• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Stromal cell-derived growth factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as chemokine ligand 12, and chemokine receptor type 4 are involved in cancer cell migration. Compound K (CK), a metabolite of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside by gut microbiota, is reported to have therapeutic potential in cancer therapy. However, the inhibitory effect of CK on SDF-1 pathway-induced migration of glioma has not yet been established. MATERIALS/METHODS: Cytotoxicity of CK in C6 glioma cells was determined using an EZ-Cytox cell viability assay kit. Cell migration was tested using the wound healing and Boyden chamber assay. Phosphorylation levels of protein kinase C $(PKC){\alpha}$ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were measured by western blot assay, and matrix metallopeptidases (MMP) were measured by gelatin-zymography analysis. RESULTS: CK significantly reduced the phosphorylation of $PKC{\alpha}$ and ERK1/2, expression of MMP9 and MMP2, and inhibited the migration of C6 glioma cells under SDF-1-stimulated conditions. CONCLUSIONS: CK is a cell migration inhibitor that inhibits C6 glioma cell migration by regulating its downstream signaling molecules including $PKC{\alpha}$, ERK1/2, and MMPs.

• Carbon letters
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.234-242
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• 2013

Potassium hydroxide-activated carbons (CK21, CK11, and CK12) were prepared from pistachio nutshells. Physicochemical properties of activated carbons were characterized by TGA, $pH_{pzc}$, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and $N_2$-adsorption at $-196^{\circ}C$. The examinations showed that activated carbons have high surface area ranging between 695-1218 $m^2/g$, total pore volume ranging between 0.527-0.772 mL/g, and a pore radius around 1.4 nm. The presence of acidic and basic surface C-O groups was confirmed. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effects of adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial concentration of adsorbate, and contact time on deltamethrin adsorption by activated carbons. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption data followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The Langmuir model showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 162.6 mg/g at $35^{\circ}C$ on CK12. Thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption was spontaneous and increased with temperature, suggesting an endothermic process.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2010

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of electroacupuncture stimulation on changes in blood biochemistry in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats whose cords were damaged by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Methods: Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were assigned to one of three groups: normal (n=7), control (n=7) and experimental group (n=7). The experimental group received electroacupuncture (Es-160, ITO, Japan) for 15 minutes in the form of low frequency (2 Hz) stimulation to the zusanli point. After treatment, we observed motor behavior recovery using the inclined plane test. We also measured serum and CNS concentrations and activities of enzymes including creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Concentrations of CK, ALP and IgG were lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Functional recovery was evaluated by the maximal angle of the inclined board on which rats could maintain their initial position. This allowed us to monitor progressive locomotor recovery. The maximal angles of the inclined plane test were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that electroacupuncture to the zusanli point has a therapeutic effect on functional recovery after SCI.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2013

Cancers are mainly sustained by a small pool of neoplastic cells, known as cancer stem cells or tumorinitiating cells. These cells possess the ability to self-renew and proliferate, and are thus able to form the tumor. In the present study cells that correspond to cancer stem cells in mammary and liver cancers in animals were identified by the expression of CD133, CD44, CK7, and OCT4 using immunochemistry. As a result, we found with CD133+ and CD44+ cancer stem cell-like phenotypes in mouse and canine hepatocellular carcinoma and canine mammary gland tumors. However, CK7+ and OCT4+ cells were not identified in animal mammary and liver cancer. CD133+ and CD44+ cells are wellknown stem cell lines and play key roles in development and metastasis in human cancer. These findings suggest that cancer stem cells are involved in animal tumorigenesis and may provide insight into mechanisms in cancer development as well as cancer diagnostics.

