• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 1993

Ag+ 이온이 부분적으로 치환된 3가지 제올라이트 A(Ag4Na8-A, Ag6Na6-A 및 Ag8Na4-A)를 완전히 탈수한 후 280℃에서 24시간동안 약 0.1 Torr의 Cs중기로 처리하 였다. 이들의 결정구조는 22(1)℃ 노에서 입방공간군 Pm3m (단위세포상수 a가 각각 12.321(3) A, 12.295(1) A 및 12.380(7) A임)을 사용하여 단결정 X-선회절법으로 해석 하였다. 이들 세가지 구조에서 Cs+이온은 각각 서로 다른 4개의 결정학적 위치에서 발견되었다. 단위세포당 3개의 Cs+이온은 8-링 중심에 위치하고, 약 6.9-7.3개의 Cs+이온 은 큰 동공의 6-링과 마주보는 위치에 있는 3회 회전축상에서 발견되었다. 그리고 약 2.17-2.74개의 Cs+이온은 소다 라이트 동공내에서 발견되며 약 0.5-1.0개의 Cs+'이온은 4링과 마주보는 곳에 위치한다. 또한 이들 구조에서 단위세포당 각각 1.88(5),2.30(3) 및 5.28(10)개의 Ag종이 존재하며 이들은 큰동공의 중심에서 헥사실버 클러스트를 형성한다. 8-링위치가 Cs+이온으로 모두 차있어서 Ag0가 골조밖으로 이동하는 것을 막을 수 있다. 각각의 헥사실버 클러스터는 서로 다른 좌표에 위치하는 14개의 Cs+이온에 의해 안정화된다. 이들 구조에서 발견되는 약 12.35-13.49개의 Cs+이온들은 Cso의 흡착이 일어나 제올라이트 기본 골 격에 있는 음이온 전하와 균형을 맞출 수 있는 12개의 Cs+ 이온 이상의 이온 또는 원자로 존재하고 있다. Cs+의 배열 은 다음과 같은 두 가지 배열로 쉽게 설명할 수 있다. 일부는 2개의 Cs+이온이 소다이트 동공내에 있는 6-링과 마주보는 곳에 위치하고 큰동공내에는 6개의 Cs+이온이 6링 근처에 위치하며 1개는 4-링 근처에 위치한다. 그 나머지는 소다라이트 동공내에 위치하는 3개의 Cs+이온과 한변의 길이를 3.52 A로 갖는 삼각형을 형성한 후 6-링을 통 하여 큰 동공 내에 위치한 3개의 Cs원자와 결합하게 되므로 3m (C3v)의 대칭구조를 갖는 (CS6)4+클러스터를 형성한다. 그 밖의 5개 Cs+이온은 비어있는 큰동공의 6-링에 위치한다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2001

In the course of immunoscreening of Clonorchis sinensis cDNA library, a cDNA CsRP12 containing a tandem repeat was isolated. The cDNA CsRP 12 encodes two putative peptides of open reading frames (ORFs) 1 and 2 (CsRP12-1 and -2). The repetitive region is composed of 15 repeats of 10 amino acids. Of the two putative peptides, CsRP12-1 was proline-rich and found to have homologues in several organisms. Recombinant proteins of the putative peptides were bacterially produced and purified by an affinity chromatography Recombinant CsRP12-1 protein was recognized by sera of clonorchiasis patients and experimental rabbits, but recombinant CsRP 12-2 was not. One of the putative peptide, CsRP12-1, is designated CsPRA, proline-rich antigen of C. sinensis. Both the C-termini of CsRP12-1 and -2 were bacterially produced and analysed to show no antigenicity. Recombinant CsPRA protein showed high sensitivity and specificity. In experimental rabbits, IgG antibodies to CsPRA was produced between 4 and 8 weeks after the infection and decreased thereafter over one you. These results indicate that CsPRA is equivalent to a natural protein and a useful antigenic protein for serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.458-468
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• 2007

To tolerate environmentally adverse conditions such as cold, drought, and salinity, plants often synthesize and accumulate proline in cells as compatible osmolytes. ${\Delta}^1$-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase(P5CS) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of proline biosynthesis from glutamate. Two complete genes, MtP5CS1 and MtP5CS2, were isolated from the model legume Medicago truncatula by cDNA cloning and bacterial artificial chromosome library screening. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that both genes consisted of 20 exons and 19 introns. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences revealed high similarities with P5CS proteins from other plant species. The two MtP5CS genes were expressed in response to high salt and low temperature treatments. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that MtP5CS1 was expressed earlier than MtP5CS2, indicating differential regulation of the two genes. To evaluate the reverse genetic effects of nucleotide changes on MtP5CS function, a Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes approach was taken. Three mutants each were isolated for MtP5CS1 and MtP5CS2, of which a P5CS2 nonsense mutant carrying a codon change from arginine to stop was expected to bring translation to premature termination. These provide a valuable genetic resource with which to determine the function of the P5CS genes in environmental stress responses of legume crops.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2002

