• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1007-1014
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• 2003

This work deals with a controlled auto-ignition (CAI) single cylinder gasoline engine, focusing on the extension of operating conditions. The fuel is injected indirectly into electrically heated inlet air flow. In order to keep a homogeneous air-fuel mixing, the fuel injector is water-cooled by a specially designed coolant passage. Investigated are the engine performance and emission characteristics under the wide range of operating conditions such as 32 to 63 in the air-fuel ratio, 1000 to 1800 rpm in the engine speed, and 150 to 18$0^{\circ}C$ in the inlet air temperature. The compression ignition gasoline engine can be achieved that the ultra lean-burn with self-ignition of gasoline fuel by heating inlet air. For example. the allowable lean limit of air-fuel ratio is extended until 63 at engine speed of 1000 rpm and inlet air temperature of 17$0^{\circ}C$. It can be achieved that the emission concentrations of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide had been significantly reduced by CAI combustion compared with conventional spark ignition engine.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.491-491
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• 2013

A novel plasma system has been developed for 3-dimensional modification of the carbon nano-powders. Improvement of dispersion of these nano materials are studied by plasma discharge, not using chemical modification. The plasma process is considered to great advantages over wet chemical process due to environmental, economic viewpoint, and uniformity over the treated volume. The uniform dispersion is a critical factor for these material's nano composite applications. Using this plasma system, graphene, carbon black, and CNT was treated and functionalized. Several key discharge conditions such as Ar/H2/O2 or Ar/H2/NH3 gas ratio, treatment time, power, feeder's vibration frequency are investigated. Hydrophobic of graphene has turned some more into hydrophilic by reaction test with water, electrophoresis, surface contact angle test, and turbidity analysis. The oxygen content ratio in the plasma treated CNT has increased about 3.7 times than the untreatedone. In the case of graphene and carbon black, the oxygen- and nitrogen- content has been enhanced average 10%. O-H (N-H) peak, C-O (C-N) peak, and C=O (C=N) peak data have been detected by FTIR measurement and intensified compared to before-plasma treatment due to O2 or NH3 content.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.246-253
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• 2015

The effects of carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in simulated rice straw hydrolysates using glucose and ammonium chloride on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation by Cupriavidus necator was investigated. In general, PHA accumulation rate was higher under higher degrees of N-deficient conditions (e.g., C/N ratio of 360:1) than lower degrees of N-deficient conditions (e.g., C/N ratio of 3.6:1 and 36:1). Also, the most PHA accumulation was observed during the first 12 h after the PHA accumulation initiation. This study showed that the similar PHA accumulation could be achieved by using different accumulation periods depending on C/N ratios. N source presence was important for new cell production, supported by approximately ten times greater PHA accumulation under the N-deficient condition ($NH_4Cl$ 0.01 g/L) than the N-free (without $NH_4Cl$) condition after 96 h. C/N ratio of the rice straw hydrolysate was approximately 160:1, based on the glucose content, and this accumulated $0.36{\pm}0.0033g/L$ PHA with PHA content of $21{\pm}3.1%$ after 12 h. Since external C or N source addition for C/N ratio adjustment increases production cost, an appropriate accumulation period may be used for PHA accumulation from organic wastes, based on the PHA accumulation patterns observed at various C/N ratios and C and N concentrations.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2022

