• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제71권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2011

Background: It was hypothesized that the immunomodulating effects of moxifloxacin contribute to ameliorate oleic acid (OA)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) by suppression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). This was based on observations from experiments on rats associated with neutrophilic respiratory burst, cPLA2 activity, and expressions of cPLA2, $TNF{\alpha}$, and COX-II in the lung. Methods: ALI was induced by intravenous injection of OA in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Five hours after OA injection, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and numbers of BAL neutrophils were measured. As an index of oxidative stress-induced lung injury, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung tissues was also determined. Lung histology, immunohistochemistry and determination of activity of cPLA2 in lung tissues were carried out. In addition, Western blotting of $TNF{\alpha}$ and COX-II in lung tissues was performed. Results: The accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs was observed after OA injection. BAL protein was increased along with neutrophilic infiltration and migration by OA. Moxifloxacin decreased all of these parameters of ALI and ameliorated ALI histologically. The increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lung by OA was also decreased by moxifloxacin. Moxifloxacin not only suppressed cPLA2 expression in the lungs and neutrophils but also decreased cPLA2 activity in lung tissues of rats given OA. The enhanced expressions of $TNF{\alpha}$ and COX-2 in the lung tissues of rats given OA were also suppressed by moxifloxacin. Conclusion: Moxifloxacin inhibited cPLA2 and down-regulated $TNF{\alpha}$ and COX-2 in the lungs of rats given OA, which resulted in the attenuation of inflammatory lung injury.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.18-29
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• 2011

Objectives: To investigate anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Gyulpidaehwangbakcho-tang (GDBT) extract in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The mice received $100{\mu}g$ of bovine type II collagen in Freund's complete adjuvant by intradermal injection at the base of the tail on day 0 and a booster injection on day 21. The mice were orally administered with GDBT (200 or 50mg/kg dissolved in distilled water) daily from day 1 to day 21 after arthritis incidence, and monitored for disease incidence and the severity of arthritis up to day 21. In order to evaluate the effect of GDBT on disease progression, we examined pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 and NOS-II. Results: GDBT produced a significant and dose dependent inhibition of arthritis and inflammation during the entire duration of the study. This action was characterized by the decreased production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2, and NOS-II in vivo. Conclusion: We believe that the anti-arthritic activity of GDBT is due to its modulatory effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine in the synovium. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of GDBT in the treatment of RA and other inflammatory joint disorders.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.327-340
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 오차항이 AR(1)을 따르는 회귀모형에서 올바른 추론을 도출하고자 모형식별의 문제를 다루었다. 이를 위해 Box-Cox 변환된 회귀모형을 고려하여 (i) Box-Cox 변환모형과 AR(1) 오차에 대한 동시 검정, (ii) AR(1) 오차가 존재하는 모형에서의 Box-Cox 변환모형에 대한 검정 그리고 (iii) 모형이 Box-Cox 변환되어 있을 때 오차가 AR(1) 과정을 따르는지에 대한 LM 검정통계량을 유도하였다. 특히 LM 검정방법에서 여러개의 모수가 비선형관계를 형성하고있어 정보행렬의 추정은 계산상 매우 어렵다. 따라서 정보행렬의 원소에 대한 기대값을 구함에 있어 Taylor전개를 이용하여 정보행렬을 구하고 이에 기반을 둔 LM 검정통계량($LM_E$)를 제안하고 모의실험결과 $LM_E$가 기존의 헤시안행렬에 기반을 둔 LM 검정통계량($LM_H$)에 비하여 유의수준을 잘 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 유변학
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.234-246
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• 1998

