• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2013

The damage of citrus by Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood appears to have increased since 2007 in Jeju, although the characteristics of seasonal abundance are not clear. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between host plants and the seasonal abundance of S. dorsalis, observing plants distributed around citrus orchards. The host plants of S. dorsalis surrounding citrus orchards were determined to include 32 families, 54 species: 39 woody plant species and 15 herbaceous plant species. The host plants which related to the occurrence of 1st generation of S. dorsalis were Lonicera japonica, Clematis apiifolia, Hedera rhombea, and Viburnum awabuki. The occurrence of 1st generation S. dorsalis was estimated to be due to overwintered female adults having laid eggs into those plants from late March to early April, and the new adults having emerged from late April to late May. The host plants which were associated with fruit damage of citrus were Mallotus japonicus, and Camellia japonica, as well as creeping plants such as Clematis apiifolia, Paederia scandens and Cayratia japonica. The adult phase density of S. dorsalis caught on yellow-color sticky traps placed on the citrus trees on the edge of the citrus orchard. S. dorsalis were predominantly 3rd generation from late of June to early of July, and 6th generation from late of August to early of September, and their numbers were directly related to the degree of damage caused to the citrus fruit. The density of S. dorsalis depended on the number of new growing shoots of host plants, which indicated that the immigration of adults of S. dorsalis to the citrus was based in the suitability of host plants surrounding the orchards.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2001

The contents of chemical components such as total nitrogen, total amino acid and vitamin C were somewhat higher in $N_2$ gas treatment at $10^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours than those of other treatments. However, the contents of tannin and chlorophyll were slightly lower than that in the other treatments. The content of ${\gamma}-Aminobutyric$ acid with $N_2$ gas treatment was higher $1.5{\sim}6$ times with values of $51{\sim}205mg/100g$ than in control (35mg/100g). The scores of sensory test was not different between $N_2$ gas treatment for 3 hours and control. The contents of chemical components such as total nitrogen, total amino acid including theanine and caffeine were slightly higher in $N_2$ gas treatment at $20^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours than those of other treatments. However, the contents of tannin and vitamin C were slightly lower than those of other treatment. The content of GABA in tea leaves treated with $N_2$ gas was higher $2.5{\sim}7$ times with values of $85{\sim}225mg/100g$ than in control (35mg/100g). The sensory test was lower in $N_2$ gas treatment($76.3{\sim}78.1$ point) than in control(80.4 point). The contents of chemical components were not different between $N_2$ gas treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and control. Whereas the contents of chemical components were somewhat lower in $N_2$ gas treatment for 1 hour and 5 hours than in control. The content of GABA in tea leaves treated with $N_2$ gas was higher $3{\sim}7$ times with values of $115{\sim}217mg/100g $than in control(35mg/100g). The sensory test was lower in $N_2$ gas treatment ($74.3{\sim}78.4$ point) than in control(80.4 point). Consequently, tea mading within 5 time $N_2$ gas treatment at $10^{\circ}C$ or 3 time $N_2$ gas treatment at 20, $30^{\circ}C$ after plucking was considered to be the best green tea in terms of functional nature as well as taste nature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

This study examines the authentic meaning, location, garden layout, and structural characteristics of Suwoojae(守愚齋), the birth house of Garam Byungi Lee, which was the very epitome of the traditional house structure based on literature review, field survey, and the existing measured drawings. The followings explain how rusticity and spirit of scholars, the core concepts of Garam's poetry, were featured in structural and spacial arrangements of Suwoojae as well as its location and physical layout. 1. Suwoojae is enclosed by Cheonho mountain which fans out of Noryoung mountains in East and located on the tail of Yongwha mountain in West. It has proved to be Yangtack Myoungdang according to the Poongsoo theory, Inguljiryoungron; The energy of earth at a certain location results in the better fortune together with the energy emitted from human body. 2. Suwoojae is an official local monument which was built in 1844, late Joesoen Dynasty by Joheung Lee, Garam's grandfather. Some parts of inner-structure connect with the kitchen in the shape of called Gopae. Suwoojae consists of 4 Sarangchae, 3 Gobangchae, and a Jangdokdae behind Anchae. 3. Since inner and outer walls of Suwoojae are distinctly separate from the main structure, its look varies significantly from different angles. Suwoojae, in its entirety, discloses Garam's philosophy, ideas, and ideology on life and the universe. 4. Apricot trees, Japanese-magnolias, aromatic-trees, crape myrtle, white-magnolias, camellia-trees were planted on the left of the walls, and persimmon trees, jujube trees, plum trees, quince trees were at the inner-yard. Especially, trifoliate orange trees a natural monument of Jeonrabukdo draw substantial attention from visitors. 5. The main garden facilities are located in front of Sarangchae: A rectangle pond(14.72m in length and 3.87m in height), the surroundings of the pond and Anchae, rocks that have distinctive shapes. In general, the garden was designed to incorporate the scenery around Suwoojae as a part of its structure and contain the love for nature and aesthetic sense. 6. It seems that the natural surroundings of Suwoojae had helped form motives of Garam's poetry and assisted him in finding subject-matters and identifying the themes of his works. This is well revealed in his poem, Seungwoonjungee.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2011

