• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.915-924
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• 1993

To study the effect of menopause and dietary protein level on Ca metabolism, ovariectomy (OVAX) and sham operations were performed in 16-week old female rats. Each treatment group was fed for 16 weeks either 5%(L) or 50%(H) casein diets, forming SH, SL, OH, OL groups. High protein groups(SH, OH) showed higher Ca and hydroxyproline excretion in urine. Urinay hydroxyproline was also higher in OVAX, which tells the possibility of increased bone resorption by OVAX and by high dietary protein. At 16th wee, however, urinary Ca and hydroxyproline of SH caught up with OH group, whereas those of OL remained higher than SL. Therefore it seems that high dietary protein overrides the effect of OVAX with time. Urnary protein measured at 8th week was higher in high protein groups, especially in OH. GFR was not differ significantly among groups at 8th week. At 16th week, however, high protein groups showed twice the GFR value of low protein groups. Therefore the increase of urinary Ca and hydroxyproline in SH and OH groups can be explained partly by the increased GFR. The tendency of increased GFR and urinary excretion of protein, Ca, and hydroxyproline was most obvious in OH group. It seems that the effect of high protein diet is likely to accelerated by ovariectomy. The effect of Ovax and dietary protein on the composition of femur, scapular, and lumbar bones, was not pronounced. However, when only the high protein groups were compared, OVAX resulted in the reduction of bone weight, ash and Ca contents, especially in femur. The reason that was no significant effect on bone might be due to the short experimental period to induce that was no significant effect on bone might be due to the short experimental period to induce the changes on bone composition and dietary Ca content used in this experiment may have been high enough to prevent bone loss.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion of growing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation with yucca extract (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (16, 18, 20%). During the whole experimental period (18 to 52 kg body weight), there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI or F/G by YE addition or different protein levels among treatments (p>0.05). Overall, although addition of YE to the diet and elevation of protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments. Pigs fed diets with YE showed significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) digestibility than did the others during the growing period. Concerning the levels of dietary protein, only the CP digestibility was significantly higher in pigs fed high protein diet. Pig fed the low protein diet without YE showed a significantly low CP digestibility (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Pigs fed YE supplemented diets showed significantly (p<0.05) higher amino acid digestibility. Also, high CP level diets showed a higher amino acid digestibility than low CP diets (p<0.05). DM and N excretion did not show any significant differences among treatments, there was a slightly lower excretion with increase in dietary protein level. Supplementation with YE significantly decreased the DM and N excretion. Interaction (YE$\times$protein) was found in P excretion. Pigs fed a medium protein diet without YE showed the lowest P excretion during the growing period. The NH3-N content in the feces tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. During the whole experimental period, the cost for YE supplementation was similar to value of the improvements of performance obtained. The cost of feeding high level protein was significantly higher than that of medium level protein by 10% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). It could be concluded that the effects of dietary protein level and yucca extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion might play a role to some extent in growing pigs from the aspect of pollution control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 1989

To obtain the basic data for protective roles and first-aid of radiation hazard, the present studies were carried out to evaluate the decontamination of radiostrontium by the First-Aid drugs. Each mouse was administered intraperitoneally dose of sodium alginate 5mg, $CaNa_3DTPA$ 8.4mg and saline 5ml following the internal contamination with 1 $\mu$Ci of strontium as $^{85}SrCl_2$. $^{85}Sr$ was determined by the radioactivity of body burden, urinary excretion, fecal excretion and organ distribution by Ge-detector and MCA. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Effective half life on whole body retention $^{85}Sr$ was determined at 33 hours. 2. The decontamination effect of First-Aid durgs on the body $^{85}Sr$ burden were increased $CaNa_3DTPA$ (4.7 times), sodium alginate (1.7 times) and saline (2.4 times) respectively. 3. Strontium were excreted through urine (35.4%), feces (64.4%) and other (0.2%). But on the $^{85}Sr$ excretion routes following First-Aid drugs treatment, strontium-85 mainly were excreted through urine after $CaNa_3DTPA$ and saline treatment, and was excreted through feces after sodium alginate treatment. 4. The organ distribution of strontium-85 is vertebra, femur, sternum and liver in order Finally, the extrapolations from these data to victims were suggested that the rapid administration of $CaNa_3DTPA$, sodium alginate and saline simultaneously were markedly increased the decontamination effects on the internal contamination of radiostrontium.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2008