본 연구의 목적은 고분자 농후용액의 정상유동특성(비선형 거동)과 소진폭 전단변형하에서의 동적 점탄성(선형 거동) 간에 존재하는 상관관계를 파악함에 있다. 이를 위해 Advanced Rheometric Expansion System(ARES)과 Rheometrics Fluids Spectrometer (RFS II)를 사용하여 폴리에틸렌 옥사이드, 폴리이소부틸렌 및 폴리아크릴 아마이드 농후용액의 정상류점도 및 동적 선형 점탄성을 광범위한 전단속도와 각주파수 영역에서 측정하였다. 이들 측정결과로부터 정상류점도와 동적점도 또는 동적 유동성간의 상관관계를 제시한 몇 가지 관계식의 적용성을 비교.검토하였다. 그리고 정상류점도와 복소점도의 절대치를 비교하여 양자간의 등가관계를 나타내는 Cox-Merz 법칙의 적용성에 대한 농도의 영향을 실험적으로 검증하였다. 나아가서 대변형하에서의 비선형성의 정도를 나타내는 비선형 스트레인 척도의 개념을 도입하여 Cox-Merz 법칙의 적용성에 미치는 영향을 이론적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 이상의 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 정상류점도의 전단속도 의존성과 동적 점탄성의 각주파수 의존성간에 제시된 여러 관계식들 중에서 정상류점도와 복소점도 절대치간의 등가관계를 나타내는 Cox-Merz법칙이 가장 우수한 적용성을 갖는다. (2) 높은 전단속도 또는 각주파수 영역에서는 정상류점도와 복소점도의 관계가 용액 농도에 따라 서로 상이하게 나타난다. 즉 낮은 농도의 용액에서는 정상류점도가 복소점도에 비해 다소 큰 값을 나타내며, 농도가 증가할수록 이러한 경향은 역전되어 높은 농도의 용액에서는 복소점도가 정상류점도에 비해 큰 값을 갖는다. (3) 비선형 스트레인 척도는 작은 크기의 변형량에서는 직선적으로 증가하다가 점차적으로 그 증가율이 감소하여 최대치에 도달한 후 그 이상의 변형량 영역에서는 변형량이 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하는 거동을 나타낸다. 이러한 거동은 스트레인 증가에 따라 진폭이 점차로 감소하는 감쇠진동함수의 형태를 갖는 이론적 예측과는 상당한 차이를 나타낸다. (4) 대변형하에서 비선형 스트레인 척도의 기울기 (고분자 용액의 비선형성의 정도)는 Cox-Merz 법칙의 적용성에 영향을 미치며, 이 값이 감소할수록 Cox-Merz 법칙은 더욱 잘 성립한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.1000-1007
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the analgesic effect of onion and acanthopanax senticosus mixture extract using the rheumatoid arthritis rat model. Rheumatoid arthritis model was made by the intradermal injection of type II collagen emulsified. Rats were divided into four groups: (1) Sham group(n=5), (2) Control group(administered DW 3 $m{\ell}$/1 day after RA induced, n=7), (3) Experimental group I(administered Onion extractor 600 mg/3 $m{\ell}$/1 day after RA induced, n=7). (4) Experimental group III(administered Onion and Acanthopanax senticosus mixture extractor 600 mg/3 $m{\ell}$/1 day after RA induced, n=7). After that, we examined the arthritic index, paw edema, pain threshold at 1st, 14th, 28th days. And also we examined histopathologic study(safranin-O green), immunohistochamical stain(COX-2) of knee joint at 28th days. Arthritic index, paw edema and pain threshold test were decrease in experimental group I, II than control group. Especially group II was most significantly inhibit effect than the other groups at 28th days. On the histopathologic view, all experimental groups were relieved and reproduced the erosion of arthritic site compared with control group. All experimental groups were COX-2 positive cells in the immunohistological stain of the knee joint were significantly decreased compared with control group. Especially group II was most significantly decreased than the other groups at 28th days. Onion and Acanthopanax senticosus mixture extractor can be used for curing rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-inflammatory effects may be somewhat better in combination of Onion and Acanthopanax senticosus.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.103-113
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate effect of suppressing the expression of cyclo-oxygenase-type-2 (COX-2) as a consequence of inhibition macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activation by $Sambucus$ $williamsii$ $Hance$ (SWH) pharmacopunctureon rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods : In vitro test, synoviocytes extracted from type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse's knee joint were cultivated After that, each well of synoviocytes was mixed with the extract of SWH at the dosage of $0.4mg/m{\ell}$, $0.6mg/m{\ell}$, $0.8mg/m{\ell}$, and $1.0mg/m{\ell}$ respectively, and cultivated for 24 hours after the addition. Reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used to investigate the expression of MIF, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, COX-2 mRNA. $In$ $vivo$ test, thirty DBA female mice were used, and each ten mice were allocated into three group; normal group, CIA-elicitated group, and group treated with SWH pharmacopuncture on it's the point of $ST_{35}$ after CIA elicitation. It is investigated that change of mice foot thickness, histologic change of sliced synovial joint of mouse, and extent change of MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 in synovial membrane. Results : $In$ $vitro$ test, the expressions of cytokine(MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2) mRNAs related to RA were dose-dependent decreased. In the SWH pharmacopuncture group, foot thickness and histologic change of sliced synovial joint were decreased comparing with CIA-elicitated group's change. In the SWH pharmacopuncture group, the suppression of MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2 in synovial membrane was clearly shown comparing with CIA-elicitated group's change. Conclusions : It might be suggested that SWH pharmacopuncture mitigate tissue damage originated from rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing the expression of COX-2 as a consequence of inhibition MIF activation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.849-858
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• 2006

