• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.122-126
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• 2015

Credit enhancement is absolutely essential for financing Independent Power Producer (IPP) projects in Asia particularly for countries whose sovereign credit rating is on non-investment grade and foreign investment is difficult to achieve. Due to nexus of agreements among varies parties in IPP project, it is hard to clearly visualize the roles of these agreements. Examples are: What credit enhancement factors are most influential to minimize the associated risks of IPP projects? Why are they powerful? What are their roles? Who are less powerful and what are the obstacles that causes them less powerful? A research is conducted to identify the credit enhancement factors for IPP projects in Asia. IPP professionals validated 27 out of 28 identified credit enhancement factors, and five factor groupings were made through factor analysis. Afterwards, network theory is applied to find the unanswered questions, which by graphical and mathematical representations show that the host government's credit enhancement, MDBs, ECAs and other parties' credit enhancement are prominent and of great importance to handle the associated risks of IPP projects in Asia

• 한국디지털정책학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.145-175
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• 2005

In 2001, e-Credit guarantee system was introduced by the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund(KCGF) to extends the credit guarantee services for the purchasing amount on credit in the B2B e-Marketplace. It combines both the merits of bill of exchange and credit card and eliminates the uneasiness related to the unpaid accounts due to the non-facial e-Marketplace. The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze both the causal relationship and influences among theoretical variables by the structural equation model(SEM). e-Credit guarantee system can be a good strategy for promoting B2R e-Marketplace. The level of application of e-Credit guarantee system is attributable to both the characteristics of B2B e-Marketplace and products. The cost reduction or saving in purchasing procedures, production and stockpiling will be possible through e-Credit guarantee system. The close linkage of financial institutions with the enterprises based on e-Credit guarantee system will further promote B2B e-Marketplace in Korea.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.3 s.87
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• pp.169-185
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to analyze Korean and Japanese junior high school and high schools students to inquire into the attitudes these students have towards credit, the importance of credit related education, and the necessity of education on online credit. This will provide an insight into the problems associated with teenage credit related consumer education, and allow a solution to be brought up. The results of the research and the proposal are as follows. First, younger Korean teenagers are more passive in consumption than the same age group in Japan. Second, for Korean teenagers, the amount of allowance and savings were an important factor in the attitude towards credit. In Japan there was a discrepancy between gender groups in the attitude towards credit. Third, personal education sessions for teenagers and follow up is necessary. Fourth, since the current teenage population have been familiar with the internet all their lives, credit education should utilize this medium as a tool. Fifth, when looking into the requests Korean and Japanese young teenagers made on credit web sites, the contents and quality of information is more important than the outlook of the site itself. Sixth, there is a need to provide teenagers, who are accustomed to visual data, information, an experience opportunity, and access to related web sites.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.213-238
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• 2006

Deferred payment letter of credit is the L/C that makes the issuing bank to pay a beneficiary at maturity stipulated in the credit. In this deferred payment letter of credit transaction, is it possible that a confirming or nominating bank payor negotiate before maturity? and the confirming or nominating bank have legal protection when paid or negotiated before maturity? These problems are raised in argument. By the way, Korea, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy are positive on the above question, but France, United Kingdom, and Singapore are negative. Therefore, when using deferred payment letter of credit, it is required to keep in mind that the understanding of maturity stipulated in the credit is different among countries, legal principles of each nations, and researchers. And other problems are raised also as follows; the application of Fraud Rule and principle of independence and abstraction as nature of credit, when to pay credit amount to beneficiary, and refusal of payment due to poor quality. Finally, it is required to use deferred payment letter of credit, after full understanding of deferred payment letter of credit pointed out in this paper.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.581-603
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• 2000

Beneficiary must present all documents stipulated in the Credit. If the documents conform in all respects with the terms and conditions of the Credit, beneficiary has a right to payment from an issuing or confirming bank. And banks must examine all documents presented by beneficiary for taking up the documents. If the documents appear on their face not to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit, banks may refuse to take up the documents. But standard for compliant documents with the terms and conditions of the Credit in the UCP or Section 5 of UCC is unclear. Because UCP Article 13(a) provides merely that banks must examine all documents stipulated in the Credit ${\cdots}$ to ascertain whether or not they appear, on their face, to be compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. ${\cdots}$ Documents which appear on their face to be inconsistent with one another will be considered as not appearing on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. Also UCC Section 5-108(a) provides merely that. ${\cdots}$ an issuer shall honor a presentation that, ${\cdots}$ appears on its face strictly to comply with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. All problems are not resolve with easy by these regulations. Accordingly, I examined requirements for compliant documents with the terms and conditions of the Credit on the basis of the UCP and cases. To analyse this, I divided into three requirements ; (1) Completeness, (2) Regularity, (3) Linkage.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.119-130
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• 2020

