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6.25전쟁 이후의 중·북부지역 가면극의 변화양상 (The changes in the Korean Mask Dramas of the Central and Northern Regions after the Korean War)

  • 전경욱
    • 공연문화연구
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    • 제22호
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    • pp.5-43
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    • 2011
  • 한국의 가면극은 대부분 세시풍속의 하나로 연행되었으며, 동제·줄다리기·지신밟기·횃불싸움·길놀이·사또놀음 등 여러 세시행사와 연계되어 전승되었다. 6.25전쟁 이후에는 이러한 세시행사와 관계없이 독립적으로 연행하기 때문에 원래의 기능과 의미를 상실하게 되었다. 또한 연행시간이 대폭 줄어들었기 때문에 연희내용, 노래, 대사를 많이 생략하고 있다. 북청사자놀이는 6.25전쟁 이후 사자춤이 한 마리에서 두 마리로 늘어났고, 애원성춤·사당춤·넉두리춤·칼춤을 새로 추가했다. 사자가 아이를 잡아먹던 내용도 토끼인형을 잡아먹는 내용으로 바뀌었다. 사자가면은 원래 여러 유형이 있었으나, 현재는 호랑이 모습의 가면으로 획일화되었다. 양주별산대놀이는 '애사당 법고놀이'에서 먹중 8명과 왜장녀·애사당 등 모두 10명이 등장하는 것이 이치에 맞는데, 현재는 이외에 말뚝이 가면을 쓴 배역이 등장한다. 현재의 연희에서는 성(性)과 관련된 노골적인 부분을 생략하고 있다. 또한 신할아비·미얄할미 과장에서 할미의 죽음 후에 예전에는 신할아비가 넋타령을 했는데, 최근에는 무당굿을 한다. 대사에서는 비속어와 육담을 대폭 생략하고 있다. 가면은 특히 연잎·옴중·샌님가면이 큰 변화를 보인다. 봉산탈춤은 6.25전쟁 이후 노장과장에서 가장 큰 변화를 보인다. 예전에는 소무가 두명 등장했으나 현재는 한 명만 등장하고, 신장수와 원숭이의 퇴장도 차이를 보인다. 예전의 가면들은 연희자가 내다볼 수 있는 구멍을 코 양옆으로 크게 뚫었지만, 현재의 가면들은 가면의 눈동자에 구멍을 뚫어놓았다. 특히 먹중가면이 큰 변화를 보인다. 봉산탈춤을 복원할 당시에 봉산 출신의 연희자가 적었기 때문에, 다른 해서탈춤의 연희자들과 함께 연희를 복원했다.

대순진리회 교화의 역사적 전형(典型)에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Archetypes of Historical Edification of Daesoonjinrihoe)

  • 백경언
    • 대순사상논총
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    • 제22권
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    • pp.471-507
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    • 2014
  • Edification in Daesoonjinrihoe is not only a phenomenon that occurs following the differences of religious experience or spiritual development among the community members, which enables the members to share teaching and learning experiences with one another, but also an issue determined as one of the major activities of the religious order and a plan for achieving the purpose of the religious order-Podeokchenha(Wordly Propagation), Gujechansaeng (Salvation of all mankind) and Jisangcheonguk Geonseol(Building of earthly paradise). The purpose of this article is to clarify its concept and provide an example of edification, through considering the historical model for edification to help the cultivators with their work of edification. The archetype of edification of Daesoonjinrihoe was formed and gradually developed in phases by Sangje, Kang Jeungsan, the Supreme God(姜甑山, 1871-1909), Doju, Jo Jeongsan(趙鼎山, 1895-1958) and Dojeon, Park Wudang(朴牛堂, 1917-1995), by the three of whom the Religious Authority was succeeded. Sangje descended to the human world and preached to people to live by the rule of Haewon Sangsaeng(Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficences of all life) and set an example of abolishing the old customs, living in mutual beneficences and having respect for human being. Doju, in revering the last will of Sangje, established the religious order by setting its creed, rituals and activities, which formed most contents of the archetype of edification. Dojeon set up a religious faith system by firmly establishing the Religious Authority and performed the True Law in accordance with Sangje's program of heaven to educate the cultivators to achieve the goal of self-cultivation following the last will of Doju. Through this, a perfect method to reach the state of Dotong(The Truly Unified State of Dao) is fulfilled. In this way, the archetype of edification was formed in the process of succession of Religious Authority. In conclusion, edification in Daesoonjinrihoe contributes to a 'systematic conveyance and understanding' through the historical archetype of edification, and it can be described as a concept that becomes a model to put into practice the 'True Law' of teachings given by two Sangjes for Dotong. Therefore, edification of Daesoonjinrihoe is drawing attention of its development as an important activity that realizes the ultimate value of the religious order because it solves the problems of immorality(absence of Dao), disorder and disregard of human value generated from the other side of this material civilization, with the truth of Haewon Sangsaeng, and has a function of rebuilding and leading the individuals and the society to the Truly Unified State of Dao through performing of the True Law.