The concentrations and activity ratios of $^{137}Cs,\;^{90}Sr\;^{238}Pu$ and $^{239-240}Pu$ in sediment($0sim}20\;$cm) at 15 coastal stations of Korea were determined. The mean concentrations of $^{137}Cs,\;^{90}Sr\;^{238}Pu$ and $^{239-240}Pu$ are $2.24{\pm0.79\;Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}-dry,\;0.20{\pm}0.04 Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}-dry,\;0.009{\pm}0.005\;Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}-dry}$ and $0.27{\pm}0.17\;Bq{\cdot}kg^{-1}-dry$, respectively. The mean activity ratios of $^{137}Cs,\;^{90}Sr$, $^{239-240}Pu/^{137}Cs$ and $^{238}Pu/^{229-240}Pu$ and atomic ratio of $^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$ are $11.2{\pm}2.9,\;0.123{\pm}0.053$ and $0.033{\pm}0.017$ and $0.218{\pm}0.036$, respectively. The concentrations and activity ratios in sediment samples are similar to those reported from neighbouring country in the northern hemisphere. The correlation coefficient of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{239-240}Pu$ is 0.80. The correlation coefficient of $^{137}Cs$ and soil organic matter(SOM), and $^{239-240}Pu$ and clay content are 0.69 and 0.67, respectively.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2015

To investigate the effect of the weathering process of biotite on Cs sorption, sorption experiment of Cs with $10^{-3}M$ solution was carried out on the biotite reacted at different reaction times at pH 2 and 4, and 1 M solutions of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Rb, and Cs. Peak changes were observed for some samples by XRD, indicating that new mineral phase formed by biotite weathering. Among several factors, cations in solutions have the most significant influence on the mineralogical changes. The samples reacted with Na showed the most outstanding change with increasing peak width and appearance of $12{\AA}$ peak and $14{\AA}$ peak. This new peaks indicate the formation of hydrobiotite and vermiculite. The new peaks had stronger peak intensity for the sample reacted at pH 4 than that at pH 2, probably due to the fast dissolution of small particles and edges and resultant decrease in the formation of expandable layers. The biotite reacted at Mg solution showed small intensity at $14{\AA}$. Based on XRD results, the degree of biotite weathering was in the order of Na, Mg, and Ca. The samples reacted with K, Rb, Cs solutions did not show noticeable mineralogical changes caused by weathering. The amount of sorbed Cs on weathered biotite showed close relationship with the degree of weathering indicated by XRD. At both pH 2 and 4, the biotite reacted with Na solution showed the highest Cs sorption, and those with Mg and Ca solutions showed the next highest ones. The sorbed amounts of Cs on the bitote reacted with K, Rb, Cs solutions were relatively low. This indicates that at the Cs concentration ($10^{-3}M$) which we used for this experiment and which was much higher than the maximum Cs concentration sorbed on the frayed edge site, expandable layer plays more important role than frayed edge. In the cases of K, Rb, and Cs solutions, Cs sorption was decreased because K is the same cations as the one in the interlayer or the sorption of Rb and Cs on the frayed edge prevents the formation of expandable layers.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2022

NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes are known to play essential roles in differentiation and proliferation of many filamentous fungi. However, the functions of Noxs have not been elucidated in Colletotrichum species. Therefore, we set out to characterize the roles of Nox enzymes and their regulators in Colletotrichum scovillei, which causes serious anthracnose disease on pepper fruits in temperate and subtropical and temperate region. In this study, we generated targeted deletion mutants for CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD via homologous recombination. All deletion mutants were normal in mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, and appressorium formation, suggesting that CsNox1, CsNox2, CsNoxR, and CsNoxD are not involved in those developmental processes. Notably, conidia of 𝜟Csnox2 and 𝜟Csnoxr, other than 𝜟Csnox1 and 𝜟Csnoxd, failed to cause anthracnose on intact pepper fruits. However, they still caused normal disease on wounded pepper fruits, suggesting that Csnox2 and CsnoxR are essential for penetration-related morphogenesis in C. scovillei. Further observation proved that 𝜟Csnox2 and 𝜟Csnoxr were unable to form penetration peg, while they fully developed appressoria, revealing that defect of anthracnose development by 𝜟Csnox2 and 𝜟Csnoxr resulted from failure in penetration peg formation. Our results suggest that CsNox2 and CsNoxR are critical for appressorium-mediated penetration in C. scovillei-pepper fruit pathosystem, which provides insight into understanding roles of Nox genes in anthracnose disease development.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2004

Illite has been known to adsorb Cs preferentially to other alkali cations, especially at lower Cs concentration due to the frayed edge site. This frayed edge site was only verified by isotherm experiments, but not by other analytical methods. To investigate the Cs sorption properties on the surface of illite, artificially weathered illite with increasing frayed edge sites was reacted with Cs at different solution concentrations. The illite was weathered f3r 1 hour, 2 days, 14 days in 0.001 M HCl solution. With increasing reaction time, increasing amount of K in solution was observed, indicating formation of frayed edges by weathering, which was also verified by XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis. Original and weathered illites were converted to the homoionic Na form and reacted with $10^{-3}$ / ～ $10^{-7}$ M CsCl solutions for 24 hour. The aspect of Cs sorption was clearly distinguished around $10^{-5}$ M Cs concentration. The relative Cs amount sorbed on illite at low concentration (<10$^{-5}$ M) was higher than high concentration and increased with decreasing Cs concentration. In general, the amount of sorbed Cs increases with increasing weathering time and this trend is more noticeable at lower concentration while not much differentiated with weathering time at high concentration. These results indicate that the selective Cs sorption site exists in illite at low concentration, known as frayed edge site, and the number of those sites increases with weathering time.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 1999