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), which changes according to various factors, is ubiquitously present from natural environments to engineered treatment systems. Only limited information is available regarding the environmental functions of DOM after bulk analyses are only applied for characterization. In this paper, latest DOM analytical techniques are briefly introduced, which include fluorescence excitation-emission matrix with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), size-exclusion chromatography with an organic carbon detector (SEC-OCD), carbon/nitrogen stable-isotope ratio, and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR-MS). Recent examples of using advanced analyses to interpret the phenomena associated with DOM occurring in natural and engineered systems are presented here. Through EEM-PARAFAC, different components like protein-like, fulvic-like, and humic-like can be identified and tracked individually through the investigated systems. SEC-OCD allows researchers to quantify different size fractions. FT-ICR-MS provides thousands of molecular formulas present in bulk DOM samples. Lastly, carbon/nitrogen stable-isotope ratio offers reasonable tools for tracking the sources in environments. We also discuss the advantages and weakness of the above-mentioned characterizing tools. Specifically, they focus on single environmental factors (different sourced-DOM and interaction of sediment-pore water) or simple changes after individual treatment processes. Through collaboration with the advanced techniques later, they help the researchers to better understand environmental behaviors in aquatic systems and serve as essential tools for addressing various pending problems associated with DOM.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.568-573
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• 1989

탄소원과 질소원, 배지의 초기 pH 및 C/N비가 Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P의 감마 리놀렌산 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 탄소원으로는 포도당이, 질소원으로는 황산 암모늄같은 무기 질소원과 요소, 펩톤같은 유기질소원이 균체 유지함량 및 감마 리놀렌산 수율 측면에서 양호한 것으로 판명되었다. 사용하는 질소원은 일정농도 이하로 제한할 필요가 있으며 포도당과 황산 암모늄을 사용할 경우 최적 C/N비는 약 56.6으로 조사되었다. 균체 유지함량을 증가시키기 위한 배지의 초기 pH는 8 또는 9가 유리한 것으로 나타났으며, 포도당과 sodium acetate를 혼합하여 탄소원으로 사용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 조사되었다. 3% 포도당과 2% sodium acetate 를 탄소원으로, 0.1% 황산암모늄을 질소원으로 포함하는 배지를 사용하여 플라스크 교반배양을 실시한 결과 배지 100$m\ell$ 당 약 315mg의 균체유지량을 얻었고, 이중 감마 리놀렌산 함량은 약 13-14%로 조사되었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2014

Coal-tar pitch, a feedstock which can be heat-treated to create graphite, is composed of very complex molecules. Coal-tar pitch is a precursor of many useful carbon materials (e.g., graphite, carbon fibers, electrodes and matrices of carbon/carbon composites). Modified coal-tar pitch (MCTP) was prepared using two different heat-treatment methods and their properties were characterized and compared. One was prepared using heat treatment in nitrogen gas; the other was prepared under a pressure of 350 mmHg in air. The MCTPs were investigated to determine several properties, including softening point, C/H ratio, coke yield, formation of anisotropic mesophase and viscosity. The MCTPs were subject to considerable changes in chemical composition due to condensation and polymerization in the used-as-received coal-tar pitch after heat-treatment under different conditions. The MCTPs showed considerable increases in softening point, C/H ratio, and coke yield, compared to those of as-received coal-tar pitch. The MCTP formed by heat-treatment in nitrogen showed isotropic phases below $350^{\circ}C$ for 1 h of soaking time. However, MCTP heat-treated under high pressure (350 mmHg) showed isotropic phases below $300^{\circ}C$, and showed anisotropic phases above $350^{\circ}C$, for 1 h of soaking time. The viscosity of the MCTPs increased with increase in their softening points.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2015

rf-PECVD 방법에 의해서 $CH_4+H_2$ 혼합가스를 이용Si-웨이퍼 위에 DLC 박막을 증착할 때, 이산화탄소나 질소 등 보조가스가 증착된 박막의 결합구조와 기계적 특성에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. DLC 박막의 증착속도는 rf-power가 증가함에 따라서 증가하지만, 보조가스의 양이 증가함에 따라서는 감소하였다. 또한, 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 가스가 증가함에 따라 박막내 수소 함량은 감소하였으나, $sp^3/sp^2$ 결합 비는 증가하였다. 질소($N_2$) 가스가 증가하는 경우는 수소 함량은 감소하였으나, $sp^3/sp^2$ 결합비 변화에 있어 경향성은 보이지 않는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.675-680
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• 2004

