• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 1993

나무로부터 발생되는 유기물질이 자연상태에서 어떻게 변화되는가를 탄소-13 핵자기 공명 스펙트럼에 의하여 분석하였다. Litter를 구성하는 주요탄소의 형태는 지방족 탄화수소, 탄수화물, 그리고 방향족 탄소들이었으며, 메톡실, 카르복실과 카르보닐형 탄소들은 부후의 정도가 커짐에 따라 리그닌의 농도가 litter 중에서 증가하므로 점차 증가한다. Hydrophobic과 hydrophilic형 유기탄소가 litter의 자연 여과액(leachates)에 많이 존재하며, 그들의 탄소의 구조는 산성, 염기성 그리고 중성으로 분류되었을 때 서로 특이한 탄소의 형태를 갖는다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제110권4호
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• pp.554-568
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• 2021

산림은 육상생태계에서 가장 큰 탄소흡수원으로 기후변화 대응에 있어 산림의 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도 저감 역할은 중요하다. 최근 '2050 탄소중립 계획'에 산림의 탄소흡수 기능의 강화가 기본 방향으로 제시되면서 정확한 산림의 탄소흡수량 산정이 강조되고 있다. 산림부문의 탄소흡수량은 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 지침을 따라 산림 내 생물량, 고사목, 임상 유기물층, 토양층, 수확된 목재제품 등 여러 탄소 저장고 내 탄소축적 변화량으로부터 산정한다. 그러나 국내 산림의 경우 하층 식생을 제외한 주요 수종의 임목 재적 증가로부터 추정한 생물량 증가량만을 산림의 탄소흡수량으로 산정하고 있어 실제 산림의 탄소흡수량과 큰 차이가 발생할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경기도 광주시 태화산에 위치한 57년생 잣나무 조림지에서 에디 공분산 시스템과 자동화 토양챔버 시스템을 이용한 탄소 플럭스 관측을 통해 산림의 탄소 교환량 및 순 탄소흡수량을 정량화하고, 이를 현재 산림의 탄소흡수량 산정 방법에 따라 법정림 임분수확표 내 연평균 생장량과 국가 고유계수를 이용하여 계산한 잣나무 조림지 임목의 생물량 증가량과 비교하였다. 또한 탄소 플럭스 관측기반의 순 탄소흡수량과 잣나무 조림지의 생물량 증가량 및 임상 유기물층의 탄소저장 변화량 등의 차이로부터 나머지 탄소 저장고에서 연간 탄소저장 변화량을 추정하였다. 그 결과 탄소 플럭스로부터 계산한 잣나무 조림지의 연간 순 탄소흡수량은 5.96 MgC ha^-1으로 생물량 증가로부터 계산한 임목의 연간 탄소흡수량 2.77 MgC ha^-1보다 약 2.2배 많았다. 연간 임상 유기물층의 탄소저장 변화량은 0.75 MgC ha^-1로 추정되어, 연간 하층 식생, 고사목, 토양층 등의 탄소 저장고로 유입되는 탄소의 양이 2.45 MgC ha^-1으로 추정되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 국내 산림이 현재 평가 수준보다 더 큰 탄소흡수원임을 보여주며, 탄소 플럭스 관측과 더불어 하층 식생, 고사목, 토양층 등의 탄소 저장고에서 탄소축적 변화량의 정량화를 통해 더욱 정확한 산림부문 탄소흡수량 산정이 필요함을 시사한다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.951-962
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• 2020

One hundred ninety-five countries reached agreement on a new climate treaty in Paris, France to reduce the carbon emissions. South Korea has been selected as a target country for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) obligations since 2020. In this context, the Korean government developed several GHG emissions reduction programs using forests called the "Forest carbon offset scheme (FCOS)." The forest management method is one of the tools to implement FCOS. Most of the participants registered forest management as the preferred methodology to participate in the FCOS. For a successful implementation of the FCOS, it is necessary to explore the optimal methods by considering the cost-effective aspect of conducting the forest management as a tool to increase carbon absorption. In this context, this study investigated the value optimized FCOS projects based on the forest management methodology in South Korea. Three forest management scenarios, 1) extending the final age of maturity of Pinus densiflora stands (S1), 2) extending the final age of maturity of Quercus acutissima stands (S2), and 3) reforestation with new species (Pinus densiflora to Quercus acutissima) (S3), were examined and evaluated to identify the optimal carbon absorption and value optimized economic perspective. The results of the scenario-based modelling indicated that S3 showed value optimized from an economical perspective, and S2 was the most effective method to absorb carbon among the scenarios. It is anticipated that this paper will contribute to provide valuable information by presenting innovative approaches as a value optimized FCOS implementing tool in a GHG reduction program in South Korea.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.272-275
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• 2009

