• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3047-3052
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• 2012

The enzyme encoded by the MGMT gene is involved in the repair of alkylated lesions formed in DNA by carcinogenic nitrosamines. Since dietary items consumed by the Kashmiri population contain high concentrations of these agents, it is biologically plausible that MGMT polymorphic variants may be associated with their risk of esophageal cancer. The present study was performed to assess whether non-synonymous SNPS at codon Leu84Phe and codon Ileu143Val of the MGMT gene, close to the active site of the protein, might be linked to predisposition of Kashmiris to esophageal cancer. Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism on 92 cases and 77 healthy controls. Codon 84 and codon 143 SNPs of the MGMT gene were not associated with any increase in risk. While the frequency of the Phe allele at codon 84 in cases was (0.16), slightly higher than controls (0.12), the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, the frequency of Valine allele in cases at codon 143 (0.08) and controls (0.09) was nearly equal. Moreover, no significant association of MGMT genotypes with the clinicopatholgic variables of esophageal cancer patients was observed. In conclusion, MGMT variants at codon 84 and codon143 may not be involved in the susceptibility of the Kashmiri population to esophageal cancer.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.60-70
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• 2011

본고에서는 현재 시행중인 해양오염퇴적물질 관리용 유해화학물질 정화지수($CI_{HC}$)를 대상으로, $CI_{HC}$은 동일하나 유해 물질별 함량이 다른 해저퇴적물들이 같은 생물위험을 보이는가를 판단하려 하였다. 이를 위해 5개의 가상 오염퇴적물을 설정하고, 퇴적물 위험평가를 위한 트로픽트레이스 모형($TrophicTrace^{(R)}$ model)을 이용하여, 이 가상 퇴적물이 쥐노래미(Hexagrammos otakii)에 대해 미치는 생물위험을 최대무작용량에 기반한 독성지수(NOAEL TQ)와 최소작용량에 기반한 독성지수(LOAEL TQ)로 평가하였다. 쥐노래미에 대한 NOAEL TQ의 합계는 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 0.69~1.54의 범위였고, LOAEL TQ의 합계는 0.111~0.261로 약 2배 이상의 차이가 났다. 이는 퇴적물 유해물질 환경기준이 해양저서무척추동물군집에 대한 영향만을 고려하고 사람으로 연결되는 식용의 쥐노래미에 대한 영향을 반영하지 않기 때문으로 사료된다. 인체에 대한 비발암위험지수(HI) 값은 PCB의 경우 9.8~47.1로 매우 위험한 것으로 나타났다. PCB의 발암위험도는 5개 퇴적물에서 $39{\sim}190{\times}10^{-5}$으로 높게 나타났으며 As의 경우에도 $8.1{\sim}18.0{\times}10^{-5}$으로 높게 나타났다. 유해화학물질정화지수가 8로 동일한 5개 가상 오염퇴적물에서 비발암위험지수(HI) 및 발암위험도가 서로 매우 다르게 나타난 것은 각 오염물질별로 인체에 악영향을 미치는 정도가 다르기 때문이다.

• 지질공학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.295-306
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• 2009

본 연구는 지하수, 토양, 대기의 노출경로에 따라서 부산광역시 사상공단의 지하수와 토양이 인체와 환경에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 토양과 대기의 노출경로에 따른 발암 위해는 나타나지 않았으나, 지하수에서는 TCE와 PCE의 발암 위해성이 각각의 기준 한계값인 1.0E-6과 1.0E-5에 대해서 각각 6.7E-6과 1.0E-5로 나타나 발암 위해가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 대기에서는 비발암성 위해가 나타나지 않았다. 토양의 위해계수와 위해지수는 각각 3.4E-5와 5E-5로서 기준 한계값(1.0) 보다 낮게 나타났으나, 지하수의 위해계수와 위해지수는 각각 0.7 (위해성이 없음)과 1.4(위해성이 있음)로 나타났다. TCE의 최소성분감소비(CRF)는 2.5로서 TCE의 정화작업이 요구된다. 18개의 노출인자에 대한 민감도 분석 결과, 8개의 노출 인자(비 발암 물질에 대한 평균 수명, 발암 물질에 대한 평균 수명, 체중, 노출기간, 노출빈도, 피부노출빈도, 토양 섭취율, 물 섭취율)의 변화에 따라서 위해도가 변화하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.456-464
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• 2010

