• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

This study was carried to investigate the biodegradability of phenol in the wastewater with the two sludge blanket-packed bed reactor in series. Each reactor had a dimension of 0.09 m i.d. and 1.5 m height and consisted of two regions. The lower region was a sludge blanket of 0.5 m height and the upper region was a packed-bed of 1 m height. The packed bed region was charged with ceramic raschig rings of 10 mm i.d., 15 mm o.d. and 20 mm length. The reactors were operated at 35$\circ$C and the hydraulic retention time(HRT) was maintained 24 hours. The synthetic wastewater composed of glucose and phenol as major components was fed into the reactor in a continuous mode with incereasing phenol concentration. In addition, the nutrient trace metals($Na^+, Mg^{2+}, Ca^{2+}, PO_4^{3-}, NH_4^+, Co^{2+}, Fe^{2+}$ etc.) were added for growing anaerobes. The phenol concentration of the effluent, the overall gas production, the composition of product gas, the efficiency of COD reduction and the duration of acclimation period were measured to determine the performance of the anaerobic wastewater treatment system as the phenol concentration of the influent was increased from 600 to 2400 mg//l. Successfully stable biodegradation of phenol could be achieved with the anaerobic treatment system from 600 to 1, 800 mg/l of the influent phenol concentration. The upper level of influent phenol loading was high enough to meet most of the practical requirement. The duration of acclimation increased with the phenol loading. At steady state of the influent phenol concentration of 1800 mg/l, the treatment performance indicated the phenol reduction efficiency of 99%, the COD reduction efficiency of 99% and the gas production rate of 37 l/day. At the influent phenol concentration of 2400 mg/l, however, the operation of the treatment system was noted unstable. While the concentration of methane in biogas decreased with increasing the influent phenol loading, the carbon dioxide was increased. However, the concentration of hydrogen was varied negligibly. The concentration of methane was high enough to be used as a fuel. As a result, it is suggested that anaerobic phenol wastewater treament was economical in the sense of energy recovery and wastewater treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bioinformatics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.86-100
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• 2004

계산을 통한 단백질 상호작용 예측 기법의 중요성이 제기되면서 많은 단백질 상호 작용 예측 기법이 제안되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 기법들이 일반 사용자가 손쉽게 사용할 수 있는 서비스 형태로 제공되고 있는 경우는 드물다. 본 논문에서는 현재까지 알려진 단백질 상호작용 예측 기법 중 예측 기법의 완성도가 높고 상대적으로 예측 정확도가 높은 것으로 알려진 도메인 조합 기반 단백질 상호 작용 예측 기법을 PreSPI(Prediction System for Protein Interaction)라는 서비스 시스템으로 설계하고 구현하였다. 구현된 시스템이 제공하는 기능은 크게 도메인 조합 기반 단백질 상호 작용 예측 기법을 서비스 형태로 만들어 제공하는 기능으로 입력 단백질 쌍에 대한 상호작용 예측이 중심이 된 핵심기능과, 핵심 기능으로부터 파생되는 기능인 부가 기능, 그리고 주어진 단백질에 대한 도메인 정보검색 기능과 같이 단백질 상호작용에 관하여 연구하는 연구자에게 도움이 되는 일반적인 기능으로 구성되어 있다. 계산을 통해 단백질 상호 작용을 예측하는 시스템은 대규모계산이 요구되는 경우가 많아 좋은 성능을 갖추는 것이 중요하다. 본 논문에서 구현된 PreSPI 시스템은 서비스에 따라 적절히 그 처리를 병렬화 함으로써 시스템의 성능 향상을 도모하였고, PreSPI 가 제공하는 기능을 웹 서비스 API 로 Deploy 하여 시스템의 개방성을 지원하고 있다. 또한 인터넷 환경에서 변화되는 단백질 상호 작용 및 도메인에 관한 정보를 유연하게 반영할 수 있도록 시스템을 계층 구조로 설계하였다. 본 논문에서는 PreSPI 가 제공하는 몇 가지 대표적인 서비스에 관하여 사용자 인터페이스를 중심으로 상술함으로써 초기 PreSPI 사용자가 PreSPI 가 제공하는 서비스를 이해하고 사용하는 데에도 도움이 되도록 하였다.있어서 자각증상, 타각소견(他覺所見)과 함께 이상(異常)은 확인되지 않았으며 부작용도 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터, ‘펩타이드 음료’는 경증고혈압 혹은 경계역고혈압자(境界域高血壓者)의 혈압을, 자각증상 및 혈액${\cdot}$뇨검사에도 전혀 영향을 미치지 않고 저하시킨다고 결론지었다.이병엽을 염색하여 흰가루 병균의 균사생장과 포자형성 등을 관찰한 결과 균사가 용균되는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 균사의 용균정도와 분생포자형성 억제 정도는 병 방제효과와 일치하는 경향을 보였다.을 의미한다. IV형은 가장 후기에 포획된 유체포유물이며, 광산 주변에 분포하는 석회암체 등의 변성퇴적암류로부터 $CO_{2}$ 성분과 다양한 성분의 유체가 공급되어 생성된 것으로 여겨진다. 정동이 발달하고 있지 않으며, 백운모를 함유하고 있는 대유페그마타이트는 변성작용에 의한 부분용융에 의해 형성된 멜트에서 결정화되었으며, 상당히 높은 압력의 환경에서 대유페그마타이트의 결정화작용 과정에서 용리한 유체의 성분이 전기석에 포획되어 있다. 이때 용리된 유체는 다양한 성분을 지니고 있었으며, 매우 낮은 공융온도와 다양한 딸결정은 포유물 내에 NaCl, KCl 이외에 적어도 $CaCl_{2},\;MgCl_{2}$와 같은 성분을 포함하고 있음을 지시한다. 유체의 용리는 적어도 $2.7{\sim}5.3$ kbar 이상의 압력과 $230{\sim}328^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서 시작되었다.없었다. 결론적으로 일부 한방제와 생약제제는 육계에서 항생제를 대체하여 사용이 가능하며 특히 혈액의 성분에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다. 실증연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.trip과 Sof-Lex disc로 얻어진 표면은 레진전색제의 사용으로 표면조도의 개선