• 식품보건융합연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2021

This study examined the effects of kinesio taping on recovery from fatigue induced by an exercise of concentric contraction using an isokinetic machine. The fatigue was introduced by a mode of exercise at 60°/sec, 50 repetitions for three sessions. The changes of blood ammonia, lactate, LDH, and CK as a marker of fatigue were monitored. Eight healthy collegiate students participated in two experiments; 1) kinesio taping application condition and 2) no kinesio taping application condition. Before experiments, their physical characteristics were measured. For the experiment, blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise, and 24hr as well as 72hr of recovery period. Window SPSS package 12.0 version was used and one-way ANOVA with repeated measures were employed. The results were as follows. 1) Blood ammonia tended to reduce along the recovery, but no differences between conditions were noticed. 2) Blood lactate tended to reduce during the recovery period, but differences between conditions were not noticed. 3) The LDH was not different between conditions and CK tended to reduce during the recovery period, but differences between conditions were not noticed. Based on the results, kinesio taping did not influence on recovery phase of blood ammonia, lactate concentration, LDH, and CK.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.190-201
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• 2024

Background: Deposition of immune complexes drives podocyte injury acting in the initial phase of lupus nephritis (LN), a process mediated by B cell involvement. Accordingly, targeting B cell subsets represents a potential therapeutic approach for LN. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a bioavailable component of ginseng, possesses nephritis benefits in lupus-prone mice; however, the underlying mechanisms involving B cell subpopulations remain elusive. Methods: Female MRL/lpr mice were administered CK (40 mg/kg) intragastrically for 10 weeks, followed by measurements of anti-dsDNA antibodies, inflammatory chemokines, and metabolite profiles on renal samples. Podocyte function and ultrastructure were detected. Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate B cell subpopulations. Metabolomics analysis was adopted. SIRT1 and AMPK expression were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Results: CK reduced proteinuria and protected podocyte ultrastructure in MRL/lpr mice by suppressing circulating anti-dsDNA antibodies and mitigating systemic inflammation. It activated B cell-specific SIRT1 and AMPK with Rhamnose accumulation, hindering the conversion of renal B cells into plasma cells. This cascade facilitated the resolution of local renal inflammation. CK facilitated the clearance of deposited immune complexes, thus reinstating podocyte morphology and mobility by normalizing the expression of nephrin and SYNPO. Conclusions: Our study reveals the synergistic interplay between SIRT1 and AMPK, orchestrating the restoration of renal B cell subsets. This process effectively mitigates immune complex deposition and preserves podocyte function. Accordingly, CK emerges as a promising therapeutic agent, potentially alleviating the hyperactivity of renal B cell subsets during LN.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.228-234
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• 2010

목 적 : 가와사끼병에서 1차 치료로 고용량 정맥용 면역글로불린(IVIG)의 사용이 가장 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있으나 이 중 약 10-20% 정도는 반응을 보이지 않아 발열이 지속되어 관상동맥의 합병증의 위험이 높아진다고 알려져 있다. 1차 치료에 반응하지 않은 가와사끼병 환자를 조기에 찾기 위한 검사실 지표에 대한 연구가 있으나 일관된 결과를 보이지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 IVIG 재 투여를 받은 재 치료군의 임상소견과 검사실 지표분석을 통해 재 치료군의 특징적인 검사 소견을 찾아 보고자 한다. 방 법 : 2003년 3월부터 2008년 2월까지 만 5년간 전남대학교병원 소아청소년과에서 입원하여 치료받았던 가와사끼병 환아 118명을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였고 IVIG에 반응을 보인 군(반응군, responder group, n=110)과 IVIG 1회 투여로 반응을 보이지 않아 재 치료 한 군(재 치료군, nonresponder group, n=8)을 비교 평가하였다. 정맥용 면역글로불린(2.0 g/kg) 투여전, 투여 48시간 후, 투여 14일 후의 백혈구 수, 혈색소 수치, 혈소판 수치, ESR, CRP, 총 단백, 알부민, AST, ALT, lactate dehydronase (LDH), BUN, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB 등의 검사실 지표와 나이, 성별, 발열에서 IVIG 투여하기까지 기간 등을 비교 측정하였다. 결 과 : 초기치료에 반응하지 않아 재 치료 한 경우는 118례 중 8례(6.8%) 였다. 이 군에서 IVIG 투여 전 낮은 CK (P =0.03), 높은 총 단백 수치(P <0.01)를 보였고 IVIG 투여 2일 후 높은 백혈구 수치(P =0.04), 중성구 분획(P <0.01)이 통계학적으로 의미 있는 결과로 나타났다. 또한 중성구 분획(P <0.01)과 CK (P =0.01)의 경우 IVIG 투여 전 비해 투여 2일 후 반응군에서 재 치료군보다 큰 폭의 감소를 보였다. 결 론 : 가와사끼병 환아 중 IVIG 투여 전 낮은 CK, 높은 총단백 수치와 IVIG 투여 48시간 후 높은 백혈구 수치, 높은 중성구 분획 보인 환아에서 재 치료 가능성이 높았고, 재 치료군에 비해 반응군에서 CK 등의 감소폭이 큰 점이 특징적이었으며 이의 관련성에 대한 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.868-873
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• 2003