Recently, heavy metals contamination of the agricultural soil and crops surrounding mining areas has been identified as one of the most serious environmental problems in South Korea. The Ministry of the Environment in Korea conducted a Preliminary National Environmental Health Survey (PNEHS) in abandoned metal mines in 2007. The priority for a subsequent detailed examination was ranked from the results of PNEHS. The studied mine which was ranked as being of the highest priority is located in the midwestern part of Korea and was operated from 1911 to 1985. In this study, the contamination levels of the heavy metals in the abandoned metal mine were investigated. From the results, the average daily dose (ADD), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target cancer risk of the heavy metals were evaluated. The concentration of arsenic (As) in all of the tailings from the mine was higher than its countermeasure standard of Korea. In particular, the highest concentration of As, 330 mg/kg, was up to 15 times higher than its countermeasure standard. The average concentration of As in agricultural soils was higher than the warning standard of Korea, and higher than its countermeasure standard at six sites. The average concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals in agricultural soil were below the warning standard, but concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) at 4 sites were higher than its warning standard. The average concentration of As in surface water exceeded the warning standard of Korea. The value of the THQ of As for the tailings was higher than the health protection standard 1. The value of THQ of As for the farmlands was lower than the standard, while the hazard index (HI) of As was higher than the standard. The value of target cancer risk (TCR) of As, $6.44{\times}10^{-4}$, were higher than the health protection standard of a lifetime risk for TCR at $1{\times}10^{-6}$. This suggests that the residents around the metal mines are exposed to As pollution with a carcinogenic risk.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.354-364
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• 2020

서울약령시장과 서울경동시장 등에서 유통되고 있는 식약공용 농·임산물 29품목 171건에 대하여 ICP-MS와 수은 분석기를 이용하여 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 비소, 수은) 함량을 분석하고 위해도를 평가하였다. 납, 카드뮴, 비소, 수은의 검출 범위는 각각 ND-4.719 mg/kg, ND-1.019 mg/kg, 0.002-8.696 mg/kg, ND-0.058 mg/kg로 나타났다. 171건의 검체 중 Artemisiae Capillaris Herba(인진호) 1건과 Actinidiae Ramulus et Fulium et Fructus Vermicultus(목천료) 1건에서 각각 카드뮴과 비소 항목이 허용기준을 초과하여 부적합 판정을 받았으며 나머지는 모두 허용기준 이내였다. 위해도를 평가 했을 때 비발암위해도지수(HI)가 1을 초과한 품목은 없었고, 발암위해도가 납은 모든 품목에서 10^-6 이하였으며 비소는 10^-4-10^-6 으로 나타나 전반적으로 안전한 수준으로 평가되었다. %PTWI는 납, 카드뮴, 비소, 수은 모두 100이하로 나타났다. 유통중인 식약공용 농·임산물의 중금속(납, 카드뮴, 비소, 수은) 함량을 분석하고 비발암위해도지수(HI), 발암위해도, %PTWI를 평가한 결과 안전한 수준으로 평가되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.6953-6961
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• 2015

Background: Tobacco and alcohol contain or may generate carcinogenic compounds related to cancers. CYP1A1 enzymes act upon these carcinogens before elimination from the body. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism modulates the relationship between tobacco and alcohol-associated head and neck cancer (HNC) susceptibility among the northeast Indian population. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy histologically confirmed HNC cases and 230 controls were included within the study. The CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP, and the results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Logistic regression (LR) and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) approaches were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The CYP1A1 CC genotype was significantly associated with HNC risk (P=0.045). A significantly increased risk of HNC (OR=6.09; P<0.0001) was observed in individuals with combined habits of smoking, alcohol drinking and tobacco-betel quid chewing. Further, gene-environment interactions revealed enhanced risks of HNC among smokers, alcohol drinkers and tobacco-betel quid chewers carrying CYP1A1 TC or CC genotypes. The highest risk of HNC was observed among smokers (OR=7.55; P=0.009) and chewers (OR=10.8; P<0.0001) carrying the CYP1A1 CC genotype. In MDR analysis, the best model for HNC risk was the three-factor model combination of smoking, tobacco-betel quid chewing and the CYP1A1 variant genotype (CVC=99/100; TBA=0.605; P<0.0001); whereas interaction entropy graphs showed synergistic interaction between tobacco habits and CYP1A1. Conclusions: Our results confirm that the CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphism modifies the risk of HNC and further demonstrated importance of gene-environment interaction.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2016

