• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.159-164
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to reduce harmful emission gases in the range of stable combustion without loss of a thermal efficiency. Therefore, effects of both exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) and synthetic gas addition on engine performance and emission were investigated in a gasoline engine. Synthetic gas(syngas), which is in general prepared from reforming gasoline, was utilized in order to promote stable combustion. The major components of syngas are H2, CO and $N_2$ gases. The percentage of syngas addition was changed from 0 to 30% in energy fraction and EGR rate was varied up to 30%. As a result, $COV_{IMEP}$ as a parameter of combustion stability was decreased and THC/$NO_X$ emissions were reduced with the increase of syngas addition. And $COV_{IMEP}$ was increased with the increase of EGR but $NO_X$ emission was greatly reduced. In addition, under the region where the EGR rate is around 20%, thermal efficiency was improved.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.651-655
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 컷 집합(cut set)개념과 파이프의 부정류를 위한 수치해석 결과를 이용하여 상수관망의 불능 확률을 정량적으로 산정하는 신뢰성 해석이 수행되었다. 특히 상수관망에서 중요한 운용형태의 하나인 밸브의 개폐효과에 따른 효과를 통하여 불능확률이 산정되었다. 먼저 부정류 수치해석을 위해서 작은 상수관망을 만들고 여러 가지 시나리오를 재현하였다. 이때 부정류 해석을 위해서 특성선법(the method of characteristics)모형이 사용되었다. 밸브의 개폐에 따라서 여러 가지 형태의 부정류가 발생되고 발생된 부정류를 상수관망의 불능확률을 크게 증가시킨다. 상수관망에서 컷 집합을 추출하여 기준지점에 배출유량(demand)가 도달하지 못할 확률을 불능확률로 규정하여 정량적으로 산정한다. 이를 위해서 컷 집합의 총 유량을 시간에 따라 평균하여 COV를 불능확률 산정에 이용한다. 부정류로 인한 파이프 유량의 변동이 심할수록 COV는 증가하고 결국은 컷 집합의 불능확률은 증가하게 된다. 그리고 똑같은 상수관망에 에너지 감쇠장치인 조압수조가 설치되어 부정류 압력파(pressure wave)를 크게 감소시켰을 때 불능확률을 비교하였다. 조압수조와 같은 압력감쇠장치가 상수관망의 부정류 효과와 불능확률을 크게 저감시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 신뢰성 해석 결과로부터 부정류가 불능확률을 급격히 증가시킨다는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 부정류 효과를 고려한 신뢰성 해석은 상수관망의 운용, 관리, 감독, 그리고 설계와 계획을 위해서 필수적이라 할 수 있다.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.2980-2993
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• 2000

In order to achieve the rapid deployment of services. B-ISON network is being combined with terrestrial ATM and satellite network. Cell delay variation (CDV) generated by the difference of transfer mode between TOMA and ATM deteriorates transmission quality of the network system. We proposed the Partial Timestamps algorithm to supplement the problems of existing COV compensation methods. To minimize CDV and to utilize the satellite channels efficiently. only the optimized timestamps of a few cells within a control unit time of TDMA are selected and transmitted to the receiving earth station. The COV compensating efficiency of Partial Timestamps is evaluated by simulation. It is confirmed that CDV compensation capability of the proposed mechanism is superior to the other methods.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2016

PURPOSES : The demand for extending national highways is increasing, but traffic monitoring is hindered because of resource limitations. Hence, this study classified highway segments into 5 types to improve the efficiency of short-term traffic count planning. METHODS : The traffic volume trends of 880 highway segments were classified through R-squared and linear regression analyses; the steadiness of traffic volume trends was evaluated through coefficient of variance (COV), and the normality of the data were determined through the Shapiro-Wilk W-test. RESULTS : Of the 880 segments, 574 segments had relatively low COV and were classified as type 1 segments, and 123 and 64 segments with increasing and decreasing traffic volume trends were classified as type 2 and type 3 segments, respectively; 80 segments that failed the normality test were classified as type 4, and the remaining 39 were classified as type 5 segments. CONCLUSIONS : A theoretical basis for biennial count planning was established. Biennial count is recommended for types 1~4 because their mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) are approximately 10%. For type 5 (MAPE =19.26%), the conventional annual count can be continued. The results of this analysis can reduce the traffic monitoring budget.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.77-87
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• 2012

Recently, Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) based on reliability analysis has become a global trend for economical and rational design. In order to implement the LRFD, quantification of uncertainty for load and resistance should be done. The reliability of result relies on input variable, and therefore, it is important to obtain exact uncertainty properties of load and resistance. Since soil stress is the main reason causing the settlement or deformation of ground and load on the underground structure, it is essential to clarify the uncertainty of soil stress distribution for accurately predict the uncertainty of load in LRFD. In this study, laboratory model test on silty sand bed under probabilistic load is performed to observe propagation of upper load uncertainty. The results show that the coefficient of variation (COV) of soil stress are varied depending on location due to non-linear relationship between upper load increment and soil pressure increment. In addition, when the load uncertainty is transmitted through ground, COV is decreased by damping effect.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.163-172
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• 1993