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.144-154
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• 2008

Objectives: Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone disorders in the menopausal stage, a disease signified by decrease of bone mass. The purpose of this study was to learn how Lycii Fructus influences SD rats with osteoporosis caused by the removal of the ovaries. Methods: After the removal of the ovaries from 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats, they were divided into a normal group, a control group, and a Lycii Fructus (25mg/100g) administration group. After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their weights, albumin, AST, ALT, ALP, total-cholesterol, triglyceride, P, Ca, T4, E2, weight of a femur, ash content of the tibia, and area and thickness of trabecular bone were measured. Results: Regarding the density of ALT, ALP, and estradiol from serum, the Lycii Fructus group was significantly decreased compared to the control group, and the density of phosphorous and calcium also decreased slightly. Moreover, albumin, triglyceride, and T4 showed an increasing propensity, but AST and total-cholesterol showed a decreasing propensity, but not significant. Regarding the variation of bone, femur weight and ash content of tibia, the Lycii Fructus group was increased compared to the control group but significance wasn't shown. The Lycii Fructus group increased significantly over the control group in area and thickness of trabecular bone and osteoclast number. Conclusions: From the results of the above study, Lycii Fructus should be effective for osteoporosis treatment and prevention.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.3 s.41
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• pp.169-179
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• 2005

Acidic metavolcanic rocks distributed around the Chungju iron deposit show significantly high abundances of rare earth elements and high field strength elements. Relatively high ${\epsilon}_{Nd}$(0) values and lack of negative Nb anomaly suggest that assimilation of crustal material is not involved in their generation. They are plotted within the within-plate environment according the tectonic discrimination diagrams. Such geochemical characteristics are very similar to the acidic metavolcanic rocks of Munjuri Formation. They also show geochemical characteristics of Al-type magma of Eby (1992). All such diagnostic characters indicate differentiation of mantle-derived magma produced from the rift environment, related to the breakup of continent. In contrast to the alkali granites and the rare metal deposit both having age of c. 330 Ma, Sm-Nd isotopic data of the acidic metavolcanic rocks do not form well defined isochron. However, the alkali granites reveal low ${\epsilon}_{Nd}$(0) values, while the acidic metavolcanic rocks and the rare metal deposit both have significantly higher ${\epsilon}_{Nd}$(0) values. Considering such differences, we propose following generation hypothesis: The acidic metavolcanic rocks around Chungju iron deposit was erupted at 750 Ma as rest of the acidic metavolcanic rocks of Gyemyeongsan and Munjuri Formations. About 330 Ma ago, partial melting of existing Al-type igneous materials and some old crustal materials produced alkali granite. The rare metal deposit was also produced by redistribution of related materials within the acidic volcanics due to hydrothermal activities occurred at the same time. Sm-Nd isotopic systematics of the acidic metavolcanic rocks were disturbed during the regional metamorphic event at ca. 280 Ma.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.779-785
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• 2015

