• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1527-1534
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented black garlic (FBG) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. FBG did not show cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations less than $800{\mu}g/mL$, and cell viability increased with FBG concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production as well as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and IL-6 formation decreased in an FBG concentration-dependent manner, in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, activation of LPS-inducible nitric synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), and inhibitory kappa B ($I{\kappa}B$) protein expression was effectively inhibited by FBG treatment in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In contrast, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression significantly increased. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory activity of FBG was due to activation of NF-${\kappa}B$, inhibition of cytokine production, and expression of iNOS and COX-2. From these results, we expect that FBG could contribute to the prevention and improvement of inflammatory disease.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.461-467
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• 2015

Saussurea lappa is known for a variety of physiological activities as a component but has not known to show the effect of the cellular signaling pathway. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects by Saussurea lappa ethanol extract on the LPS(lipopolysaccharide) induced nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW 264.7 cell line. It shows the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 at the transcriptional level (RT-PCR). The Saussurea lappa ethanol extract showed transcriptional expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF- and IL-$1{\beta}$ induced by LPS(lipolysaccharide) in RAW264.7 cell line. Saussurea lappa ethanol extract reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the RNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner. The finding that ethanol extract of Saussurea lappa has an influence on NO (nitric oxide) homeostasis in the study of the action mechanism on the macrophage-mediated inflammatory reaction was considered in terms of convergence. And it is to provide an important basis for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases in the future.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.406-420
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• 2012

Objectives : Scutellaria barbata has been widely used in oriental medicine used for treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, to investigate the protective effect of Scutellaria barbata on type I allergic response, we determined whether Scutellaria barbata inhibits early or late allergic responses. Methods : To assess the effect of Scutellaria barbata Pharmacopuncture Extract(SB) in RBL-2H3 cells, we investigated the levels of the markers of degranulation such as ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase and histamine, inflammatory mediator such as IL-4, TNF-${\alpha}$, PGE2 and cysLT, and mRNA expression of cytokines and enzymes. In addition, we determined the levels of intracellular ROS by DCFH-DA assay and the free radical scavenging activity by DPPH method. Results : We found that SB suppressed the release of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase and histamine and the production of IL-4, TNF-${\alpha}$, PGE2 and cysLT in RBL-2H3 by the antigen stimulation. SB also significantly inhibited the enzyme mRNA expressions, such as HDC2, COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX and iNOS2, along with reduced cytokine mRNA expressions, such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF in RBL-2H3. In addition, SB suppressed the levels of intracellular ROS. Conclusions : Our results indicate that SB protects against type I allergic response and exert an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of degranulation, inflammatory mediator release and mRNA expression of cytokines and enzymes.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2017

Objective : This study was designed to evaluate candidate materials as anti-inflammation agent from extracts of various Korean Compositae herbs in Hwaak mountain. Among Korea medicinal herbs, Ainsliaea acerifolia (AA) belongs to the Compositae family, has been used for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis. However, AA has not been previously reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of AA and its underlying molecular mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured with Griess reagent and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and p65 subunit of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) were determined by Western blot analysis. Results : Among 8 extracts of Korean Compositae herbs tested, AA showed the inhibition of NO production without cytotoxicity. Consistent with the observation, AA reduced the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in dose-dependent manner. In addition, AA inhibited the productions of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, AA did not inhibit activation of p65 $NF-{\kappa}B$ in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion : These results suggest that down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2 protein expression and $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 production by AA are responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2012