Carbon finance is the investment in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction projects in developing countries and countries with economies in transition within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Joint Implementation (JI) and with creation of financial instruments, i.e., carbon credits, which are tradable in carbon market. The additional revenue generated from carbon credits will increase the bankability of projects by reducing the risks of commercial lending or grant finance. Meantime, it has also demonstrated numerous opportunities for collaborating across sectors, and has served as a catalyst in bringing climate issues to bear in projects relating to rural electrification, renewable energy, energy efficiency, urban infrastructure, waste management, pollution abatement, forestry, and water resource management. Establishing additionality is essential for successful CDM project development. One of the key steps is the investment analysis. As guided by UNFCCC, financial indicators such as IRR, NPV, DSCR etc are most commonly used in both Option II & Option III. However, economic indicator such as Economic Internal Rate of Return(EIRR) are often overlooked in Option III even it might be more suitable for the project. This could be due to the difficulties in economic analysis. Although Asian Development Bank(ADB) has given guidelines in evaluating EIRR, there are still large amount of works have to be carried out in estimating the economic, financial, social and environmental benefits in the host country. This paper will present a case study of a CDM development of a 18 MW hydro power plant with carbon finance option in central Vietnam. The estimation of respective factors in EIRR, such as Willingness to Pay(WTP), shadow price etc, will be addressed with the adjustment to Vietnam local provincial factors. The significance of carbon finance to Vietnam renewable energy development will also be addressed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.264-271
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• 2023

Environmental crises caused by climate change and human-induced disturbances have become urgent challenges to the sustainability of human beings. These issues can be addressed based on a data-driven understanding and forecasting of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. In this study, we introduce a long-term ecological monitoring system in Korean Long-Term Ecological Research (KLTER), and a plan for the Korean Ecological Observatory Network (KEON). KLTER has been conducted since 2004 and has yielded valuable scientific results. However, the KLTER approach has limitations in data integration and coordinated observations. To overcome these limitations, we developed a KEON plan focused on multidisciplinary monitoring of the physiochemical, meteorological, and biological components of ecosystems to deepen process-based understanding of ecosystem functions and detect changes. KEON aims to answer nationwide and long-term ecological questions by using a standardized monitoring approach. We are preparing three types of observatories: two supersites depending on the climate-vegetation zones, three local sites depending on the ecosystem types, and two mobile deployment platforms to act on urgent ecological issues. The main observation topics were species diversity, population dynamics, biogeochemistry (carbon, methane, and water cycles), phenology, and remote sensing. We believe that KEON can address environmental challenges and play an important role in ecological observations through partnerships with international observatories.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.256-271
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• 2022

Activated carbon (AC) derived from coconut shells (CS-AC) was obtained through pyrolysis at 700℃ and subsequently activated with H₃PO₄. AC was ground in a Wiley mill several times to form powder particles at particle scales of 80, 100, and 200 meshes. The characterization of the AC was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and surface area analysis (S_BET). The CS-AC-200 mesh resulted in a higher percentage of mesopores and surface area. This particle size had a larger surface area with angular, irregular, and crushed shapes in the SEM view. The smaller particles had smoother surfaces, less wear, and increased curing depth and ratio of the hardness of the resin composite. Based on the characterization results of the AC, it is evident that CS-AC with a 200 mesh particle size has the potential to be used as a filler in biocomposites.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.393-399
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• 2017

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), all parties have to submit the national GHG inventory report. Estimating carbon stocks and changes in Land Use, Land-Use Changes and Forestry (LULUCF) needs an activity data and emission factors. So this study was conducted to develop carbon emission factor for Robinia pseudoacacia L., Betula platyphylla var. japonica, and Liriodendron tulipifera. As a result, the basic wood density ($g/cm_3$) was 0.64 for R. pseudoacacia, 0.55 for B. platyphylla, and 0.46 for L. tulipifera. Biomass expansion factor was 1.47 for R. pseudoacacia, 1.30 for B. platyphylla, and 1.24 for L. tulipifera. Root to shoot ratio was 0.48 for R. pseudoacacia, 0.29 for B. platyphylla, and 0.23 for L. tulipifera. Uncertainty of estimated emission factors on three species ranged from 3.39% to 27.43% within recommended value (30%) by IPCC. We calculated carbon stock and change using these emission factors. Three species stored carbon in forest and net $CO_2$ removal was $1,255,398\;t\;CO_2/yr$ during 5 years. So we concluded that our result could be used as emission factors for national GHG inventory report on forest sector.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.268-274
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• 2012