Cathodic protection is recognized as the most cost-effective and technically appropriate corrosion prevention method for the submerged zone of offshore structures, ships, and deep-sea facilities. When cathodic protection is applied, the cathodic currents cause dissolved oxygen reduction, generating hydroxyl ions near the polarized surface that increase the interfacial pH and result in enhanced carbonate ion concentration and precipitation of an inorganic layer whose principal component is calcium carbonate. Depending on the potential, magnesium hydroxide can also precipitate. This mixed deposit is generally called "calcareous deposit." This layer functions as a barrier against the corrosive environment, leading to a decrease in current demand. Hence, the importance of calcareous deposits for the effective, efficient operation of marine cathodic protection systems is recognized by engineers and scientists concerned with cathodic protection in submerged marine environments. Calcareous deposit formation on a marine structure depends on the potential, current, pH, temperature, pressure, sea-water chemistry, flow, and time; deposit quality is significantly influenced by these factors. This study determines how calcareous deposits form in sea water, and assesses the interrelationship of formation conditions (such as the sea water temperature and surface condition of steel), deposited structure, and properties and the effectiveness of the cathodic protection.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2008

For the evaluation of brominated flame retardants included in polymeric electronic devices, we investigated the extraction methods and solvent systems for four different types of polymers of PC (polycarbonate), PP (polyropylene), PET (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) and PBT (poly(butylene terephthalate)) using different solvent systems of hexane/acetone, THF, toluene, and THF/toluene. In order to compare the extraction efficiency of different methods and solvent systems, the deca-BDE (decabromo diphenyl ether) flame retardant was included in PC, PP, PET and PBT systems and subsequently extracted by soxhlet, ultrasonic, accelerated solvent, microwave and supercritical fluid extraction methods. The amount of the extracted flame retardant was monitored to evaluate the extraction efficiency. The ultrasonic extraction method was found not to be acceptable as an extraction method for the polymer systems mainly due to a low salvation efficiency of the organic solvents. Soxhlet, accelerated solvent and microwave extraction methods exhibited over 80% of extraction efficiency for toluene. The supercritical fluid extraction method, which has been used as an extraction method for flame retardants in polymers, showed the extraction efficiencies of ca. 100% for PC and PP in the optimal extraction conditions of $60^{\circ}C$ and 120 bar.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1996

In order to study the effect of phenobarbital(PB) on the hepatic transport of diltiazem(DTZ), $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, we used isolated hepatocytes of rat which was intraperitoneally pretreated with phenobarbital sodium(75 mg/kg) for four days once a day. For the isolation of rat liver cells, a modification of the two step procedure of Seglen was used. DTZ was dissolved in incubation buffer to the final DTZ concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ng/ml in order to elucidate the uptake characteristics of DTZ by hepatocytes. Reactions were stopped at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 300 sec. The initial velocity was determined by disappearance of diltiazem in the hepatocyte suspension. On the other hand, to determine the effect of PB on the in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ we obtained the metabolism rates of DTZ in the control and the PB-pretreated rat hepatocyte at various time intervals. According to pretreatment with PB, the size of hepatocyte and the amount of protein per $10^6$ cells were significantly (p<0.01) increased from $26.92{\pm}0.1364\;m$ to $35.31{\pm}1.00\;m$ and from $468{\pm}6.5\;{\mu}g/10^6$ cells to $628.8{\pm}12.1{\mu}g/10^6$ cells, respectively. In the case or hepatic uptake of diltiazem, $K_m$ was not different in the normalization by cell numbers and increased from $2.90\;{\mu}M\;to\;13.89\;{\mu}M$ in the normalization by protein amount. $V_max$ was increased regardless of normalization by protein amount and cell numbers, from $1.21\;{\mu}mole/min \;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;to\;3.96\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;and\;from\;2.38\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.83\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$, respectively. The in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ was significantly (p<0.01) increased from $0.640{\pm}0.038\;ml/mim\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.385{\pm}0.212\;ml/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$ due to PB-pretreatment. These results suggest that the uptake of DTZ by hepatocyte is extremely fast and PB enhances the hepatic intrinsic metabolic clearance of DTZ.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.24-45
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• 1972