The purpose of this study explain the experimental effects of Guizhishaoyaozhimu-Tang (桂枝芍藥知母湯) that have clinical efficacy in rheumatoid Arthritis. Materials of present study were Guizhishaoyaozhimu-Tang freeze dried powder (GSZT), Sprague-dawley rats (300 g or so, male), various kinds of needing experimental studis. In order to study the therapeutic effects of GSZT, this Prescription (GSZT 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg) were administered per oral to the rats with the arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant ($0.2m{\ell}/kg$), several experimental items were measured and compared each other ; that is body weight, rate of edema, analgesic effect by hot plate method, WBC, total protein, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-10 and expression and localization of H&E, COX-2 staining in synovial tissues from rat with rheumatoid arthritis by immunohistochemical staining using polyclonal COX-2 antibodies. Rats were divided into four groups. Normal group was not treated with Freund's complete adjuvant and treated with DDW 1.0 $m{\ell}$, Control group was treated with Freund's complete adjuvant 0.2 $m{\ell}/kg$ and DDW 1.0 $m{\ell}$, Sample A group was treated with Freund's complete adjuvant 0.2 $m{\ell}/kg$ and GSZT (500 $mg/m{\ell}$) $1.0m{\ell}$, Sample B group was treated with Freund's complete adjuvant 0.2 $m{\ell}/kg$ and GSZT (1,000 $mg/m{\ell}$) 1.0 $m{\ell}$. 0 was day that did not start experiment, 14 was day that confirmed rheumatism induced by Freund's complete adjuvant, 28 was day that completed experiment. The following results were obtained in this study ; Sample A group was increased in body weight, escape time and paw licking time statistical significance compared with Control group, and were decreased in edema, WBC, total protein, TNF-${\alpha}$ with statistical significance compared with Control group. Sample B group was increased in escape time with statistical significance compared with Control group, and were decreased in edema, WBC, total protein with statistical significance compared with Control group. Sample A and Sample B groups were increased in IL-10 compared with Control group, and Sample B group was decreased in TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with Control group. And, Control, Sample A and Sample B groups were showed considerable reduction of positive expression in comparison to Normal group. Especially, Sample B group was most significantly reduction of positive expression than the other groups. From above results, I suggest that GuizhiShaoyaoZhimu-Tang can be used for curing rheumatoid arthritis.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.33-51
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to assess the protective effect of Saengmaek-san (SM) on UVB-induced HaCaT cell damage. Methods: The protective effects of Saengmaek-san(SM) were determined by UVB-induced HaCaT assay. We assessed protective effects of Saengmaek-san (SM) on LDH release and nitrite release from HaCaT. And COX-2, Bcl-2, Bax, $TNF{\alpha}$, c-jun, c-fos, NF-kB, iNOS, Bcl-xL gene expression were determined in HaCaT using real-time PCR method. Results: 1. SM inhibited LDH-release, nitrite production in UVB-exposed HaCaT. 2. SM suppressed the gene expression of COX-2, $TNF{\alpha}$ in UVB-exposed HaCaT. 3. SM increased the gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xL family protein in UVB-exposed HaCaT. 4. SM suppressed the gene expression of c-jun, c-fos, NF-kB in UVB-exposed HaCaT. Conclusions: The study showed SM inhibited the cell damage in UVB-exposed HaCaT.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.238-244
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• 2020

Yangdan-tang (YD) is recorded as a treatment to treat exterior-related fever illness in the Korean medicine. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of YD, using YD water extract and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. First of all, we measured the amount of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the products of inflammatory metabolism. Also, we measured enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). YD suppressed the production of NO and PGE2 in a dose dependent manner and reduced the amount of protein and the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. Also, YD reduced the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α and IL-1β. In conclusion, YD decreased production of LPS-induced inflammatory factor, which could be a clinical basic subject for inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of salidroside (SAL) isolated from the MeOH extract of Acer tegmentosum Maxim heartwood in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. SAL pretreatment significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) productions in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses revealed that SAL inhibited the LPS-induced expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein and mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, SAL reduced the release and the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, nuclear factorkappa B ($NF{-\kappa}B$) luciferase reporter assay was performed to know the involvement of SAL in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, we confirmed that LPS-induced transcription activity of $NF{-\kappa}B$ was inhibited by SAL. Taken together, our data indicate that anti-inflammatory property of salidroside might be the result from the inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 expressions via the down-regulation of $NF{-\kappa}B$ activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2009

In the present study, we investigated the anti-allergic effect of the water extract of Bopyeoyangyeong-jun(BYJ) to cytokines and transcription. To investigate the biological effect of BYJ, We examined cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine secretion with RBL-2H3. We examined tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin(IL)-4 secretion from RBL-2H3 cell after pre- treatment with Bopyeoyangyeong-jun of $1\;mg/m{\ell}$, $2\;mg/m{\ell}$. RBL-2H3 cell was stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187. We observed that Bopyeoyangyeong-jun reduced TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4 secretion and mRNA expression in RBL-2H3 cells. Moreover, the expression of levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) (p65) protein, ERK MAPK, and the degradation of level inhibitor kappa B-alpha ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) were down-regulated by BYJ. Taken together, these results indicate that Bopyeoyangyeong-jun hascontrols TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4 secretion on allergic reaction.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.673-677
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• 2009

In order to verify the anti-inflammatory effects of Gelidium amansii, RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with the extract of 70% ethanol solution (Ex), and activated with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ex inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory enzymes, including inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the production of iNOS-mediated NO and COX-2-mediated prostglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production in a dose-dependent manner. Ex also reduced the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$) and IL-6 in LPS-activated macrophages, The observed anti-inflammatory effects of Ex was associated with inactivation of the nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) that mediates the induction of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, and IL-6. Further studies showed that Ex inactivated NF-${\kappa}B$ through inhibition of phosphorylation of the inhibitory ${\kappa}B$ ($l{\kappa}B$), Taken together, these results suggest that Gelidium amansii exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via inactivation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and/or $l{\kappa}B$.