To optimize the natural chemical agents against nuisance phytoplankton, we examined algal removal activity (ABA) of Plant-Mineral Composite (PMC), which already developed by our teams (Kim et al., 2010), on various conditions. The PMC are consisted of extracted-mixtures with indigenous plants (Camellia sinensis, Quercusacutissima and Castanea crenata) and minerals (Loess, Quartz porphyry, and natural zeolite), and characterized by coagulation and floating of low-density suspended solids. A simple extraction process was adopted, such as drying and grinding of raw material, water-extraction by high temperature-sonication and filtering. All tests were performed in 3 L plastic chambers varying conditions; six different concentrations ($0{\sim}1.0\;mL\;L^{-1}$), six light intensities ($8{\sim}1,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$), three temperatures ($10{\sim}30^{\circ}C$), four pHs (7~10), five water depths (10~50 cm), and three different waters dominated by cyanobacteria, diatom, and green algae, respectively. Results indicate that the highest ABA of PMC was seen at $0.05\;mL\;L^{-1}$ in treatment concentrations, where showed a reduction of more than 80% of control phytoplankton biomass, while $1,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in light intensity (>90%), $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ temperature (>60%), 7~9 in pH (>90%), below 50 cm in water depth (>90%), and cyanobacterial dominating waters (>80%), respectively. Over the test, ABA of PMC were more obvious on the algal biomass (chlorophyll-${\alpha}$) than suspended solids, suggesting a selectivity of PMC to particle size or natures. These results suggest that PMC agents can play an important role as natural agents to remove the nuisant algal aggregates or seston of eutrophic lake, where occur cyanobacterial bloom in a shallow shore of lake during warm season.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2010

