• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.144-148
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• 2013

Candida spp. are yeast form fungi, which cause an opportunistic infections in a immune suppressed patients however it is a normal flora of the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal system, and the urogenital system of healthy person. It is investigated that the distribution of Candida spp. cause an oral disease from oral cavity of healthy people and also identified Candia dubliniensis. Distribution and identification of the yeast form fungi in oral cavities of healthy people was investigated by an automatic identifier, VITEK2 system. We found 21 strains of Candida albicans, 3 strains of Candida famata, one strain of Candida tropicalis, Candida haemulonii, Candida krusei, and Candida dubliniensis. In addition, one strain of Cryptococcus spp., Saccharomyces spp., and two unknown strains were isolated. Candida dubliniensis which forms a mass by more than 2 chlamydospores was isolated from a healthy person for the first time. Candida dubliniensis was not grown at $42^{\circ}C$ whereas Candida albicans was grown well. It is known that Candida dubliniencis was isolated in AIDS while it is found in healthy people from this study, which will be helpful to investigate the distribution of Candida spp.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2010

A total of 167,955 microorganisms were isolated from 366,661 clinical specimens. Among them, 6,517 strains of the Candida spp. were isolated from the department of laboratory medicine in "C" hospital from Jan. 1, 2005 to Dec. 31, 2009. All clinical specimens were reviewed by the medical records of patients with Candida by the method of retrospectiveness. From this, we got the some isolated pure cultured yeasts. We identified these yeast by the identification kit system of VITEKII and VITEKII-ID-YST card. The isolation frequencies of Candida spp. were as follows. 56.4%,of C. albicans, 17.7% C tropicalis, 10.7% C glabrata and 9.5% C parapsilosis. The isolated frequency of Candida spp. in 2009 was 1.9 times higher than that in 2005. The clinical materials showing over 10.0% isolation rate were in sputum (30.1%), random urine (25.0%), 15.8% blood (15.8%) and catheterized urine (13.5%) in Candida spp.. The clinical department of showing over 7.0% isolation rate were in pulmonary medicine (20.5%), renal medicine (11.0%), infection disease medicine (10.4%), critical care medicine (10.0%), hematooncology (9.6%), general surgery (7.5%) and gastrointestinal medicine (7.4%) in Candida spp.. In monthly analysis, Candida spp. were most friquency isolated in July (10.6%), but lowest one in February (6.1%). Candida spp. were most frequently isolated in patient of over 50 years old (16.7-40.1%) than those isolated from the patients under the age of 0-49 (1.3-7.5%).

• Mycobiology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2016

Candida spp. is an invasive infectious fungus, a major risk factor that can increase morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. In this study, 2,508 Candida spp. were isolated from various clinical specimens collected from university hospitals from July 2011 to October 2014. They were identified in order to determine isolation frequencies and characteristics by specimen, gender, age group, year, season, and month. The strain-specific isolation rate of Candida spp. is in the order of Candida albicans (1,218 strains, 48.56%), Candida glabrata (416 strains, 16.59%), Candida utilis (305 strains, 12.16%), Candida tropicalis (304 strains, 12.12%), and Candida parapsilosis (116 strains, 4.63%) and these five species accounted for more than 94% of the total strains. Of the specimens, Candida spp. were most frequently isolated from urine-catheter, followed by urinevoided, blood, sputum, other, open pus, vaginal discharge, Tip, ear discharge, bronchial aspiration and bile, in that order. Looking at the age distribution, the detection rate of patients in their 60s and older was significantly higher at 75.8% (1,900/2,508). The detection rate of patients in their 20s and younger was shown to be very low at 2.55% (64/2,508). By year, the detection rate of non-albicans Candida spp. showed a tendency to gradually increase each year compared with C. albicans. As isolation of Candida spp. from clinical samples at the specie level can vary depending on characteristics of the patient, sample, season, etc., continual studies are required.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2022

Candida is one of the most common causes of bloodstream infections and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. The purpose of this study was to provide important information for formulating empirical treatment plans for candidemia by investigating the antifungal resistance rate of Candida. Among the Candida strains (973 cases) isolated from blood culture tests at the S hospital in 2009~2018, 4.7% (N=44) comprising the Candida spp. (932 strains) showed resistance to fluconazole. The resistant strains included C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. In addition Candida spp. (947 strains) showed resistance to amphotericin B (N=6, 0.6%), flucytosine (N=23, 2.4%) and voriconazole (N=24, 3.1%). C. albicans was resistant to fluconazole (N=23, 6.9%) and voriconazole (N=21, 6.0%), The statistical analysis showed that C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species were resistant to fluconazole (P=0.039) and voriconazole (P<0.001). A monitoring system to understand the rate of candidiasis infections in a hospital setting is required. It is also important to make the right choice of the antifungal agent based on drug susceptibility patterns. Therefore, an infection surveillance policy that tracks Candida resistance through regular antifungal susceptibility tests is necessary.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.488-500
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• 2022