Previous screening of the pharmacological action of Gastrodia elata (GE) root (Orchidaceae) showed that methanol (MeOH) extracts have significant anti-inflammatory properties. The antiinflammatory agents of GE, however, remain unclear. In this experiment, MeOH extracts of GE were fractionated with organic solvents for the anti-inflammatory activity-guided separation of GE. Eight phenolic compounds from the ether (EtOEt) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions were isolated by column chromatography: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (I), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (II), benzyl alcohol (III), bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (IV), 4(4'-hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyl-methylether (V), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (VI), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VII), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (VIII). To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of these compounds, their effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema, arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema and analgesic activity in acetic acid (HAc)-induced writhing response were carried out in vivo; cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 2H3) cells and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydroazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were determined in vitro. These phenolic compounds not only had anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vivo, but also inhibited COX activity and silica-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Among these phenolic compounds, compound VII was the most potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Compound VII significantly inhibited silica-induced ROS generation and compound VI significantly increased DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compounds I, II and III significantly inhibited the activity of COX-I and II. These results indicate that phenolic compounds of GE are anti-inflammatory, which may be related to inhibition of COX activity and to anti-oxidant activity. Consideration of the structure-activity relationship of the phenolic derivatives from GE on the anti-inflammatory action revealed that both C-4 hydroxy and C-3 methoxy radicals of benzyl aldehyde play an important role in anti-inflammatory activities.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined the effects of swimming exercise and Achyranthes Radix extracts on the inflammatory and behavioral responses in type II collagen-induced arthritic rats for 28 days. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated randomly to one of the following four groups: only type II collageninduced (group Ⅰ), application of swimming exercise after type II collagen-induced (group II), application of Achyranthes Radix ointment after type II collagen-induced (group III), application of swimming exercise and Achyranthes Radix ointment after type II collagen-induced (group IV). Arthritis was established in SD rats by an intradermal injection of Chick type II collagen plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant at the base of the tail of the animals. The swimming exercise program consisted of a 25 min swimming session/day with a load corresponding to 5.5% of the weight bearing, three days/week for four weeks. The Achyranthes Radix ointment (0.1g) was applied twice a day for five days. The changes in behavior, H & E stain, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) level in the knee joint were assessed. Results: The gross and histological examination, after RA induction showed reddening, edema and erythema. The H & E stain revealed the destruction of articular cartilage, bony erosion and the infiltration of inflammatory cells after RA induction. The mechanical allodynia test results were significantly higher in group I than in groups II, III and IV (p<0.01). The immunohistochemistrical response of COX-2 in the knee joint showed that groups II, III, IV had a lower response effect than group I. Conclusion: Swimming exercise training and Achyranthes Radix ointment decreased the inflammatory responses and enhanced the behavioral responses in the arthritic rats.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.277-280
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• 2009

We examined the effects of polysaccharides extracted from Asterina pectinifera on the activities of quinone reductase (QR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and glutathione (GSH) levels in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. We found that the polysaccharides extract induced QR activity in a dose-dependent manner over a concentration range of $20-60\;{\mu}g/ml$ and increased GST activity as much as 1.4-fold over controls. GSH levels were increased 1.3- and 1.5-fold with the extract at 40 and $60\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The activity and protein expression of ODC in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced colon cancer cells was inhibited by the extract. The polysaccharides suppressed TPA-induced prostaglandin (PG) production. These data indicate that polysaccharides from A. pectinifera increase phase II detoxification enzyme activity and inhibit ODC and COX-2 activities in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Consequently, this effect may contribute to the protective effect of polysaccharides from A. pectinifera against colon cancer.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.278-285
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• 2019

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is widely known for its beneficial effects on human health. To investigate the beneficial effects of polysaccharides from cherry tomato, cherry tomato polysaccharides (CTP) were prepared, the component sugars were analyzed, and the immunomodulatory activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages were assessed. CTP mainly contained arabinose (Ara) and galactose (Gal), suggesting that CTP might be enriched with an arabinogalactan (AG) moiety. The Ara and Gal present in CTP are likely components of AG-II (35.4%), namely $arabino-{\beta}-(3,6)-galactan$. To investigate the immunomodulatory activity of CTP, cytokine levels and iNOS2, COX-2, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ protein levels were analyzed, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation and phagocytosis were observed by immunofluorescence. CTP significantly increased the levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$, MCP-1, and IL-6. CTP also increased iNOS2 and COX-2 expression as well as $NF-{\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation in RAW 264.7 cells. CTP significantly stimulated phagocytosis activity. These results showed that CTP stimulates macrophage activity, which can boost the innate immune response. CTP with high AG-II content could be used as a prebiotic to strengthen immunity.