东亚古代文化中的阴阳理论之嬗变 (The development of the theory of yin and yang in the ancient East Asian culture)

  • 刘萍
    • 대순사상논총
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    • 제18권
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    • pp.101-122
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    • 2004
  • When people discuss the continental cultural elements in the ancient East Asian culture, people always attach great importance to the two major cultures of Confucianism and Taoism, but offer little explanation to the significant influence of the theory of yin and yang, the important philosophical base of the two major cultures. The theory of yin and yang, existing as the theoretical source at a profounder level, possesses philosophical connotations that are always embedded into the mainstream of thought, religions and customs, displaying its unique glamour in its unique way. Its influence is more than that, however. It has exerted far-reaching influence on and is of significant importance to the development of the ancient culture of East Asia. This article aims at exploring this field of study. After the erudite scholar of The Five Classics made a voyage to the east in the early sixth century, The Book of Changes, the most important Chinese ancient classic expounding the theory of yin and yang, started to circulate among the Japanese court, via Baiji in the Korea Peninsula. As a result, the theory of yin and yang found its way to Japan. Examining the spreading channels, we learn that the theory's dissemination was largely related to the activities of Buddhist monks. Shoutoku Prince, regent of Japan at the time, was himself an enthusiastic supporter of Buddhism and was excelled in the study of The Book of Changes and the theory of yin and yang. In the Twelve Ranks System and Seventeen-article Constitution promulgated by Shoutoku Prince, the influence of the theory of yin and yang and of the theory of the five elements can be visibly discerned. This obviously proves the sublime status of the Chinese theory of yin and yang in Japan, thanks to the victory of the political clique that adored Buddhism. In the shaping course of ancient Japanese culture, the theory of yin and yang served as an important philosophical source of its development. Mythology based on Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, two earliest Japanese books that exist today, record mythological stories about the emergence of the Japanese nation. The notion about the birth of heaven and earth and the forming of Japanese Shinto, expressed in the mythological stories, not only tell us the source and historical progress of the Japanese nation but also the nation's world outlook in the transition from barbarian period to civilized period, as well as the basis for its philosophical thinking. All these were marked with profound influence of the Chinese theory of yin and yang. The theory of yin and yang, as one of the ancient Chinese academic thoughts, was accepted asa political belief when it first spread to Japan. The emergence and establishment of both the Mikado system and the centralized regime in ancient Japan drew largely on the theory of yin and yang and adopted it as an important philosophical basis to deify and aggrandize the "imperial power" so as to protect the authority of the imperial ruling and consolidate the established regime. Following the continuous strengthening and expansion of the centralized state power, the theory of yin and yang was further employed, and gradually "hidden" in Japanese culture with the passage of time, finally becoming the edge tool of ancient Japanese Mikados in exercising political power and controlling the country.