A ploygalacturonase-produchg yeast was isolated from Cheju soil by selective eivichment media. One strain which has the highesl activity of polygalacturonase was selected. The characle~ishcs of the strain CS-2 were as follows: CS-2 utilized xylose. sucrose, maltose, u.ehalose, cellobiose. melibiose, lactose, raffinose, inosiiol, dulicilol, and dextrose, but did not utilized galactose, nitrate. nit~te, and lysine. Growth of CS-2 was inhibited by cyclohexamide, 1% acetic acid, and high concenaation (over 50%) of glucose. It grew at $30^{\circ}C$ but did 'IIOL $35^{\circ}C$. The cell size ofthe strain CS-2 was 2.9 p ~ n in length and 1.3 $\mu$ in diameter. Vegetable reproductmn was multiple budding and ascospre was present I to 4. Pseudomycelia or true myceliua formation were not observed In any of the cullureq. These results suggest that strain CS-2 is most likely a strain related Cryptococcus spp. (Cryptococcu spp. CS-2). When polygalacturonase or ihe yeast was induced by addition of polygalactoronic acid, polygalacturonase activity was detected in culture supernatent. There was a peak of specific activity a1 he mid-stationary phase(3 days culture) of growth. Polygalacturonase specific activity of Crylmcoccus sp. CS-2 was 2.96 unitsling. The molecular weighl ol'polygalacturonase was showed to be 46 KDa by both SDS-PAGE and activity stailling.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.45.2-45.2
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• 2018

CS molecule is known to be adsorbed onto dust in cold dense cores, causing its significant depletion in the center region of cores. This study is aimed to investigate the depletion of CS molecule with optically thin $C^{34}S$ molecular line observations, including significance of its differentiation depending on the evolutionary status of the dense cores. We mapped five evolved starless cores, L1544, L1552, L1689B, L694-2 and L1197 using two molecular lines, $C^{34}S$ (J=2-1) and $N_2H^+$ (J=1-0) with NRO 45 m telescope. The $H^2$ column density and temperature structures of each targets were obtained by SED fitting for Herschel continuum images and the internal number density profiles by model fitting. All of the integrated intensity maps of $C^{34}S$ show depletion holes and 'semi-ring-like' distribution, indicating that the depletion of CS is clear and general. The radial profiles of CS abundance also show significant decrease towards the core center, while $N_2H^+$ abundance is almost constant or enhanced. We find that the more evolved cores with higher $H^2$ density tend to have a stronger depletion of CS. Our data strongly support claims that CS molecule generally depletes out in the central regions of starless dense cores and such chemical differentiation is closely related to their evolution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the features of CsI:Tl and $Gd_2O_2S$ detectors with an indirect conversion method using phantom in the DR (digital radiography) system by obtaining images of thick chest phantom, medium thickness thigh phantom, and thin hand phantom and by analyzing the SNR and CNR. As a result of measuring the SNR and CNR according to the thickness change of the subject, the SNR and CNR were higher in CsI:Tl detector than in $Gd_2O_2S$ detector when the medium thickness thigh phantom and thin hand phantom were scanned. However, when the thick chest phantom was used, for the SNR at 80~125 kVp and the CNR at 80~110 kVp in the $Gd_2O_2S$ detector, the values were higher than those of CsI:Tl detector. The SNR and CNR both increased as the tube voltage increased. The SNR and CNR of CsI:Tl detector in the medium thickness thigh phantom increased at 40~50 kVp and decreased as the tube voltage increased. The SNR and CNR of $Gd_2O_2S$ detector increased at 40~60 kVp and decreased as the tube voltage increased. The SNR and CNR of CsI:Tl detctor in the thin hand phantom decreased at the low tube voltage and increased as the tube voltage increased, but they decreased again at 100~110 kVp, while the SNR and CNR of $Gd_2O_2S$ detector were found to decrease as the tube voltage increased. The MTF of CsI:Tl detector was 6.02~90.90% higher than that of $Gd_2O_2S$ detector at 0.5~3 lp/mm. The DQE of CsI:Tl detector was 66.67~233.33% higher than that of $Gd_2O_2S$ detector. In conclusion, although the values of CsI:Tl detector were higher than those of $Gd_2O_2S$ detector in the comparison of MTF and DQE, the cheaper $Gd_2O_2S$ detector had higher SNR and CNR than the expensive CsI:Tl detector at a certain tube voltage range in the thick check phantom. At chest X-ray, if the $Gd_2O_2S$ detector is used rather than the CsI:Tl detector, chest images with excellent quality can be obtained, which will be useful for examination. Moreover, price/performance should be considered when determining the detector type from the viewpoint of the user.