To perform quick measurements of black carbon (BC) particles deposited on foliar surfaces of forest tree species, we investigated an optical method for measuring the amount of BC extracted from foliar surfaces and collected on quartz fiber filters. The seedlings of Fagus crenata, Castanopsis sieboldii, Larix kaempferi and Cryptomeria japonica were exposed to submicron BC particles for one growing season (1 June to 7 December 2009). At the end of the growing season, the leaves or needles of the seedlings were harvested and washed with deionized water followed by washing with chloroform to extract the BC particles deposited on the foliar surfaces. The extracted BC particles were collected on a quartz fiber filter. The absorption spectrum of the filters was measured by spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. To obtain the relationship between the absorbance of the filter and the amount of BC particles on the filter, the amount of BC particles on the filter was determined as that of elemental carbon (EC) measured by a thermal optical method. At wavelengths below 450 nm, the absorption spectrum of the filter showed absorption by biological substances, such as epicuticular wax, resulting in the low coefficient of determination ($R^2$) in the relationship between the amount of EC on the filter ($M_{EC}$, ${\mu}g\;C\;cm^{-2}$ filter area) and the absorbance of the filter. The intercept of the regression line between $M_{EC}$ and the absorbance of the filter at 580 nm ($A_{580}$) was closest to 0. There was a significant linear relationship between the $A_{580}$ and $M_{EC}$ ($R^2$=0.917, p<0.001), suggesting that the amount of BC particles collected on the filter can be predicted from the absorbance. This optical method might serve as a simple, fast and cost-effective technique for measuring the amount of BC on foliar surfaces.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제110권4호
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• pp.665-677
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• 2021

본 연구는 홍천 가리산 선도산림경영단지의 경제적·공익적 기능을 증진하기 위한 산림관리 최적화 방안과 목재생산·탄소저장·수원함양 가치 사이의 상호관계를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 다목적 선형계획법을 이용하여 산림경영계획 모델을 개발하였다. 모델은 목재생산·탄소저장·수원함양의 가중치별 순현재가치의 합을 최대화하는 목적함수와 분기별 목재생산량의 변화율, 영급별·수종별 면적 비율, 경영구역별 침엽수·활엽수 면적 비율, 최소 목재생산량 및 목재판매액을 제약하는 조건식을 갖는다. 대상지의 산림조사부 및 종합계획을 바탕으로 현재 임분 정보와 경영제약요인을 분석하고, 목적함수의 기능별 가중치를 달리하여 경영대안을 구성하였다. 경영대안에 따라 최적해들을 비교한 결과, 목재생산·탄소저장·수원함양의 순현재가치 합은 한 가지 기능만 선택하여 최대화하는 대안보다 세 가지 기능을 동일한 비율로 고려하여 종합적 가치를 최대화하는 경영대안에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 세 가지 기능이 동시에 작용할 때 목재생산 기능은 탄소저장 및 수원함양과 상쇄작용을 하였고, 탄소저장과 수원함양은 서로 상승작용을 하였다. 반면 세 가지 기능 중 두 가지만을 고려하는 경우에는 모든 기능 조합에서 서로 상쇄작용을 하였다. 따라서 한두 가지 기능보다는 세 가지 기능을 모두 고르게 고려하는 것이 가리산 선도산림경영단지의 가치를 최대화할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.213-225
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 열수 탄화(hydrothermal carbonization)에 의해 제조된 리그닌 하이드로차의 탄화 특성을 조사하였고, 근적외선 분광법과 부분 최소 제곱(partial least squares) 회귀를 이용하여 탄화 거동을 예측하기 위한 모델을 수립하였다. 온도 200℃에서 열수 탄화된 리그닌의 탄소 함량은 무처리 시료 보다 약 3 wt% 높았으며 가열 시간이 증가할수록 탄소 함량도 서서히 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 열수 탄화는 리그닌을 더욱 탄소 집약적으로 변화시키고 마이크로 파티클을 제거하여 더욱 균질한 특성을 부여하였다. 근적외선 분광법과 부분 최소 제곱 회귀를 이용한 판별 및 예측 모델은 수열 탄화의 적용 여부를 완벽히 구분했으며 높은 정확도로 열수 탄화 리그닌의 탄소 함량을 예측하였다. 본 연구로부터 근적외선 분광법과 결합된 부분 최소 제곱 회귀 모델을 이용하여 열수 탄화에 의해 제조된 리그닌 하이드로차의 탄화 특성을 빠르고 비파괴적으로 예측할 수 있다는 것이 확인되었다.