The study seeks to evaluate the impacts of three types of credit - formal, semi-formal, and informal credits - on the well-being of households in Vietnam's rural areas. Based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014 and 2016, the research uses the instrumental variable fixed-effect models to estimate the effects of three kinds of credit on household's per capita income and expenditure. There are some significant findings. First, in rural areas, formal credit is the most popular source with stable and cheap borrowing costs. Informal credit is a complement to formal credit to meet urgent needs. Funding agriculture activities is the most commonly cited purpose of borrowing, followed by purchasing assets. The highest misuse rate belongs to the group of loans for agriculture production. Second, the results show that credit helps smoothen consumption rather than generate income for rural households. Three types of credit have insignificant or negative effects on household's per capita income. Formal loans significantly improve total expenditure and spending on healthcare and education. Informal and semi-formal credits show a little influence on consumption. Informal loans have a significantly positive effect on healthcare expenditure. In contrast, having semi-formal loans tends to decrease spending on foods.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.45-73
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• 2005

In 2001, e-Credit guarantee system was introduced by the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund(KCGF) to extends the credit guarantee services for the purchasing amount on credit in the B2B e-Marketplace. It combines both the merits of bill of exchange and credit card and eliminates the uneasiness related to the unpaid accounts due to the non-facial e - Marketplace. The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze both the causal relationship and influences among theoretical variables by the structural equation model(SEM). e-Credit guarantee system can be a good strategy for promoting B2B e-Marketplace. The level of application of e-Credit guarantee system is attributable to both the characteristics of B2B e-Marketplace and products. The cost reduction or saving in purchasing procedures, production and stockpiling will be possible through e-Credit guarantee system. The close linkage of financial institutions with the enterprises based on e-Credit guarantee system will further promote B2B e-Marketplace in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Artificial Intelligence
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2021

In this Paper, Since the 1990s, Korea's credit card industry has steadily developed. As a result, various problems have arisen, such as careless customer information management and loans to low-credit customers. This, in turn, had a high delinquency rate across the card industry and a negative impact on the economy. Therefore, in this paper, based on Azure, we analyze and predict the delinquency and delinquency periods of credit loans according to gender, own car, property, number of children, education level, marital status, and employment status through linear regression analysis and enhanced decision tree algorithm. These predictions can consequently reduce the likelihood of reckless credit lending and issuance of credit cards, reducing the number of bad creditors and reducing the risk of banks. In addition, after classifying and dividing the customer base based on the predicted result, it can be used as a basis for reducing the risk of credit loans by developing a credit product suitable for each customer. The predicted result through Azure showed that when predicting with Linear Regression and Boosted Decision Tree algorithm, the Boosted Decision Tree algorithm made more accurate prediction. In addition, we intend to increase the accuracy of the analysis by assigning a number to each data in the future and predicting again.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.1-26
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• 2022

This paper analyzes the effects of the cut in the legal maximum interest rate (from 27.4% to 24%) that occurred in February of 2018 on loan interest rates, the default rates, and the loan approval rate of borrowers in the non-banking sector. We use the difference-in-difference identification strategy to estimate the effect of the cut in the legal maximum interest rate using micro-level data from a major credit-rating company. The legal maximum rate cut significantly lowers the loan interest rate and default rate of low-credit borrowers (i.e., high-credit-risk borrowers) in the non-banking sector. However, this effect is limited to borrowers who have not been excluded from the market despite the legal maximum interest rate cut. The loan approval rate of low-credit borrowers decreased significantly after the legal maximum interest rate cut. Meanwhile, the loan approval rate of high-credit and medium-credit (i.e., low credit risk and medium credit risk) borrowers increased. This implies that financial institutions in the non-banking sector should reduce the loan supply to low-credit borrowers who are no longer profitable while increasing the loan supply to high- and medium-credit borrowers.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.170-176
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• 2022

Given the critical importance of enhancing the level of ESG practices, the current research examines the impact of credit card users' pro-environmental characteristics (i.e., environmental self-accountability, eco-label involvement) on their satisfaction with credit card benefits related to green life. That is, this research investigates whether consumers' satisfaction with green credit card benefits varies depending on their environmental self-accountability and eco-label involvement. Specifically, we predict that (1) for consumers with high (vs. low) environmental self-accountability, their satisfaction with credit card benefits related to green life will be higher (hypothesis 1); and (2) when consumers have high (vs. low) eco-label involvement, they will be more likely to be satisfied with credit card benefits related to green life (hypothesis 2). An online survey (N = 293) was conducted to test the two hypotheses. In support of the hypotheses, the results indicate that (1) respondents who had high (vs. low) environmental self-accountability were more satisfied with credit card benefits related to green life, and (2) respondents with high eco-label involvement, as compared to those with low eco-label involvement, reported greater satisfaction with credit card benefits related to green life. We suggest an important insight into how credit card companies approaching ESG issues can increase their consumers' satisfaction with green credit card benefits, considering consumers' individual characteristics such as environmental self-accountability and eco-label involvement.