A probabilistic approach for evaluation of prediction of the strains using Lade's single surface constitutive model was employed, based on first-order approximate mean and variance. Several experiments such as isotropic compression and drained triaxial compression tests were conducted to examine the variabilities of soil parameters for Lade's model. By taking into account the results of the experimental data such as mean values and standard deviations of soil parameter's, a new probabilistic approach, which explains the uncertainty of computed strains, is applied. The magnitude of the COV for each parameter and the correlation coefficient between the two parameters can be effectively used for reducing the number of the parameters for the model. It is concluded that Lade's single surface constitutive model is surperior model for the prediction of the strain, because the COV of strains is under the "0.51".

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.40-46
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• 2001

An experimental investigation is proceeded to study on the relationship between spark ignition characteristics and the performances of an S. I. engine. The ignition parameters examined in this study are the ignition energy and discharging duration. The combustion pressure and exhaust gas are measured during the experiment. From the measured data of cylinder pressure, the heat release rate, the mass fraction burned, and the COV of IMEP are calculated. The dwell time and the injection time are varied. A single cylinder engine and a 30kW dynamometer are employed. Four different kinds of ignition systems are assembled, and one commercial ignition system is adopted. The experimental results show that the ignition energy is increased as the dwell time extended until the ignition energy is saturated. The higher ignition energy is effective in achieving the laster burning velocity and less producing HC emission. However, when the amount of ignition energy is similar, while the discharge duration becomes longer, the burning velocity is reduced but the engine operation becomes stable in terms of the COV of IMEP.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.5-12
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• 2012

희박예혼합기의 급속연소에 관한 연구를 위하여 2-실린더 가솔린 엔진을 부실 타입의 압축천연가스(CNG) 분사 엔진으로 개조하였다. 본 연구에서는 부실의 최적설계에 관심을 두고 두 종류의 부실을 적용하여 실험을 실시하였고, 부실의 체적과 홀 개수는 1.5cc와 6개로 각각 동일하게 하고, 홀 직경을 0.8mm 및 1.1mm로 달리하였다. CNG연료는 포트연료분사(Port fuel injection; PFI)와 부실분사(Sub-chamber injection; SCI)에 의해 엔진에 독립적으로 공급되고, 그 실험결과로 구한 연소압력, 평균유효압력(IMEP), 질량연소분율과 사이클변동계수(COV) 등을 서로 비교하였다. 본 연구의 대표적 실험연구결과로서 PFI 타입의 엔진연소특성은 희박예혼합기의 경우를 제외하고 모든 조건에 있어서 기존의 가솔린 엔진과 비슷하였고, SCI 타입의 엔진연소특성으로 평균유효압력은 부실 내에 불완전 예혼합기형성으로 PFI 타입보다 낮았으며, COV는 SCI 타입이 희박가연한계가 확대됨으로 인하여, 특히 높은 공기과잉률 범위에서 PFI 타입과 비교해 보다 좋은 결과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1442-1450
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• 2001

The EGR system has been widely used to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO$\_$x/) emission, to improve fuel economy and suppress knock by using the characteristics of charge dilution. However, as the EGR rate at a given engine operating condition increases, the combustion instability increases. The combustion instability increases cyclic variations resulting in the deterioration of engine performance and emissions. Therefore, the optimum EGR rate should be carefully determined in order to obtain the better engine performance and emissions. An experimental study has been performed to investigate the effects of EGR on combustion stability, engine performance,70x and the other exhaust emissions from 1.5 liter gasoline engine. Operating conditions are selected from the test result of the high speed and high acceleration region of SFTP mode which generates more NO$\_$x/ and needs higher engine speed compared to FTP-75 (Federal Test Procedure) mode. Engine power, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are measured with various EGR rate. Combustion stability is analyzed by examining the variation of indicated mean effective pressure (COV$\_$imep/) and the timings of maximum pressure (P$\_$max/) location using pressure sensor. Engine performance is analyzed by investigating engine power and maximum cylinder pressure and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.6C
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• pp.475-480
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• 2005

Information of the maximum Doppler frequency enable to optimize many channel-adaptive techniques and radio resource management methods for mobile radio communication systems. In this paper, we propose two maximum Doppler frequency estimators which are based on the level crossing rate(LCR) and the covariance function (COV). To eliminate the effect of additive noise, we analyze the conditions for the estimators independent of the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) and implement the conditions with a simple downsampling process. The proposed methods achieve good SNR-independent performance.