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서구 종교학의 역사에 대한 지성사적 재조명: 키펜베르크의 논의를 중심으로 (The History of the History of Religions and Intellectual History : Concerning with the Work of Hans G. Kippenberg)

  • 조현범
    • 대순사상논총
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    • 제17권
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    • pp.113-134
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    • 2004
  • According to Hans Kippenberg, the foundation of an academic study of religions coincided with the beginnings of modernization. Since the second half of the nineteenth century most European countries were involved in a process of rapid social change. The repercussions that this had for daily life were momentous. Instead of working for their traditional needs, people now had to produce goods for a market. Old customs ceded to private contracts and political laws. The superior knowledge of science replaced the inherited worldview. This deep changed severed societies from their ties to the past. Many educated people in Europe believed in an imminent end of all religions. Had not the scientific progress superseded the religious worldview? Historians had to come to terms with that expectation when they directed their attention to historical religions. Friedrich Max Muller introduced a new science, so-called Religionswissenschaft through the study of the ancient Vedic sources. He thought that genuine religion was a taste for, and sense of, the infinite. From his point of view, the Indian sources confirm that nature is more than mechanical laws. Thus his interpretation sought to contradict the materialist ideology of his day. Edward Burnett Tylor described religions as a kind of natural philosophy. His notion of 'soul' functioned to explain natural events. This legacy of the past cannot be missed even in modern society. Only the concept of the soul may preserve human dignity in an age of materialism. Gerardus van der Leeuw, also tried to perform the same function of the cultural critique for the renewal of the religious imagination in modern, rationalized Europe imprisoned in the iron-cage. In this respect, we could think that the interpretations of the history of the History of Religions in the light of the intellectual history are very suggestive for the korean student of religion. It helps them to describe the early history of the study of religion in Korea. For example, Yi Neung Wha(李能和) is regarded as 'a father of korean religious studies, but no one could present a proper answer for the question of why and through which connection of his intellectual milieu he was interested in the religious history and the study of religion. We would discover its signification in his confrontation of the prevailing social thought, such as social evolutionism.

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Covid-19 팬데믹시기 물류성과지수와 공급망 추적 데이터에 대한 고찰 (A Study on logistics Performance Index andSupply Chain Tracking Data during the Covid-19 Pandemic)

  • 안태건
    • 한국항만경제학회지
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.191-210
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    • 2023
  • Covid-19 팬데믹은 글로벌 물류와 공급망에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 이로 인해 세계 각국의 물류성능에 큰 차이가 발생하였다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 물류성과지수와 공급망 추적 데이터에 대한 고찰을 통해 펜데믹 기간 동안 발생된 글로벌 공급 사슬의 변화와 물류 환경 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 물류성과지수를 분석한 결과 세관 및 통관 관리 효율성, 무역 및 운송 인프라의 품질, 물류 서비스의 능력과 품질, 화물 추적 능력 등의 지표에서 세계 국가들, 특히 선진국들은 전반적으로 성능 개선을 보였다. 반면, 국제 운송의 경쟁력 있는 가격 용이성과 화물의 정시 배송 빈도는 팬데믹의 영향으로 점수 하락을 보였다. 공급망 추적 데이터 분석에서 아시아 국가의 항구에서의 처리 효율성은 높게 나타났다. 그러나 미국과 유럽 국가들은 상대적으로 더 많은 시간이 소요되었다. 항공화물, 소포, 특송 운송에서 특히 미국의 경우 상대적으로 처리시간이 많이 걸리는 것으로 나타나 물류 지연이 발생하고 있었다. 결론적으로, Covid-19 팬데믹 동안 아시아 국가들은 물류 및 무역 환경에서 상대적으로 높은 효율성을 유지하였다. 반면, 미국과 일부 유럽 국가들은 여러 지표에서 지연과 효율성 저하를 보였다. 향후 지연현상과 정체현상 즉 물류 프로세스의 속도 감소를 해결하기 위한 노력들이 필요한 시점이라 판단된다.

조선후기 내의원 의관의 직임과 인사 (The Positions and Personnel of the Naeui System in the Late Joseon Dynasty)

