric soreness for 1 month. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a Borrmann type I tumor at the lesser curvature of the lower body of the stomach. The patient underwent a distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection and the resected specimen exhibited a $3.5{\times}3.5$ cm sized, fungating lesion. Two separated, not intermingling, lesions with non-adenocarcinoma components encircled by well differentiated adenocarcinoma components were identified microscopically. The non-adenocarcinoma component showed neuroendocrine features, such as a solid and trabecular pattern, and the tumor cells showed a high nuclear grade with minimal cytoplasm, indistinct nucleoli, and positive response for synaptophysin, CD56. The final pathological diagnosis was a gastric mixed exocrine-endocrine carcinoma (MEEC) composed of an adenocarcinoma and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the collision type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.460-466
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• 2023

In general, neuroendocrine cancer develops in the digestive or respiratory tract, and when it is found in other organs, it is often due to metastasis. Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast occurs very rarely, and the exact clinical picture, radiological findings, treatment and prognosis are not well known. Furthermore, only a small number of literature reports have been published. Here, we report the imaging findings of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma in the breast of a 51-year-old female, along with a literature review.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.240-243
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• 2023

Metastasis of lung cancer to the skin is uncommon, presenting in 0.22% to 12% of lung cancer patients, and it is extremely rare for skin metastasis to be the first clinical manifestation of lung cancer. In the few cases where skin metastasis has been reported as the first sign of lung cancer, the patients were typically heavy smokers or had preexisting respiratory diseases and symptoms. This prompted clinicians to consider skin metastasis of a pulmonary malignancy. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 3% of lung cancers. LCNEC mainly metastasizes to visceral organs, such as the liver, bone, and brain, and it only shows metastasis to the skin in very rare cases. Herein, we report an unusual case of a metastatic skin lesion as the first sign of primary pulmonary LCNEC, in a 63-year-old woman with no pulmonary symptoms or personal history of smoking or pulmonary disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2759-2764
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• 2014

Aim: This study aims to investigate the manifestation of CT, MRI and dynamic enhanced scans for primary hepatic neuroendocrine cell carcinoma. Methods: CT or MRI arterial and venous phase scan images of 19 cases of pathologically confirmed PHNEC were retrospectively analyzed. Results: 14 cases (73.68%) with single lesion, 5 cases (26.3%) with multiple lesions, with an average diameter of 13.2 cm. Some 12 cases (63.16%) showed inhomogeneous enhancement, seven cases (36.8%) showed homogeneous enhancement, 13 cases (68.4%) demonstrated significant enhancement in the arterial phase, 13 cases (68.4%) had significantly enhanced portal venous phase including 7 cases (36.8 %) with portal venous phase density or signal above the arterial phase and 5 cases (26.3%) with the portal vein density or signal below the arterial phase. Seven cases (36.8%) had continued strengthened separate shadows in the center of the lesion. Thrombosis were not seen in portal veins. Conclusion: CT and MRI images of liver cell neuroendocrine carcinoma have certain characteristics that can provide valuable information for diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.369-377
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• 1997

Purpose : This study was Performed to identify the histopathologic feature by the reevaluation of the Pathologic specimen of the cervical tumors and to evaluate the clinical findings and the treatment results of the patients with small cell carcinoma of the cervix treated by radiotherapy. Materials and Methods : 2890 patients with cervical carcinoma received radiotherapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology. Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine between October 1981 and April 1995. Of the 2890 patients in this data base, sixty were found to have small cell carcinomas $(2.08\%)$. Among them thirty six patients were transferred from other hospitals. the biopsy specimens of those Patients were not available. So we could review the slides of the other twenty four patients who were diagnosed at our hospital. Twenty four patients with small cell carcinoma of the cervix were analyzed retrospectively based on the assessment of H & E staining and other four immunohistochemical stains for neuroendocrine differentiation (neuron specific enolase, chromogranin. synaptophysin and Grimelius stain). And we also evaluate the Patients and tumor characteristics. response to radiation. patterns of failures, 5 year overall and disease free survival rates. Results : Thirteen tumors were neuroendocrine carcinomas(13/24 = $54.2\%$) and eleven tumors were squamous carcinomas, small cell type (11/24 = $47.8\%$) based on the assessment of H & E staining and other four neuroendocrine marker studies. So we classified the Patients two groups as neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell type of squamous carcinoma, Among the 13 neuroendocrine carcinomas, five were well to moderately differentiated tumors and the other eight were Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated ones. The median age was 54 years old (range 23-79 years). Eight Patients had FIGO stage IB disease, 12 had stage 11, 3 had stage III and one had stage IV disease, Pelvic lymph node metastases were found in five Patients $(20.8\%)$. three of them were diagnosed by surgical histologic examination and the other two were diagnosed by CT scan. There was no difference between two histopathologic groups in terms of patients and tumor characteristics. response to radiation. 5 year overall and disease free survival rates. However the distant metastases rate was higher in neuroendocrine carcinoma Patients (6/13:$46.2\%$) than in small cell type of squamous carcinoma Patients (2/11:$18.2\%$), but there was no statistically significant difference because of the small number of patients (P>0.05). Conclusion : More than half of the small cell carcinoma of the cervix patients were neuroendocrine carcinoma (13/24 : $54.1\%$) by reevaluation of the biopsy specimen of the cervical tumors. The tendency of distant metastases of the neurolndocrine carcinoma was greater than those of the small cell type of squamous carcinoma $(46.2\%\;vs.\;18.2\%)$. But there were no differences in the patients and tumor characteristics and other clinical treatment results in both groups. These data suggest that radical local treatment such as radiotherapy or radical surgery combined with combination systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy might provide these patients with the best chance for cure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2541-2546
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• 2014

Background: Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (PHNEC) is rarer than extrahepatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). It is difficult to make a correct diagnosis and poses a challenge for management. Materials and Methods: Ten PHNEC patients were admitted to our hospital from June 2006 to June 2011. Laboratory tests and imaging scans were performed for diagnosis and exclusion of extrahepatic NEC. All patients were AFP - and CA199-. Seven patients had solid tumors with cystic changes on ultrasonography, CT and/or MRI. For the initial treatment, four patients received combined-therapy and six monotherapy. Considering overall treatment, six patients received combined-therapy and four patients monotherapy. Staging criteria of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC, AJCC 7th edition) were used to differentiate the stage of all patients: 3 patients were stage I, 2 stageII, 4 patients stageIII and 1 stageIV. All patients were followed up and clinical data were gathered. Results: The median follow-up duration was 38.5 months. The 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 6-year disease-free survival was 80.0%, 46.2% and 46.2% and 0% respectively. The overall survival rates were 100%, 67.1%, 67.1% and 33.6% respectively. Patients in early-stages (I/II) had similar disease-free and overall survival as those in advanced-stages (III/IV). Patients with monotherapy had significant shorter disease-free and overall survival than the patients with combination-therapy. Conclusions: PHNEC has a unique specificity during its occurrence and development. The staging criteria of PHC might not be suitable for the PHENT. More convenient and effective features need to be found in imaging and laboratory detection. Surgical resection, TACE, chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation should be performed in combination and actively for patients with PHNEC or recurrence to get the best effectiveness; they might extend the disease-free and overall survival.