Ginsenosides, major active ingredients of Panax ginseng, that exhibit various pharmacological and physiological actions are transformed into compound K (CK) or M4 by intestinal microorganisms. CK is a metabolite derived from protopanaxadiol (PD) ginsenosides, whereas M4 is a metabolite derived from protopanaxatriol (PT) ginsenosides. Recent reports shows that ginsenosides might playa role as pro-drugs for these metabolites. In present study, we investigated the effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is one of major binding proteins on various neurotransmitters, hormones, and other pharmacological agents, on ginsenoside $Rg_{2-}$, CK-, or M4-induced regulation of $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In the absence of BSA, treatment of ACh elicited inward peak current ($I_{Ach}$) in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor. Co-treatment of ginsenoside $Rg_2$, CK, or M4 with ACh inhibited IAch in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor with reversible and dose-dependent manner. In the presence of 1% BSA, treatment of ACh still elicited $I_{Ach}$ in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor and co-treatment of ginsenoside $Rg_2$ or M4 but not CK with ACh inhibited $I_{Ach}$ in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor with reversible and dose-dependent manner. These results show that BSA interferes the action of CK rather than M4 on the inhibitory effect of $I_{Ach}$ in oocytes expressing $\alpha3\beta4$ nicotinic ACh receptor and further suggest that BSA exhibits a differential interaction on ginsenoside metabolites.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.284-289
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• 1997

A Gram (-), rod-shaped bacterium $2.3{\sim}2.8{\times}0.45{\mu}m$ in size which exhibited growth-inhibiting effects against a cyanobacterium (Anabaena cylindrica) was isolated from Daechung Dam Reservoir. This isolate was identified as Moraxella sp. and designated Moracella sp. CK-1. Hollow zones formed around bacterial colonies on the cyanobacterial lawn. In a mixed-culture of A. cylindrica and the isolate, each microorganism grew inverse-proportionally, and the cyanobacterial vegetative cells completely disappeared within 24 hours. On treatment with Moraxella sp. CK-1, cell walls of A. cylindrica disappeared, but sheathes remained in a more electron dense form. The unit membrane such as thylakoidal membrane was stable to bacterial lysing activity. This bacterium showed a broad action spectrum against cyanobacteria. The growth-inhibiting activity of Moracella sp. CK-1 against A. cylindrica is believed to be performed through the excretion of active substances.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.959-966
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• 2013

이 논문에서는 설계정보가 없는 노후 항공기를 사용한 P-3CK 해상초계기 사업을 바탕으로, 끝단거리 부족 결함 수리를 위한 패스너 홀 구조특성 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 끝단거리 결함이 많이 발생했던 낫셀 론저론 부분을 선택하고, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0배 끝단거리에 대한 정적 해석을 수행하여 보수적인 응력을 구하였다. 이 응력을 바탕으로 TWIST의 표준하중 스펙트럼을 적용하여 비행하중을 생성하고, 이 비행하중을 이용하여 균열성장 피로해석을 수행하였다. 이 결과를 통하여 P-3CK 사업 중 수리된 패스너 홀의 유효성을 평가하고 정비주기 및 기준을 설정하였다.