In the Indian traditional medicine, Lippia nodiflora (Verbenaceae) whole plant is claimed to possess powerful diuretic activity. However, the diuretic potential of this plant is not yet investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diuretic potential of methanol extract of Lippia nodiflora (MELN) in rats. Control (0.9% saline solution, 25 ml/kg, b.w) or urea (1 g/kg b.w) or frusemide (5 mg/kg b.w) and different concentrations of MELN (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w) were intraperitoneally administered (n = 6 per each treatment group) to hydrated rats and their urine output was monitored over a period of 5 h and 24 h after drug administration. The diuretic responses with its electrolyte excretion potency of the extract were highly remarkable in comparison with control animals. The extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg shows a significant increase in volume of urine with increase in $Na^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^{-}$ excretion accompanied by the excretion of $K^{+}$ in dose dependent manner. This study suggests that the active component(s) in MELN had similar diuretic effect to that of frusemide. These results validate the traditional use of Lippia nodiflora as a diuretic agent.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.158-169
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• 2003

The present study examined that in vivo test is investigated in sham-operated(control group) and aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive animals(experimental group) and that the antihypertensive effect was induced by silver spike point(SSP) low frequency electrical stimulation at meridian points(CV-3, -4, Ki-12, SP-6, LR-3, BL-25, -28, -32, -52), specifically, such as diuretic action in 24 hour urine analysis from normal volunteer. The $Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ ions were significantly increased in aldosterone-analogue DOCA-salt hypertensive rats than that in sham-operated rats. However, the $K^+$ ions were significantly decreased in aldosterone-analogue DOCA-salt hypertensive rats than that in sham-operated rats. The current of 1 Hz continue type of SSP low frequency electrical stimulation significantly increased in excretion of urine $Na^+$ and $K^+$ ions from normal volunteer. However, the excretion of $Ca^{2+}$ ion were significantly decreased by SSP electrical stimulation in volunteer. These results suggest that the development of aldosterone analogue-DOCA-salt hypertension is associated with changed $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ ions of urine. which directly affects blood pressure. Therefore, the hypertension is a risk factor on cardiovascular disease. Moreover, These results demonstrate that the SSP low frequency electrical stimulation, especially current of 1 Hz continue type, significantly regulates $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$ ions from volunteer. Therefore, the SSP low frequency electrical stimulation is a good regulator through a diuretic action of aldosterone-induced hypertension.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2013

Eight male cattle of the Local Yellow breed with an average live weight of 121 kg and an average age of 18 months were used to evaluate the effects of different levels of sun-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage supplementation on mineral metabolism in growing cattle fed rice straw and para grass as basal diet. Rice straw ad libitum and para grass (Brachiaria mutica) at 1% DM of BW comprised the basal diet. The study was arranged as a $4{\times}4$ double Latin square design, with cassava foliage contributing 0, 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4 g CP/kg BW. The cassava foliage intake was lower than the planned levels. DM consumption was significantly affected by cassava foliage supplementation, with the largest intake observed at the two highest levels of cassava foliage supplementation. Rice straw intake showed the opposite pattern, with lower intake at higher cassava foliage supplementation. No refusals occurred for para grass in any of the treatments. Ca, P, Mg, K, S and Mn intake increased significantly with increasing intake of cassava foliage, but Na intake was not affected by treatment. Faecal excretion of Ca, Mg, S and Mn increased significantly with increasing cassava foliage intake. There were no differences between P, K and Na excretion in faeces. There was a significant diet effect on Mg, S and Mn digestibility. Mg and Mn digestibility increased with increasing cassava foliage supplementation, while S digestibility decreased. Ca, P, K and Na digestibility was not affected by diet. There was a significant effect of treatment on P retention, with the highest value observed for supplementation with 1.6 g CP/kg BW cassava foliage. Ca and Mg showed similar trends, with the highest retention again for supplementation with 1.6 g CP/kg BW cassava foliage. There were weak but significant positive correlations between nitrogen retention and the macro minerals Ca, P and Mg. Furthermore, retention of all these minerals was positively correlated. Mineral losses in urine were not affected by dietary treatment with the exception of P excretion, which was affected by treatment. In conclusion, cassava foliage is a good Ca source which compensates for the low Ca content in rice straw and para grass, but P deficiency appears to be exaggerated in cattle with higher cassava intake. The results suggest that under these conditions growing cattle on a high cassava intake would benefit from P and S supplementation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 1982