  • 박훈평
    • 한국의사학회지
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    • 제35권1호
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    • pp.45-57
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    • 2022
  • This paper examines the positions and personnel of the Naeui system in the late Joseon Dynasty. First, the regulations of the Naeui system were investigated through the literature related to Naeuiwon. Next, the operation of the regulations, changes in the system, and causes were analyzed through the Seungjeongwon Diary (承政院日記). We discovered: 1) Naeuiwon's medical bureaucracy originally did not have a fixed number of positions, but gradually came into being with a quota regulation. Uiyagdongcham-ui (議藥同參醫) and Naechim-ui (內鍼醫) did not have a quota, but was initially set at 10 people, then expanded to 12 people. Originally, the royal physician had no fixed number, and in 1864 the first quota was 7 people. 2) 'Gyeom-eoui' and 'gachanaeui' served to expand Naeui's quota. After the mid-17th century, 'Gyeom-eoui' expanded the quota of royal physicians to secure a position for the medical bureaucracy of Naeuiwon. 'Gachanae' after King Jeongjo serves to add to the quota while obeying the provisions of the law. 3) The customary promotion of Naeuiwon's medical bureaucracy expanded and became stricter after the mid-19th century, during which special promotions became more frequent than in previous periods. As for the provision of appointment to the 6th class after 30 months, Uiyagdongcham-ui was established in 1686 and Naechim-ui was established in 1718, increasing the chance for customary promotion. In the case of Naeui, the regulation for the Secretary General to raise the degree of official rank has been strengthened since the Cheoljong era. However, special promotions were frequent in the mid-19th century because the number of high-ranking officers increased compared to the previous period. In conclusion, the Naeui system in the late Joseon Dynasty changed in the direction of strengthening their own privileges. The Naeuiwon's quota was increased and promotion was guaranteed through the system and customs. Since the mid-18th century, there have been some regulatory restrictions, but the framework has not changed. This is confirmed not only in the regulations of the documents related to the Naeuiwon, but also in the Seungjeongwon Diary. Naeuiwon's medical bureaucracy enjoyed superiority in promotion and status compared to other forms of technical bureaucracy.

SNA를 이용한 국내 수출입 네트워크 구조와 응집성 분석 (Study of Korea Import and Export networks and Cohesion Analysis)

  • 김주혜;이정민;김율성
    • 한국항해항만학회지
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    • 제48권3호
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    • pp.181-191
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    • 2024
  • 글로벌 공급사슬망 내 항만은 서로 복합한 물류 네트워크시스템을 형성하고 있다. 많은 연구자들은 SNA분석을 활용하여 물류 네트워크, 무역 네트워크, 그리고 해상 네트워크 등 활발한 네트워크 관련 연구를 진행해 왔다. 그러나, 기존의 SNA분석에 비해 물류 및 무역과 관련된 SNA 응집성 분석은 미비한 편이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 SNA 응집성 분석기법 중 핵심집단 분석과 커뮤니티 분석을 활용하여 지역, 항만, 공항을 포함한 모든 국내 수출입 물류 네트워크의 시계열적인 구조변화 양상에 대해 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 2004년부터 2022년까지의 관세청 수출입물류통계연보 자료를 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 핵심집단과 커뮤니티 분석 결과, 국내 수출입 물류 네트워크 응집성은 지속적으로 강화되고 있었으며 지역, 항만, 공항의 결속구조가 높아지고 동질적 형태가 증가하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 부산항이 주요 커뮤니티의 중심인 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 글로벌 물류환경의 과정을 이해하고, 물류 및 무역 관련 정책과 지속 가능한 수출입 물류 프로세스를 구축하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

Fulfilling the Export Potential of Agricultural Production in the Context of Aggravating Global Food Crisis

  • Hassan Ali Al-Ababneh;Ainur Osmonova;Ilona Dumanska;Petro Matkovskyi;Andriy Kalynovskyy
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제24권7호
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    • pp.128-142
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    • 2024
  • Creation and implementation of export-oriented strategy is an urgent issue of economic development of any country. In an export-oriented model of economic development, exports should be a means of promoting economic growth and a tool to strengthen existing and potential competitive advantages. Agricultural production is the key factor in exports and the source of foreign exchange earnings in many countries. However, the export potential of agricultural producers may be inefficiently fulfilled due to the heterogeneity of countries in terms of economic development, trade relations and border policy. The aim of the research is to study the nature, main trends and problematic aspects of fulfilling the export potential of agricultural production in the context of aggravating food crisis. The study involved general scientific methods (induction and deduction, description, analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special (statistical method, economic analysis, descriptive statistics and interstate comparisons, graphical method). The need to ensure food security by countries around the world urges the importance of the agricultural sector as a catalyst for economic development, sources of foreign exchange earnings, investment direction, etc. The study of agricultural specialization led to the conclusion that wheat and sugar are goods with the highest export potential. It is substantiated that the countries of South America, OECD, North America and Europe have the highest level of realization of export potential of agricultural production, and African countries are import-dependent. In addition, the low export orientation of Africa and Asia due to the peculiarities of their natural and climatic conditions is established based on the assessment of export-import operations in the regional context. The internal and external export potential of each of the regions is analysed. Economic and mathematical simulation of assessing the impact of the most important factors on the wheat exports volumes was applied, which allowed predicting wheat exports volume and making sound management decisions regarding the realization of the export potential of agricultural companies. The inverse correlation between the exports volume and wheat consumption per capita, and the direct correlation between the effective size and area of land used for wheat cultivation was established through the correlation and regression analysis.

