• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2011

Safety management paradigm which against human errors in aviation industry is now changing from the follow-up measures after accident in the past to systematic approach that a forecast the hazards and improve the working system of the group to prevent accidents. As human factors are based on the man's specific psychological traits, it takes much time and efforts to prepare the preventive measures. That's why aviation industry is interested in the accident-prevent measurements against human errors. In this thesis, therefore, we are going to introduce the efforts that aviation organizations have tried and recommend management systems and discuss the suggestive facts. At first, we discussed introduction of HFACS which is the systematic accidents-classification system related to human errors in the aviation organization and countermeasure in the aspects of management, technology/engineering, education training. We described about FOQA, LOSA, CRM/TEM, aviation safety information DB in the aspect of management, and explained safety technologies that prevent human errors or avoid technologically when emergency occurs in the aspect of technology/engineering. In the aspect of education training, we explained the application plan about safety programs(LOFT/Simulator use, CRM/TEM application etc).

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2014

LOSA(line operation safety audit)는 정상적인 운항 상태에서 운항 승무원이 발생할 수 있는 사고를 수집하기 위한 선제적 데이터 수집 방식으로 비행 중 발생하는 TEM(threat error management)과 CRM(crew resource management) 등을 수집하는 안전관리프로그램이다. 기존의 LOSA 기록 방식은 워크시트(worksheet) 에 관찰자가 직접 작성하여 자료를 보관하고 관리를 수행하였으나, 자료 보관의 어려움과 비밀 보장이 어려운 문제점이 있다. 기존의 LOSA 수집방식 대신 웹(web) 형태로 한국형 LOSA(K-LOSA)를 구현과 TEM 분류 코드를 변경하므로 효과적인 자료 관리 및 비밀 보장성을 확보하였다. 본 논문에서는 LOSA에 대하여 살펴보고 K-LOSA 프로그램의 구성을 소개한다.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2009

LOSA is a flight safety program that analyses human errors in normal operations. Trained pilot observers monitor the normal flights at the observer seat. LOSA is a proactive non jeopardy data collection tool using threat and error management(TEM) as a framework. With the analysis of crew behaviors through LOSA with The LOSA collaborative(TLC), the airlines can identify the behaviors of the crew during normal operations. The major objective of LOSA is to measure how the crew manage threats, errors and undesired aircraft deviations in the cockpit on day to day operations. The airlines are able to set up effective TEM training with practical six generation Crew recourse management(CRM) with data of error from LOSA instead of theoretical CRM courses. The Airlines can use TEM as an integral part of a Safety Management System(SMS) and uses monitoring and cross-checking skills in the flight operations to manage threats and errors effectively when we know the errors we make in the cockpit on daily operation. The result of LOSA indicates that the error detection rate should be enhanced since around the half of the errors went undetected. The areas which should be focused for enhancing the error detection are monitor, cross-check, the management of workload, automation and taxiway/ runway to manage errors effectively.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.344-356
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• 2021

현재 국내 민간항공에서는 비행 중 기장과 부기장간에 부적절한 승무원자원관리(CRM; crew resources management)로 인한 문제가 꾸준히 발생하고 있다. 따라서 조종사 교육 시 승무원자원관리(CRM), 위협요소관리(TEM; threat & error management), 안전관리(SMS; safety management system) 및 피로위험관리(FRMS; fatigue risk management system)와 모의조종(SIM; simulator) 훈련 등을 통하여 부기장의 적극적인 역할을 강조하고 있다. 그러므로 이제는 기장의 변혁적 리더십보다는 감성적 리더십의 장점인 수평적 관계유지와 오픈 마인드(open mind), 그리고 솔선수범과 배려심 및 상호존중에 의한 반말 지양 등의 변화가 절실히 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 민간항공의 조종실 문화 개선 방안에 대하여 기장의 변혁적 및 감성적 리더십이 부기장의 정서에 미치는 영향으로 논지를 정하고, 그에 따라 세부내용을 구성하였다.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제8권3B호
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• pp.283-289
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• 1999

Multilayer thin film reference materials for the sputter depth profiling analysis are used to calibrate the sputter depth scale by measuring the sputtering rate and to optimize the sputtering conditions for the best depth resolution. Surface analysis group of Korea Research Institute of Standards and science (KRISS) have developed various types of multilayer thin films by using an ion beam sputter deposition and in-situ surface analysis system. The chemical states of the thin films reference materials were certified by in-situ XPS and the thicknesses were certified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.166-166
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• 2013

Mesoporous $SiO_2$-supported Ni catalysts (Ni/$SiO_2$ and Ni/$TiO_2$/$SiO_2$) were fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD), and their catalytic activity and stability were investigated in carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CRM) reaction at $800^{\circ}C$ The Ni/$SiO_2$ catalysts showed high stability as a result of confinement of Ni particles with a mean size of ~10 nm within the pores of $SiO_2$ support. Besides, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that the Ni nanoparticles were partially buried inside the $SiO_2$ support. The strong interaction between Ni and the $SiO_2$ support could also be advantageous for long-term stability of the catalyst. In case of the Ni/$TiO_2$/$SiO_2$ catalyst, it was found that the catalytic activity of 10 nm-sized Ni nanoparticles was not much influenced by $TiO_2$ addition.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2012

One major safety issue of surface operations is the occurrence of runway incursions. Runway incursions are the consequence of multiple operational and/or environmental factors. Human error is known to contribute to almost every runway incursion. One major contributing factor for runway incursion is crew's lack of situational awareness during airport surface operations, induced by weather considerations, by complex airport factors or by crew technique itself; it is also caused by ATC issues. Various airport factors may affect pilot situational awareness, distract the crew, or lead to crew confusion. The recommendations to avoid runway incursions are manifold; Proper Crew's CRM/TEM skills, adequate communication technique, proper knowledge of airport surface markings, lights and signs and preparation of preparation of expected taxi out/in routing. Also runway incursion risk assessment on specific airport before flight may lead to aware of risk level and contribute to prevent runway incursion.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.467-484
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review, with the main focus on aviation safety technology and management program, how human factors are currently taken into consideration within transportation sectors, especially aviation, and to further share related information. Background: Human factors account for the majority of aviation accidents/incidents. Thus, the aviation sector has been comparatively quick in developing and applying technologies and management programs that deal with human factors. This paper reviews the latest safety technologies and management programs regarding human factors and aims to identify the trend. Method: This paper, based on literature research and practical experience, examines the latest international standards on technologies and management programs, those that deal with human factors and are adopted by international and domestic aviation organization. The main focus of discussion is how human factors are reflected during the system design and operation process. Results: The current most important issue in designing is the consideration of human factors in Cockpit, Automation, and Safety system technology design. From an operational point of view, the issues at hand are screening and training aviation workers to promote aviation safety, providing education on human factors and CRM/TEM, and running a safety management program to implement SMS. They were discussed based on the operational experience within the aviation sector. Conclusion: Major examples of a human factors approach to promote aviation safety are safety programs and various safety and monitoring technologies applied to aviation personnel for error management. These programs must be managed in an integrated manner that takes both the system designing and operational point of view into account. Application: It is thought that the human factors approach for promoting aviation safety reviewed in this paper can be extended and applied to safety management programs in other transportation sectors such as the railroad, maritime, road traffic etc.