• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.195-195
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• 2022

Abiotic stress is a major problem in global agriculture as it negatively affects crop growth, yield, and quality. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the world's second-highest-producing food resource, so the importance of mitigating damage caused by abiotic stress has been emerging. In this study, we performed GWAS to search for SNPs associated with salt tolerance and drought tolerance. NaCl (200 mM) treatment was performed at the seedling stage using 613 wheat varieties in Korean wheat core collection. Root length, root surface area, root average diameter, and root volume were measured. Drought stress was applied at the seedling stage, and the above phenotypes were measured. GW AS was performed for each phenotype data using the MLM, MLMM, and FarmCPU models. The best salt-tolerant wheat varieties were 'MK2402', 'Gyeongnam Geochang-1985-3698', and 'Milyang 13', showing superior root growth. The significant SNP AX-94704125 (BA00756838) were identified in all models. The genes closely located to the significant SNP were searched within ± 250 kb of the corresponding SNP. A total of 11 genes were identified within the region. NB-ARC involved in the defense response, FKSI involved in cell wall biosynthesis, and putative BP Ml involved in abiotic stress responses were discovered in the 11 genes. The best drought-tolerant wheat varieties were 'PI 534284', 'Moro of Sind', and 'CM92354-33M-0Y-0M-6Y-0B-0BGD', showing superior root growth. This study discovered SNPs associated with salt tolerance in Korean wheat core collection through GWAS. GWAS of drought tolerance is now proceeding, and the GWAS results will be represented on a poster. The SNPs identified by GWAS can be useful for studying molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance and drought tolerance in wheat.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.314-328
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• 2024

The mechanism for the elimination of xenobiotics undergoes three different phases of reactions in organisms. Among these, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are classified as phase II detoxification enzymes, catalyzing the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to glutathione or reduced hydroperoxides. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics, detoxification functions, and immune responses of GST omega (LhGSTO1) and kappa (LhGSTK1) in redlip mullet. The open reading frames of LhGSTO1 (720 bp) and LhGSTK1 (687 bp) encoded proteins of 239 and 228 amino acids, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that LhGSTO1 and LhGSTK1 possessed GSH-binding sites in their N-terminal domains. Substrate-binding sites in the C-terminal domain were exclusively identified in LhGSTO1. In the tissue-specific transcription profile analysis, both LhGSTO1 and LhGSTK1 were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues of healthy mullets. Temporal expression analysis of LhGSTO1 and LhGSTK1 in the blood showed that their expression was significantly modulated by polyinosinic:polycytidylic (poly I:C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Lactococcus garvieae. Different chemical and cellular assays were performed to assess the detoxification and cellular protective abilities of the two proteins. A substrate specificity test using the recombinant proteins revealed that both proteins possessed specific activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). In the disk diffusion assay, the smallest clearance zones were observed for LhGSTO1 and LGSTK1 against CdCl₂. In the cell protection assay, both LhGSTO1 and LhGSTK1 showed significant Cd detoxification ability compared to the control. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GST omega and kappa are involved in host defense against immune stimulants and xenobiotics in redlip mullet.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.564-577
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• 2016

Salinity stress limits plant cultivation in many areas worldwide; however, persimmon (Diospyros spp.) has high tolerance to salt. Five accessions of Diospyros [three of Diospyros lotus (accession numbers 824, 846, and 847); one of Diospyros kaki var. sylvestris (869); and one of Diospyros virginiana (844)] were chosen for analysis of salinity stress. We compared the effects of salt stress on plant growth, relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide content ($H_2O_2$), and antioxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; peroxidase, POD; and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) in leaves of healthy potted seedlings from each of the five accessions after salt treatment for 25 days. Salt stress affected the growth of plants in all five accessions, with all three D. lotus accessions showing the most severe effect. Salt stress increased membrane lipid peroxidation in all accessions, but a stronger increase was observed in the three D. lotus accessions. Moreover, accumulation of $H_2O_2$ was faster in salt-sensitive D. lotus compared to salt-tolerant D. virginiana 844. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes increased in D. virginiana 844 and in D. kaki var. sylvestris 869; the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX were at similar levels in D. virginiana 844 and D. kaki var. sylvestris 869, but POD activity was stimulated to a greater extent in D. virginiana 844. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes (except POD) decreased in D. lotus 824 and increased (except for SOD) in D.lotus 846. The activities of SOD and APX decreased in D. lotus 847, whereas POD and CAT activities both increased. Relative water content decreased significantly in D. lotus. No significant changes in lipid peroxidation or relevant antioxidant parameters were detected in any of the accessions in controls treated with 0.0% NaCl. D. virginiana 844 had higher antioxidant capacity in response to salinity compared to other persimmon rootstocks. These results indicate that changes of these key physiological variables are related to salinity resistance in different accessions of persimmon.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1319-1326
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• 2014