This study evaluated the applicability of stabilization of arsenic (As)-contaminated soil with iron (Fe) oxides at the former Janghang smelter site. Three Fe oxides (magnetite, goethite, and hematite) were tested as stabilizing agents to one soil sample collected from the study site. Amendment of 5% of magnetite, goethite, or hematite for one week showed the 64, 58, and 36% of reduction of the SBRC (Solubility/Bioavailability Research Consortium)-extractable (bioaccessible) As, respectively. Duration of stabilization more than one week did not show an additional reduction in SBRC-extractable As. Amendment of 5% of magnetite, which showed the highest As stabilization efficiency, was applied to 24 soil samples collected from the same site for one week, and 72% of reduction in the bioaccessible As was observed. The potential carcinogenic human health risk at the study site caused by As was $1.7{\times}10^{-5}$, which could be reduced to $8.1{\times}10^{-6}$ by the amendment of 5% magnetite for one week.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of the concentrations of selected trace metals and inorganic anions in five types of drinking water samples (mineral spring water, well water, small community water, municipal tap water, and commercial mineral water) collected from Chuncheon, Gangwon-do in 2007. Forty four samples were analyzed for five metals and five anions using an atomic absorption spectrometer and an ion chromatograph, respectively. Arsenic (As) and nitrate (${NO_3}^-$) concentrations in some groundwater samples did not meet the future (10 ${\mu}g/L$) and current (44 mg/L) Korean drinking water standards, respectively. On the other hand, any municipal tap water samples, the sources of which were lake surface water, satisfied the Korean standards. Human health risk assessment results showed that arsenic in all types of water, especially groundwater including commercial mineral water, may pose both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic effects on the residents. It is concluded that groundwater is not safe drinking water any longer and that a national survey and follow-up measures need to be taken.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.659-674
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• 2011

Saccharin was reported to cause urinary bladder cancer in male rats when fed at high doses in a two-generation study, which led to a ban on the use of saccharin in Canada. However, no carcinogenic effect has been observed in other animal experiments conducted with mice, hamsters, or monkeys. Furthermore, numerous epidemiological studies have indicated that there was no relationship between saccharin consumption and the risk of bladder cancer in the human population. Sodium saccharin produces urothelial bladder tumors in rats by the formation of a urinary calcium phosphatecontaining precipitate, which is not relevant to humans because of critical interspecies difference in urine composition. Consequently, in 1999 IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) concluded that saccharin and its salts cannot be classified as to their carcinogenicity in humans. In 2010, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) of the United States removed saccharin from its list of hazardous substances. It is expected that the use of saccharin in foods might be expanded because saccharin is currently considered safe.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2016

A wide-spread contamination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, PCBs, PBDEs in the aquatic ecosystem has generated a great concern over the potential risk for these substances to impact marine biotas and food web. Since a major exposure route of these substances to the humans is through the consumption of food including fish and marine byproducts, the consumption of contaminated products has been a great public health concern. Exposure to POPs has been associated with a wide spectrum of adverse effects including reproductive, developmental, immunologic, carcinogenic, and neurotoxic effects. This review covers the background information of key POPs substances and the recent development of toxicity studies including the mode of action. Because neurotoxic effects of some POPs have been observed in humans at low concentrations, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), a representative chemical of POPs, is focused to discuss the possible mode(s) of action for the neurotoxic effects. This review provides the updates of toxicity studies on POPs and paves ways to discuss a possible implication of contaminated marine biota over the human health among the marine biotechnology researchers.