The effect of parathyroid hormone on calcium and phosphate metabolism have been widely investigated, however less attention has been paid to the effect on urinary excretion. This study was performed for the purpose determining urinary excretion of Na, K, Ca, and $Po_4$, of 18 thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rabbits, which were TPTX previously 7 to 10 days compared with the same normal ones. After TPTX 0.2 mg/day of synthyroid was donated to the rabbits. The concentration of electrolytes in the serum and urine was determined by the following method; Na and K were determined by means of flame photometry, Ca was by EDTA titration $method^{19)}$, and $Po_4$ by Fiske and Subba-Raw $method^{20)}$. The results as follows. The concentrations of electrolytes in the serum were 1) In the normal control rabbits (N = 25) (data, $Mean{\pm}S.E.$) $Na\;131.72{\pm}1.33\;mEq/L$, $K\;3.59{\pm}0.28\;mEq/L$, $Ca\;12.58{\pm}0.29\;mg%$, $Po_4\;4.50{\pm}\;0.45mg%$. 2) In the TPTX rabbits(N= 18) $Na\;140.6l{\pm}2.56\;mEq/L$, $K\;3.38{\pm}0.36\;mEq/L$, $Ca\;l2.18{\pm}0.45\;mg%$, $Po_4\;3.92{\pm}\;0.35\;mg%$. There was no significant change between the normal and TPTX rabbits. The concentration of elelctrolytes in the urine were variously changed. 3) In the normal rabbits. $Na\;8.40{\pm}1.09\;mEq/L$, $K\;81.59{\pm}10.19\;mEq/L$, $Ca\;16.02{\pm}3.12\;mg%$, $Po_4\;13.16{\pm}2.89mg%$. 4) In the TPTX rabbits, $Na\;14.57{\pm}3.39\;mEq/L$ slight ncreased, $K\;116.06{\pm}12.77\;mEq/L$ significant increased (P<0.05), $Ca\;18.90{\pm}5.44\;mg%$ no significant increased, $Po_4\;43.38{\pm}8.67\;mg%$ significant increased (p<0.01). The effect of TPTX was assumed that it affected upon increasing tubular secretion of $K^+$ and inhibition of the tubular reabsorption of $Po_4$.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2001

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of adding phytase on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Three barrow pigs averaging 28.5$\pm$3.1kg of body weight were allotted to three treatments by 3$\times$3 latin square. Treatments included 1) com-soybean meal based-control diet and 2) and 3) control diet with phytase 500 and 1,000 unit. There were no effects of treatments on dry matter and nitrogen digestibility (P〉0.05). Ash, Ca and P digestibility in pigs fed diet with phytase were greater than those in pigs fed control diet(P〈0.05). An increased phosphorus intake was observed from pigs fed diet with treatments compared to that from pigs fed control diet. Pigs fed diet with adding phytase had improved P absorption compared to pigs fed control diet(P〈0.05). There was no significantly effect on fecal and urine excretion(P〈0.05). Ca intake was increased for pigs fed adding phytase compared to pigs fed control diet. No evident effect was observed on Ca fecal excretion among dietary treatments, however, urine excretion of pigs fed diet with treatments was decreased compared to pigs fed control diet. Cystine, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine digestibility of amino acid were greater for pigs fed diet with treatments than those for pigs fed control diet(P〈0.05). Asparagine, threonine, serine, methionine and leucine digestibility were improved for pigs fed with phytase 500 unit compared to pigs fed control diet. Lysine, histidine, arginine and other animo acids digestibility were higher for pigs fed diet with phytase than control diet, but there were no significant effects by the treatments(P〉0.05). In conclusion, the results of the experiments suggest that phytase supplementation in the diets could be a very beneficial strategy in environmental aspects.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 1993

This study was carried out to estimate the dally intake of lead and the relationship among dietary In take, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium In 30 healthy adults living In rural area of Korea (12 males and 18 females). Analyses for the nutritional status of the subjects were performed by 3-day dietary intake record, duplicated diet collection, 24-hour urine collection, and venous blood sampling. The results were as follows The mean daily intake of energy was 2,176.3kcal and 1,613.9kcal in males and (tamales of 20∼49years, and 1,914.8kcal and 1,517.9kcal in males and females of 50∼59years, respectively The ratio of carbohydrate : fat : protein was 73.4:13.6:13.0 in males and 76.4:10.3:13.3 In females. The mean daily intake of lead was 277.2Pg in males and 192.0ug in females. The mean daily intake, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium were 491.1mg, 8.9mg/dl, and 80.7mg in males and 426.7mg, 8.8mg /dl, and 80.3mg in females, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the daily lead intake and the dietary intake, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium. It was concluded that the daily lead intake was lower than the acceptable daily lead intake of FAO/WHO but a little higher than that of other investigations. And the daily lead intake was not level that relate to calcium status seriously.