Rapamycin, produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, has the ability to suppress the immune system and is used as an antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunosuppressive agent. In an attempt to increase the productivity of rapamycin, mutagenesis of wild-type Streptomyces hygroscopicus was performed using ultraviolet radiation, and the medium composition was optimized using glycerol (which is one of the cheapest starting substrates) by applying Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology. Plackett-Burman design was used to analyze 14 medium constituents: M100 (maltodextrin), glycerol, soybean meal, soytone, yeast extract, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $\small{L}$-lysine, $KH_2PO_4$, $K_2HPO_4$, NaCl, $FeSO_4{cdot}7H_2O$, $CaCO_3$, 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid, and the initial pH level. Glycerol, soytone, yeast extract, and $CaCO_3$ were analyzed to evaluate their effect on rapamycin production. The individual and interaction effects of the four selected variables were determined by Box-Behnken design, suggesting $CaCO_3$, soytone, and yeast extract have negative effects, but glycerol was a positive factor to determine rapamycin productivity. Medium optimization using statistical design resulted in a 45% ($220.7{\pm}5.7mg/l$) increase in rapamycin production for the Streptomyces hygroscopicus mutant, compared with the unoptimized production medium ($151.9{\pm}22.6mg/l$), and nearly 588% compared with wild-type Streptomyces hygroscopicus ($37.5{\pm}2.8mg/l$). The change in pH showed that $CaCO_3$ is a critical and negative factor for rapamycin production.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.300-304
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• 2008

14년생 인삼의 뿌리로부터 cDNA library를 제작한 후 무작위로 뽑은 EST clone 중에서 cysteine proteinase(CP) 유전자에 높은 상동성을 나타내는 clone 6개를 선발하였고 이를 바탕으로 PgCysP1을 제작하였다. 인삼의 CP 유전자는 전장의 길이가 1,398bp로 366개의 아미노산을 코딩하는 1,101bp의 ORF를 가지고 있다. PgCysP1의 아미노산 서열과 이차구조를 분석한 결과, 기존에 보고된 식물들과 높은 상동성을 나타내었으며 PgCysP1는 papain family에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. RT-PCR 분석결과, 인삼의 PgCysP1는 NaCl, 저온, wound, salicylic acid에 대해 그 발현 양상이 상동성을 나타내는 다른식물의 CP 유전자 발현과 유사한 양성을 보였고, 이에 PgCysP1은 CP gene으로 사료되며, 앞으로 인삼 식물체의 환경 스트레스에 대한 내성 연구가 요구된다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.124-124
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• 2017

Cadmium (Cd) is of particular concern because of its widespread occurrence and high toxicity and may cause serious morpho-physiological and molecular abnormalities in in plants. The present study was performed to explore Cd-induced morpho-physiological alterations and their potentiality associated mechanisms in Sorghum bicolor leaves at the protein level. Ten-day-old sorghum seedlings were exposed to different concentrations (0, 100, and $150{\mu}M$) of $CdCl_2$, and different morpho-physiological responses were recorded. The effects of Cd exposure on protein expression patterns in S. bicolor were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in samples derived from the leaves of both control and Cd-treated seedlings. The observed morphological changes revealed that the plants treated with Cd displayed dramatically altered shoot lengths, fresh weights, and relative water content. In addition, the concentration of Cd was markedly increased by treatment with Cd, and the amount of Cd taken up by the shoots was significantly and directly correlated with the applied level of Cd. Using the 2-DE method, a total of 33 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Of these, treatment with Cd resulted in significant increases in 15 proteins and decreases in 18 proteins. Significant changes were absorbed in the levels of proteins known to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transcriptional regulation, translation and stress responses. Proteomic results revealed that Cd stress had an inhibitory effect on carbon fixation, ATP production and the regulation of protein synthesis. In addition, the up-regulation of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 may play a significant role in Cd-related toxicity and stress responses. Our study provides insights into the integrated molecular mechanisms involved in response to Cd and the effects of Cd on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum seedlings. The upregulation of these stress-related genes may be candidates for further research and use in genetic manipulation of sorghum tolerance to Cd stress.