Most fungal infections by opportunistic yeast pathogens such as Candida spp. are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with lowered immune. Previous studies have reported that some strains of Candida secret secondary metabolites play an important role in the decreasing of immunity in the infected patient. In this study, 110 Candida spp. were isolated from different clinical specimens from Baghdad hospitals. Candida isolates were identified by conventional methods, they were processed for Candida speciation on CHROMagar. The results of identification were confirmed by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Phylogenetic trees were analyzed with reference strains deposited in GenBank. Antifungal susceptibility testing was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and performed as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) M44-A document. Candida isolates investigated produce secondary metabolites gliotoxin with HPLC technique and quantification. Out of 110 Candida isolates, C. albicans (66.36%) was the most frequent isolate, followed by the isolates of C. tropicalis (10.9%) and C. glabrata (6.36%) respectively. Concerning the antifungal susceptibility test, Candida isolates showed a high level of susceptibility to Miconazole (70.9%), Itraconazole (68.2%), and Nystatine (64.5%). The ability of obtained isolates of Candida spp. to produce gliotoxin on RPMI medium was investigated, only 28 isolates had the ability to secret this toxin in culture filtrates. The highest concentrations were detected in C. albicans (1.048 ㎍/ml). Gliotoxin productivity of other Candida species was significantly lower. The retention time for gliotoxin was approximately 5.08 min.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.24
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• pp.10933-10935
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• 2015

Background: Many scientists have reported Candida species to be of great concern because of the high frequency that they colonize and infect human hosts, particularly cancer patients. Moreover, in the last decades Candida species have developed resistance to many antifungal agents. Based on this, we aimed to identify and determine the prevalence of Candida spp from blood culture bottles among cancer patients and their antifungal resistance pattern. Materials and Methods: From the blood culture bottles isolation and identification of the Candida spp were performed by conventional microbiological techniques. The in vitro antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was determined by CLSI guidelines. Genomic DNA was isolated and amplified. Each gene was separated by agar gel electrophoresis. Results: Identification of Candida spp was based on the presence of yeast cells in direct examination, culture and DNA extraction. Of the 68 blood samples collected during the study period (April 2013 to October 2013), five (7.35%) were positive for the presence of Candida spp, 2 (40%) of which were identified as Candida albicans and 3 (60%) were Candida non-albicans. Conclusions: High resistance to amphotricin B was observed among all the Candida non-albicans isolates. Regular investigations into antifungal resistance will help us to get an updated knowledge about their antibiotic resistance pattern which may help the physician in selecting the antibiotics for empirical therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2017

In order to investigate the diversity of yeasts from major rivers (the Daejeoncheon, Gapcheon and Yudeungcheon) located in Daejeon city, we isolated wild yeasts by plating diluents of samples collected during the summer and winter of 2016 onto yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) medium, then identified them using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis to compare the nucleotide sequences of the PCR amplicons for the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA. In total, we isolated 191 yeast strains belonging to 104 species from 148 soil or water samples from the rivers and their junctions. Candida spp. (45 strains) including Candida tropicalis (22 strains) were the most abundantly isolated strains from the Daejeoncheon. Candida spp. (16 strains) including Candida vartiovaarae (8 strains) and Candida spp. (18 strains) such as Candida sake (4 strains) were also the dominant isolates from the Gapcheon and Yudeungcheon, respectively. In conclusion, Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. were the most dominant strains, corresponding to 42% and 7% of the 191 yeast strains isolated in this study, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2001

This study was done with 105 cases of dermatomycosis of dermatological patients who had visited the dermatology clinic in Taejon city. Of dermatophytosis, the decreasing orders of clinical location by the incidence were Tinea pedis (44.8%), Tinea cruris (30.5 %) and Tinea corporis (10.5%). The organisms identified from dermatophytoses were 6 genus: the decreasing orders of frequency were Trichophyton spp. (43.5%), Candida spp. (12.9%), Microsporium spp. (3.2%) and Epdermophyton flocosum(1.6%). The most common causative organisms was Trichophyton spp.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1067-1070
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• 2004

In the course of screening for specific inhibitors against the mycelial form of Candida albicans from natural resources, we have isolated and identified A6792-1 from Streptomyces sp. A6792 by using several chromatographies. By spectral analyses, this compound was determined as 7-oxostaurosporine, having a structure of staurosporine aglycon noiety. 7-Oxostaurosporine exhibited a selective growth inhibitory activity against the mycelial form of Candida spp. up to $100\mu\textrm{g}/disc$ in bioassay. It also exhibited a specific antifungal activity against the mycelial form of Candida spp. including C. krusei, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. lusitaniae with MICs ranging from 3.1 to $25\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ 7-Oxostaurosporine demonstrated no in vivo toxicity in SPF ICR mice. Therefore, this compound may have a considerable potential as an antifungal agent based on the preferential inhibition against growth of the mycelial form of Candida spp., dimorphic fungi.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 1991

Opportunistic mycotic infection of mammary gland due to Candida tropicalis is described in a 7-year-old Holstein Friesian cow with a history of prologned use of antibiotics and corticosteroids. C. tropicalis was repeatedly isolated from the mastitic milk on simplified sunflower seed medium at 30$^{\circ}C$. The pathogen was directly detected in the infected milk by 'PHOL' technique. Microscopic examination of Gram stained smears of milk sediment revealed numerous yeast cells and hyphae morphologically consistent with Candida spp. In vitro drug sensitivity test indicated that C. tropicalis was sensitive to nystatin. Chemotherapy with intramammary infusion of nystatin was successful as evidenced by clinical and mycological observations. It emphasizes the growing significance of Candida spp. and other opportunistic fungal pathogens in Veterinary medicine.