The vascular plants of the 15 sites of Taeanhaean National Park were identified as 493 taxa; 117 families, 326 genera, 436 species, 49 varieties, 6 form, 2 hybrids. The National Park area includes coastal areas and islands, these islands reflects well the floristic characteristics of coastal area and transition area of the middle province and the southern province. The study revealed that Ficus erecta Thunb., Machilus thunbergii S. et Z., Neolitsea sericea (Bl.) Koidz. and Eurya japonica Thunb. etc. were the mainly distributed species in the southern area while Rosa rugosa Thunb., Carex kobomugi Ohwi and Elymus mollis Trin., etc. were mainly distributed species over the coastal dune area. Deciduous and evergreens broad-leaved trees like Acer palmatum Thunb. ex. Murray, Euonymus japonica Thunb. and Camellia japonica L., etc. were all together distributed in Taeanhaean National Park. There are no any Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment were not found. The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 53 taxa; that is, class I species (41 taxa) were containing as Vitex rotundifolia L. Fil., Arisaema heterophyllum Bl. and Arisaema ringins (Thunb.) Schott, etc, class II species (1 taxon) were Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, class III species (7 taxa) were containing; Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Salsola collina Pall. and Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., etc, class IV species (1 taxon) were Angelica japonica A. Gray, class V species (1 taxon) were Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica (Makino) Tamura. The naturalized plants were identified a total of 52 taxa; 17 families, 44 genera, 51 species, 1 form; Solanum carolinense L., Phytolacca americana L. and Oenothera odorata Jacq., etc. Among them the ecosystem disturbance wild animals·plants was identified as Solanum carolinense L. Hypochoeris radicata L. and Solidago altissima L. The study suggests that these areas require management such as physical remove of this ecosystem disturbance field plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological characteristics and vegetation structures of Eurya japonica in Busan. As a result of the TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, 89 plots of 100㎡ each were divided into 3 communities: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-E. japonica community, and P. thunbergii-Camellia japonica community. Community I consisted of the Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica which was mainly located in the high altitude inland. While Q. serrata and P. densiflora competed in the tree layer, the dominant species of the understory layer was E. japonica. Since Carpinus tschonoskii, one of the climax species, was distributed evenly from shrub to tree layers, it was likely that deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii would become dominant species in community I. In community I, E. japonica was found in higher altitude than the other evergreen broad-leaved tree and was expected to maintain their tree vigor even if the vegetation structure is converted into the deciduous forest. Community II, the P. thunbergii-E. japonica community, was predicted to maintain its tree vigor unless there were unexpected disturbance factors. Community III, consisting of P. thunbergii-C. japonica and located in Dongbaek Island, was under artificial management. In community III, P. thunbergii was the only species in the tree layer, while C. japonica was predominant in the understory layer. E. japonica and various evergreen broad-leaved tree species were present in the understory layer and shrub layer, which were unmanaged areas. Therefore, it is expected that unless C. japonica is continuously managed, E. japonica is likely to become the dominant species. There were also various evergreen broad-leaved species, such as Machilus thunbergii and Pittosporum tobira, present in the shrub layer. If the temperature continues to rise, the habitat is expected to become evergreen broad-leaved forests in the future as P. thunbergii community declines. The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of E. japonica and species appearing in 89 plots showed that 9 species were had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05). Four species, including P. tobira and Q. dentata, had a positive correlation. Five species had a negative correlation, and C. japonica, which had the same ecological position as E. japonica, showed the most negative correlation at -0.384.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.592-613
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristic, and ordination of forest in Hongdo island and the results are as follows: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community, Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community and Carpinus coreana community. The results of importance value on the vegetation of Hongdo island consisted of the following in order: 75.56% of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, the highest, 34.84% of Pinus densiflora, 29.11% of Machilus thunbergii, 26.88% of Camellia japonica, 17.79% of Quercus acuta, 15.23% of Dendropanax morbifera, 13.41% of Ligustrum japonicum, 12.67% of Carpinus coreana. Due to the high organic matter, total nitrogen and low pH, the soil properties of Hongdo island are different from those of other forest in Korea. The composition of soil properties in the same areas are as follows: organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable $K^+$, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ contained, and soil pH. The capacities of these chemical properties of the soil ranged from 14.48~25.45%, 0.49~0.90%, 26.00~58.68 mg/kg, $0.64{\sim}1.64cmol^+/kg$, $6.22{\sim}21.5cmol^+/kg$, $2.92{\sim}6.95cmol^+/kg$, and 4.42~5.44 respectively. The results of the correlation between communities and soil conditions of vegetation of Hongdo island by DCCA ordination method are as follows: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community was found in the highest soil moisture and followed in order Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community. The Machilus thunbergii community was found in the highest pH, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$, exchangeable $K^+$ and cation exchange capacity. The Carpinus coreana community was found in the highest elevation, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ and followed in order Pinus densiflora community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.410-419
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• 2005