• 한국식물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물생명공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 및 한일 식물생명공학 심포지엄
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• pp.71-80
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• 2005

Effects of low temperature ($8^{\circ}C$) on the hydraulic conductivity of young roots of a chilling-sensitive (cucumber; Cucumis sativus L.) and a chilling-resistant (figleaf gourd; Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche) crop have been measured at the levels of whole root systems (root hydraulic conductivity, $Lp_r$) and of individual cortical cells (cell hydraulic conductivity, Lp). In figleaf gourd, there was a reduction only in hydrostatic $Lp_r$ but not in osmotic $Lp_r$ suggesting that the activity of water channels was not much affected by low root temperature (LRT)treatment in this species. Changes in cell Lp in response to chilling and recovery were similar asroot level, although they were more intense at the root level. Roots of figleaf gourd recovered better from LRT treatment than those of cucumber. In figleaf gourd, recovery (both at the root and cell level) often resulted in Lp and $Lp_r$ values which were even bigger than the original, i.e. there was an overshoot in hydraulic conductivity. These effects were larger forosmotic (representing the cell-to-cell passage of water) than for hydrostatic $Lp_r$. After a short term (1 d) exposure to $8\;^{\circ}C$ followed by 1 d at $20\;^{\circ}C$, hydrostatic $Lp_r$ of cucumber nearly recovered and that of figleaf gourd still remained higher due to the overshoot. On the contrary, osmotic $Lp_r$ and cell Lp in both species remained high by a factor of 3 as compared to the control, possibly due to an increased activity of water channels. After pre-conditioning of roots at LRT, increased hydraulic conductivitywas completely inhibited by $HgCl_2$ at both the root and cell levels. Different from figleaf gourd, recovery from chilling was not complete in cucumber after longer exposure to LRT. It is concluded that at LRT, both changes in the activity of aquaporins and alterations of root anatomy determine the water uptake in both species. To better understand the aquaporin function in plants under various stress conditions, we examined the transgenic Arabidopsisand tobacco plants that constitutively overexpress ArabidopsisPIP1;4 or PIP2;5 under various abiotic stress conditions. No significant differences in growth rates were found between the transgenic and wild-type plants under favorable growth conditions. By contrast, overexpression of PIP1;4 or PIP2;5 had a negative effect on seed germination and seedling growth under drought stress, whereas it had a positive effect under cold stress and no effect under salt stress. Measurement of water transport by cell pressure probe revealed that these observed phenotypes under different stress conditions were closely correlated with the ability of water transport by each aquaporin in the transgenic plants. Together, our results demonstrate that PIP-type aquaporins play roles in seed germination, seedling growth, and stress response of Arabidopsis and tobacco plants under various stress conditions, and emphasize the importance of a single aquaporin-mediated water transport in these cellular processes.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