차별화 된 디자인 개념의 제품디자인 사례 연구 (A Study on the Product Design Case Study of Differential Design Concept)

  • 이덕상;한세준;김홍규;조철희
    • 디자인학연구
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.335-350
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    • 2004
  • 디자인은 아직 존재하지 않는 가상의 것을 조형적인 실체로 구체화하는 것이다. 그 기본개념의 규명을 통해서만이, 합리적 가치를 수반한 차별화 된 디자인 개념의 가치 창출이 가능하리라고 생각한다. 디자인의 특질이 주어진 조건과 환경에 따라 문제의 성격과 그에 대한 결과가 달라지게 되기 때문에 모든 디자인은 상황적이다. 본 연구에서는 디자인의 기본 과정인 문제의 분석 종합평가의 단계에서, 가장 적절하고 합리적인 차별화 된 디자인개념(Differential Design Concept)을 찾기 위함이다. 선행적으로 시대적 추구가치 및 제품디자인의 가치관 변화를 고찰해 보았다. 이러한 시대적 추구 가치가 실제의 제품에 어떻게 구현되었는가를 조사 분석하였다. 현대디자인의 대표적 트랜드인 3-2. 기능 중심적 디자인 3-3. 감성중심적 디자인 3-4. 은유를 통한 이미지 전달의 디자인 3-5. 환경친화적 디자인의 차별화 된 디자인개념의 제품디자인 구현 사례를 분석하였다. 사례분석을 근거로 미래 사회 트랜드로 다가온 지속가능한 발전의 사회 속에서 어떻게 차별화 된 디자인 개념을 적용시킬 수 있는가를 규명해 보았다. 사례 분석을 통해 나타난 내용은 \circled1 시대정신의 가치가 제품의 메시지(Design Image)로 부각되어야 한다. \circled2 환경적합성을 우선적 고려 요인으로 하여야 한다. \circled3 차별화 된 소비자 욕구 충족의 가치를 실현하여야 한다. \circled4 상품의 라이프싸이클(Life-Cycle)이 길도록 유도한다. \circled5 기업의 지속적 성장을 촉진한다. \circled5 사용자 중심의 제품가치 고려가 선결되어야 한다는 것이다. \circled7 문화적, 언어적 장벽을 극복하고 사람들이 익숙하게 기억할 메타포의 투영을 필요로 하며, \circled8 시대적 가치관과 관습적 가치관의 공통분모 적 인간 본연의 가치관의 적용이 선결되어야 하며, \circled9 물질적 만족의 욕구 충족이 아닌 마음의 만족을 충족시키고 적용시키는 차별화 된 디자인개념이 요구되어 진다. 이에 더하여 제품의 저변에 굿ㆍ디자인(Good-Design)요소가 가미된 독창적이고 차별화 된 디자인개념이 소비자와의 감성적 교감을 이룰 수 있다고 생각된다. 즉 모든 디자인의 가치는, $\ulcorner$인간이 만물의 척도$\lrcorner$ 라는 인본주의 사상에 근거하여 평가되어야 한다.