This study was conducted to remove organics and nutrients using 2 stage intermittent aeration reactor. First reactor, using suspended microbial growth in intermittent aeration instead of anaerobic reactor in the typical BNR process, used minimum carbon source to release P, and it was possible to reduce ammonia loading going to second reactor. In the second reactor, using moving media intermittent aeration, it was effective to reduce nitrate in non-aeration time by attached microorganisms having long retention time. In aeration time, nitrification and P uptake were taken place simultaneously. From the experiment, two major results were as follows. First, the removal of organics was more than 90%, and optimum aeration/non-aeration time ratio for organic removal was corresponded with aeration/non-aeration time ratio for nitrogen removal. Second, in the first reactor, optimum aeration/non-aeration time ratio was 15/75 (min.) because it was necessary to maintain 75 min. of non-aeration time to suppress of impediment of return nitrate and to lead release of phosphate. In the second reactor, optimum aeration/non-aeration time ratio was 45/90 (min.).

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1103-1109
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• 2003

Crystalline carbon nitride films have been deposited by RF reactive magnetron sputtering system with negative DC bias. The carbon nitride films deposited on various substrates showed ${\alpha}$- C$_3$N$_4$,${\beta}$-C$_3$N$_4$ and lonsdaleite structures through XRD and FTIR We can find the grain growth of hexagonal structure from SEMI photographs, which is coincident with the theoretical carbon nitride unit cell. When nitrogen gas ratio is 70 % and RF power is 200 W, the growth rate of carbon nitride film on quartz substrate is about 2.1 $\mu\textrm{m}$/hr.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2023

본 연구는 2018년 4월부터 2022년 4월까지 Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2/3의 건조공기 이산화탄소 몰분율(column-averaged carbon dioxide dry-air mole fraction, XCO₂) 자료와 TROPOspheric monitoring instrument의 일산화탄소(carbon monoxide, CO) 및 이산화질소(nitrogen dioxide, NO₂) 연직컬럼농도(본 연구에서 XCO, XNO₂로 명명) 자료를 활용하여 한국과 중국의 도시 및 권역에 대해 CO와 CO₂, CO와 NO₂의 비율을 분석하고, 사회경제적 지표(인구, 차량 등록 대수, 지역내총생산)와 비율의 관계, 한국과 중국에서의 특성 차이를 제시하였다. 먼저 CO₂, CO 그리고 NO₂ 세 기체상 물질의 대기 중 체류시간 차이로 CO₂, CO는 배경값과 추세선을 제거한 ΔXCO₂, ΔXCO로 분석하였다. 지역별로 세 값을 비교한 결과 ΔXCO, ΔXCO₂는 중국 지역이 XNO₂는 한국 지역이 상대적으로 높은 값을 보였으며, 두 값의 비율(ΔXCO/ΔXCO₂, ΔXCO/XNO₂) 모두 한국보다 중국에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. ΔXCO/ΔXCO₂, ΔXCO/XNO₂와 사회경제적 지표는 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 이는 도시 규모가 크고 경제활동이 활발할수록 대기오염기체 및 온실기체의 농도가 높다는 점을 시사한다. 한국과 중국의 비율 특성 차이를 분석하기 위해 두 나라의 지역별로 분석한 ΔXCO와 ΔXCO₂ 관계는 한국은 음의 관계성을 중국은 양의 관계성을 나타냈다. ΔXCO와 XNO₂의 상관성을 여름과 겨울에 대해 각각 살펴본 결과, 한국은 계절에 따른 ΔXCO 증감이 크지 않은 것에 비해 중국은 북동부 지역을 중심으로 계절에 따른 ΔXCO와 XNO₂의 증감이 크게 나타나며 관계성의 차이를 보였다. 이는 온실기체와 대기오염기체의 비율을 분석할 때, 계절 변동성 및 국가별 배출 특성을 감안해야 함을 시사한다.