The Han River is an important water source in Seoul and neighbouring districts, for public and industrial supply, and for agriculture and fishery. Nowadays, more than six million inhabitants are supplied withe water from this river. The total length of the river is 470km, and has 17 10$\^$9/㎥ an average annual flow. The hydrographic characteristics at Seoul are 653㎥/sec in an average flow, 4,608㎥/sec in the maximum average flow, and 201㎥/sec in the minimum average flow. These are influenced in some degree by snowmelt in early spring, and greatly by the flood during summer. For the pollution problems, the periods of low flow are critical ones. As a rule they occur around the months November through June. Nowadays, most of the sewage from towns and industries is discharged untreated. Apart from domestic and industrial sewages, there are some discharges of mineral matter by mines in the upriver region. In general, water quality of the Han River is kept very clean and healthy until Kwangnaru of the upper region of Seoul. A large pollution, however, is received in the downstream by the domestic and industrial sewages of Seoul. It can be seen that dissolved oxygen, COD and BOD$\sub$5/ diminish markedly, and the intensity of almost every water parameter of the river continues to increase. Comparison of the figures for 1971 derived from a sampling point 40km downstream of Kwangnaru leads to the conclusion that hardness, Ca and Mg were no changed; alkalinity, Si and soluble- Fe were slightly increased; CO$\sub$2/, acidity, Cl, NO$\sub$2/-N, Cu, Zn and Al were increased in 2 and 3 times; total residue, total ignitious residue, COD, BOD$\sub$5/, NH$\sub$4/-N, PO$\sub$4/-P, Mn, Pb and total-Fe were increased in 4 to 7 times; and SO$\sub$4/, particulate-Fe and Cd were increased in 10 to 11 times. On the other hand, coliforms were increased in 650 times; fecal coliforms in 365 times; enterococci and total plate counts in 30 times, respectively. In view points of water quality standards, the down Han River water is now leveling out in Cd, coliforms and fecal coliforms for the agricultural use; in dissolved oxygen and some trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) for the fishery use; in ammonia, COD, BOD$\sub$5/, and Cd for the drinking use.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.396-402
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• 2006

Soil organic carbon has long been considered as the most critical factor to evaluate the soil quality, fertility, and fertilizer prescription. In addition, soil organic carbon may impact on greenhouse gas effects and global warming. Because of that, the management of soil organic carbon is increasingly important not only for improving soil quality but also for managing soil as a greenhouse gas source. Both wet and dry combustion have been used to determine soil organic carbon. Many benefits, such as automation and less labor, could the dry combustion method become more popular. Inorganic form of carbon could overestimate soil organic carbon when the dry combustion method was applied. Determination of soil inorganic carbon may contribute to the improved accuracy of soil organic carbon analysis using dry combustion method. Objectives of this research were 1) to develop soil inorganic carbon determination method using modified digital pressure calcimeter and 2) to evaluate soil organic carbon from calcareous soils using the dry and wet combustion method. Results showed that the significant linear relationship was found between soil inorganic carbon content and pressure calcimeter output. Inorganic carbon ranged from 22% to 28% of total carbon in the calcareous soil samples. Soil organic carbon content by dry combustion for calcareous soil was determined by subtracting inorganic carbon measured by the digital pressure calcimeter from total carbon. Soil organic carbon determined by dry combustion method was significantly correlated with that by wet combustion method. In conclusion, the digital pressure calcimeter may use to improve soil organic carbon determination for the calcareous soils by subtracting of soil inorganic carbon from total carbon determined by dry combustion method.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.561-566
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• 2019

Objective : Functional outcomes have traditionally been evaluated and compared using subjective surveys, such as visual analog scores (VAS), the Oswestry disability index (ODI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36), to assess symptoms and quality of life. However, these surveys are limited by their subjective natures and inherent bias caused by differences in patient perceptions of symptoms. The Fitbit $Charge^{(R)}$ (Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) provides accurate and objective measures of physical activity. The use of this device in patients after laminectomy would provide objective physical measures that define ambulatory function, activity level, and degree of recovery. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify relationships between the number of steps taken by patients per day and VAS pain scores, prognoses, and postoperative functional outcomes. Methods : We prospectively investigated 22 consecutive patients that underwent laminectomy for spinal stenosis or a herniated lumbar disc between June 2015 and April 2016 by the same surgeon. When patients were admitted for surgery and first visited after surgery, preoperative and postoperative functional scores were recorded using VAS scores, ODI scores, and SF-36. The VAS scores and physical activities were recorded daily from postoperative day (POD) 1 to POD 7. The relationship between daily VAS scores and daily physical activities were investigated by simple correlation analysis and the relationship between mean number of steps taken and ODI scores after surgery was subjected to simple regression analysis. In addition, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was used to investigate the significance of pre-to-postoperative differences in VAS, ODI, and SF-36 scores. Results : Pre-to-postoperative VAS (p<0.001), ODI (p<0.001), SF-36 mental composite scores (p=0.009), and SF-36 physical composite scores (p<0.001) scores were found to be significantly different. Numbers of steps taken from POD 1 to POD 7 were negatively correlated with daily VAS scores (r=-0.981, p<0.001). In addition, the mean number of steps from POD 3 to POD 7 and the decrease in ODI conducted one month after surgery were statistically significant (p=0.029). Conclusion : Wearable devices are not only being used increasingly by consumers as lifestyle devices, but are also progressively being used in the medical area. This is the first study to demonstrate the usefulness of a wearable device for checking patient physical activity and predicting pain and prognosis after laminectomy. Based on our experience, the wearable device used to provide measures of physical activity in the present study has the potential to provide objective information on pain severity and prognosis.