본 연구는 능성어 (Epinephelus septemfasciatus)의 겨울철 저수온으로 발생하는 폐사원인 규명을 위한 생리생화학적인 반응을 조사하기 위하여 수온 $12^{\circ}C$를 대조구로 Exp. I ($-1^{\circ}C/24h$), Exp. II ($-1^{\circ}C/8h$)의 실험구를 정하여 9일간에 걸쳐 생존율, 코티졸, 글루코스, 총단백질 및 전해질 농도를 측정하였다. 생존율은 Exp. I 실험구의 경우 사육수온 $5^{\circ}C$로 하강한 후 170시간째 12마리의 폐사를 시작으로 174시간째에 전 개체 폐사하였다. 반면 Exp. II 실험구의 경우 $5^{\circ}C$로 하강한 후 72시간째 9 마리의 폐사를 시작으로 76시간째 전 개체가 폐사하였다. 생리적 반응은 Exp. I과 Exp. II의 미비한 차이는 있으나 비슷한 경향이 나타났으며, 혈장 코티졸과 글루코스의 대사생리가 $7^{\circ}C$에 급격하고 상승하고, 유영능력과 아가미 개폐운동이 빨라졌다. 이상의 결과로 능성어의 저수온 내성의 임계수온은 $7^{\circ}C$로 추정된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.169-179
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of dental varnish applied with fluoride to dental pulp by comparing the groups of commercial fluoride product $Duraphat^{(R)}$, $Copalite^{(R)}$ after 1 Mole sodium fluoride application, Cavity $Sealer^{(R)}$ after 1 Mole sodium fluoride application with the control group not applied the dental varnish. After Cl V Cavity form was prepared on the buccal surface of the crowns with the total 75 teeth by using 5 dogs, average weight of 13.2Kg, dental varnish and silver analgram were placed. This study was performed by 3, 7, 21, 28, 56 days each. The dogs were sacrificed to extract the teeth, cut at the apical one fourth, and prepared histologic examination by fixing with 10% buffered formalin perfusion at sacrifice and decalcification in 10% nitric acid. The specimens were embedded in paraffin, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, and serially sectioned with 6 ${\mu}$width each. Microscopic evaluation of serial sections at the various time periods among the different groups revealed the following results: 1. In the control group, the marked change of the odontoblastic layer was showed on the 3 days group, and it was decreased gradually. Healing response, such as hyperplasia, was seen on the 28 days group and it was continued to the 56 days group. 2. In the experimental group with Cavity $Sealer,^{(R)}$ a slight hemorrhage was seen in the odontoblastic layer on the 3 days group, and the healing response with the hyperplasia of the odontoblast was showed on the 21, 28 days group. It was completely healed on the 56 days group. 3. In the Duraphat R group, a slight hemorrhage showed on the 3 days group and the disarrangement of the Odontoblastic layer was seen on the 7, 21, 28 days group. Odontoblasts showed hyperplasia on the 28 days group, and healed completely on the 56 days group. 4. In the $Copalite^{(R)}$ group, the 7 days group showed remarkable hemorrhage in the odontoblastic layer and stroma, and also it showed reticular degeneration with the disarrangement of the odontoblastic layer and congestion. Each group showed disarrangement. Healing ability of this group was greater than that of the control group, but less than that of the $Duraphat^{(R)}$ and Cavity $Sealer^{(R)}$ group.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.461-469
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• 1998

Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THI) alkaloids can be considered as cyclized derivatives of simple phenylethy-lamines, and many of them, especially with 6,7-disubstitution, demonstrate relatively high affinity for catecholamines. Two -OH groups at 6 and 7 positions are supposed to be essential to exert ?${\beta}-receptor$ activities. However, it is not clear whether -OH at 6,7 substitution of THIs also shows ?${\alpha}-adrenoceptor$ activities. In the present study, we investigated whether -OH or $-OCH_3$ substitutions of 6,7 position of THIs differently affect the ?1-adrenoceptor affinity. We synthesized two 1-naphthylmethyl THI alkaloids, $1-{\beta}-naphthylmethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline$ HBr (YS 51) and $1-{\beta}-naphthylmethyl-6, 7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline$ HCl (YS 55), and their pharmacological actions on ?${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ were compared. YS 51 and YS 55, concentration-dependently relaxed endothelium-denuded rat thoracic aorta precontracted with phenylephrine (PE, 0.1 ${\mu}M$) in which $pEC_{50}$ were $5.89{\pm}0.21$ and $5.93{\pm}0.19$, respectively. Propranolol (30 nM) did not affect the relaxation-response curves to YS 51 and YS 55. Concentration-response curves to PE were shifted to right by the pretreatment with YS 51 or YS 55. The $pA_2$ values of YS 51 and YS 55 showed $6.05{\pm}0.24$ and $5.88{\pm}0.16$, respectively. Both probes relaxed KCl (65.4 mM)-contracted aorta and inhibited $CaCl_2-induced$ contraction of PE-stimulated endothelium- denuded rat thoracic aorta in $Ca^{2+}-free$ solutions. In isolated guinea pig papillary muscle, 1 and 10 ${\mu}M$ YS 51 increased contractile force about 4- and 8- fold over the control, respectively, along with the concentration-dependent increment of cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ ions. While, 10 ${\mu}M$ YS 55 reduced the contractile force about 50 % over the control and lowered the cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ level, in rat brain homogenates, YS 51 and YS 55 displaced $[^3H]prazosin$ binding competitively with Ki 0.15 and 0.12 ${\mu}M$, respectively. However, both probes were ineffective on $[^3H]nitrendipine$ binding. Therefore, it is concluded that two synthetic naphthylmethyl-THI alkaloids have considerable affinity to ?1-adrenenoceptors in rat aorta and brain.