Community structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest of Mt. Yeogwi in Jin-do was investigated to secure sustainable conservation of evergreen broad-leaved forest. Twenty survey plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were established along the elevation from 200 m to 390 m above the sea level in the northwestern slope. The woody species were tallied at each plots. DBH distribution of the major evergreen broad-leaved trees was investigated to find out the spatial distribution. Cluster analysis was applied to a set of vegetation data, that is, importance value to classify the forest community. Species diversity, evenness and species correlation were analysed. Canonical correspondence analysis was also applied to vegetation data and soil environmental data. Cluster analysis showed that the forests of Mt. Yeogwi were classified into 2 community groups, such as Camellia japonica community group and Quercus acuta community group. C japonica community group was subdivided into C japonica- evergreen broad-leaved trees community, C. japonica-Neolitsea sericea community, and C. japonica-deciduous broad-leaved trees community. Q. acuta community group was subdivided into Q. acuta-C. japonica community, and Q. acuta community. C. japonica, Q. acuta, N. sericea, Machilus thunbergii and Illicium religiosum were dominant evergreen broad-leaved tree species, while Styrax japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Cornus kousa, Prunus sargentii, Albizzia julibrisin and Quercus acutissima were major deciduous tree species. Species diversity was greater in Q. acuta community group (0.8231 for Q. acuta-C. japonica community, and 0.8135 for Q. acuta community) than in C. japonica community group (0.7674 for C. japonica-evergreen broad-leaved trees community, 0.6164 for C. japonica-N. sericea community, and 0.7931 for C. japonica-deciduous broad-leaved trees community). DBH 2 cm~10 cm of major evergreen broad-leaved trees occupied 80% of all. C. japonica of less than DBH 5 cm tended to aggregate but distribute randomly or regularly with increasing DBH. Q. acuta distributed more aggregately than C. japonica and Machilus thunbergii for more than 15 cm of DBH. C. japonica correlated negatively with Q. acuta, I. religiosum and C. kousa, but positively with N. sericea. with significance at 1% level. Q. acuta correlated negatively with C. japonica, N. sericea and M. thunbergii but positively with l. religiosum. There were also negative correlation between N. sericea and C. kousa. CCA showed that forest communities were correlated with soil variables such as CEC, soil organic matter and soil pH. With increased soil organic matter and CEC, and decreased soil pH, C. japonica was dominant and forest community and Q. acuta and N. sericea tended to develop in the evergreen broad-leaved forest.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to find a basic theory about Korean traditional planting pattern by analyzing a characteristic of planting and planted species in Haein, Tongdo and Songkwang Temples. The results are as follows. The planted species in three-treasure temples were 129 taxa; 57 families, 96 genera, 110 species, 12 varieties and 7 forma. The species related in Buddhism were Viburnum sargentii for. sterile, Hydrangea macrophylla for. otaksa and Musa basjoo. They are related in plant form and Buddhist ceremony. The results of forms were 34.1% in trees, 33.3% in shrubs, 3.9% in vine and 28.7% in herbage. The results of leaf fall were 56 taxa in broad-leaved deciduous trees, 27 taxa in broad-leaved evergreen trees and 14 taxa in needle-leaved evergreen trees. The native species were 32 taxa in Haein Temple, 27 taxa in Tongdo Temple and 44 taxa in Songkwang Temple. And the exotic species were 20 taxa, 28 taxa and 44 taxain the Haein, Tongdo and Songkwang Temples, respectively. In the results of analyzing the characteristics of planting, in the case of Haein Temple, Abies holophylla was linearly planted in Yiljumun, and Magnolia denudata was single planted in plant stairs of Haetalmun. In the case of plant stairs of Jeokmukdang, Cephalotaxus koreana was planted at regular intervals. In the case of Tongdo Temple, Celtis sinensis, Zelkova serrata and so forth were planted in Yiljumun, and Phyllostachys nigra was planted in form of screen planting in Youngsanjeon. The form of Hwanghwagak was a planting of symmetry in the center of a building, and the one of Daekwangmyyeongjeon was a mixed planting. The regular planting pattern was not shown in Yiljumun of Songkwang Temple. In the case of Dosungdang, Corunus officinalis was linearly planted in the west. In the case of Gwaneumjeon, Juniperus chinensis var. globosa and Camellia japonica were planted in symmetry. The old aged trees were planted in front of specimens planted in front of Daewoongbojeon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

Green tea, a leaf of the plant Camellia sinensis, is one of the most consumed traditional oriental beverages. Green tea has been considered a medicine and a healthful beverage since ancient times, but recently it has received a great deal of attention because of its antioxidants like polyphenols. Moreover, green tea contains amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins, chlorophyll, volatile compounds, minerals, and phytochemical components that are essential or helpful to human health. Depending on the manufacturing process, green teas are classified into several types. Among these, powdered green tea can be effective in the absorption of ingredients compare with other types of green tea since we take the beverage with powder itself. In this paper, the contents of general ingredients (moisture, proteins, fat, carbohydrates, and ash), minerals (Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, and P), hunter color values, and alcohol insoluble substance were determined in total of six powdered green teas commercialized in Korea and Japan.