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조선시대(朝鮮時代) 유교사상(儒敎思想)과 의예복연구(儀禮服硏究) - 남자(男子) 포(袍)를 중심(中心)으로 - (A study on ceremonial costume and Confucianism is Chosun Dynasty - Focusing on Men's Po -)

  • 이선재
    • 복식
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    • 제16권
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    • pp.221-229
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    • 1991
  • This thesis aims at reviewing the wearing aspect and formation of Chosun ceremonial dresses for meal and finding out the thought reflected by them from the standpoint that dresses themselves should be taken as one of the phenomena in culture. That is men's ceremonial costumes and confucian costumes of the royal family and the gentry family in Chosun is reviewed focused on the formation and the wearing aspect of Po, Which is a kind of them. And in the context of the phase of the times. I also considered the thoughts reflected on the clothes such as confucianism, Ying & Yang Theory, and the symbol and the thoughts of patterns in relation to the clothes. Confucian influence was the main force for the Chosun prohibitions for clothes. The major reasons for the prohibitions for clothes were as follows. First, they reflected confucian Chung myoung chooui(the principle that everything should be where it belongs). That is the prohibitions for clothes were used in the means to maintain feudalistic social order. influenced by social rank system. Second, they reflected confucian ethics in the means to recover social disciplines with the maintenance of traditional customs. This shows well in the restriction of luxurious items in dressing included the prohibitions for clothes. Third, they reflected Chosun's toadysm toward China. With the influx of Chinese style of dressing then government even changed the style of uniforms for public officials into that of Chinese resulting in dual styles of dressing. Ying & Yan Theory greatly affected the colors of Korean clothes and reflected toadysm toward China. too. The theory was embodied by prohibition of such colors for clothes as white, gray, and jade green. I reviewed the twelve patterns on Myunpok, Ten-Longivity patterns and Four-Gracious plants patterns in order to analyze the symbolism and thoughts of patterns for clothes. Nansam, Dopo, and Shimui worn by confucian scholars ensures that those clothes bears confucianism and philosopical factors. As shimui was worn by many people it appears in Chosun scholars' studies and a Chinese book called "Yeki". I reviewed the origin, procession, and ornaments of four ceremonial clothes and tried to find out the confucianism in them. First, In Kwanrei (the coming-of-age ceremony) remained ancestor worship and respect for manners. The clothes for this ceremony granted the rights and responsibilities of and adult to the wearer. The royal Kwanreipok had different dresses for each rank. As Samgapok, the crown prince wore Iksunkwan and Konryongpo for the first ritual, Wonryukwan and Kangsapo for the second, and Myunrukwan and Konpok for the third. The rank of the King's grandson was lower than the crown prince's. This example shows that Chosun people respected manners and thought the basic confucianism "God and people are equal." at the Royal court. Second, as Honreipok(wedding gown), the crown prince wore Myunrukwan and Konpok for Daereipok, Wonyukwan and Kangsapo for Napjing and Tongwoo, and Iksunkwan and Konryongpo for Chekbinui. But common people were allowed to wear an official outfit only for wedding in the means of congratulation on the most important day of their life. Wedding gowns which reflected Ying and Yang Theory emphasized the thought that union of a man and a wife is the most important event in life. Third, Sangrei(funeral) was the last ritual of a human being to send off the deceased. The mourning dresses expressed lamentation of the people left behind. Five-Dress-System for each the relative degree of familarity showed the solemnity and formality, which represented the formality of confucianism and ancestor worship. I reviewed the mourning dresses by dividing them into royal, Yangban's, and commons. They were featured by the fact that there was only one style for every walk of life. It is construed that anyone in mourning can wear the same clothes since he feels the same way regardless of his social rank. Fourth, Chereipok(sacrificial rite dresses) had different styles for each social rank. The King wore Myunpok(Kuryumyun and Kujangpok) were recorded to be worn first in the fourth year of King Taecho's ruling. The crown prince wore Palryumyun and Chiljangpok for sacrificial rite dress which was finally settled when King Sejong was in power. Common people wore Dopo, Shimui for the rite dress in the beginning of the Chosun Era and wore Dopo after Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. In conclusion, confucianism played the main role in ceremonial dress system of Chosun and that was because it emphasized the ethics of action in life, which was different from other religions. It is true that cause-oriented thoughts and Chung myoung chooui in confucianism drove all ceremonies to extreme manners, discriminating the people who belonged to the lower social rank, and resulting in extremly luxurious life style. However, they also created a unique trend and clothes culture in the Chosun Era. I wish that this thesis provieds important information and direction for furthur studies in the future.

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