• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

Type II collagen (CII), major component of hyaline cartilage, has been considered as an auto-antigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the clinical and biological significances with regard to the CII autoimmunity need to be clarified in human RA. The presence of antibodies to CII has been identified in sera, synovial fluid, and cartilage of patients with RA. In our study, the increased titer of IgG anti-CII in sera was well correlated with C-reactive protein, suggesting that this antibody may reflect the inflammatory status of RA. The titer of anti-CII antibodies (anti-CII Abs) tended to be higher in early stages of diseases. In our extending study, among 997 patients with RA, 269 (27.0%) were positive for circulatory IgG antibody to CII, those levels were fluctuated over time. It is hard to assess the significant amount of T cell responses to CII and CII (255~274) in RA. By using a sensitive method of antigen specific mixed lymphocyte culture, we can detect the presence of CII-reactive T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of RA patients. Sixty seven (46.9%) of 143 patients showed positive CII reactive T cell responses to CII or CII (255~274). The frequencies of CII reactive T cells were more prominent in inflamed synovial fluid (SF) than in peripheral blood. These T cells could be clonally expanded after consecutive stimulation of CII with feeding of autologous irradiated antigen presenting cells (APC). Moreover, the production of Th1-related cytokine, such as IFN-${\gamma}$, was strongly up-regulated by CII reactive T cells. These data suggest that T cells responding to CII, which are probably presenting the IFN-${\gamma}$ producing cells, may play an important role in the perpetuation of inflammatory process in RA. To evaluate the effector function of CII reactive T cells, we investigated the effect of CII reactive T cells and fibroblasts-like synoviocytes (FLS) interaction on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When the CII reactive T cells were co-cultured with FLS, the production of IL-15 and TNF-${\alpha}$ from FLS were significantly increased (2 to 3 fold increase) and this increase was clearly presented in accord to the expansion of CII reactive T cells. In addition, the production of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-17, T cell derived cytokines, were also increased by the co-incubation of CII reactive T cells with FLS. We also examined the impact of CII reactive T cells on chemokines production. When FLS were co-cultured with CII stimulated T cells, the production of IL-8, MCP-1, and MIP-1${\alpha}$ were significantly enhanced. The increased production of these chemokines was strongly correlated with increase the frequency of CII reactive T cells. Conclusively, immune response to CII was frequently found in RA. Activated T cells in response to CII contributed to increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which were critical for inflammatory responses in RA. The interaction of CII-reactive T cells with FLS further augmented this phenomenon. Taken together, our recent studies have suggested that autoimmunity to CII could play a crucial role not only in the initiation but amplification/perpetuation of inflammatory process in human RA.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 2004년도 한국우주과학회보 제13권1호
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• pp.26-26
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• 2004

We compare the distribution of HI 21cm, HII 6563 AA, and CII 157.7 micron m line emission over the entire Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Bright CII emission is associated with HII regions and their surroundings, with a good correlation between CII and Halpha filaments. Diffuse CII emission is also detected in regions with no HII emission. We found a reasonably good correlation between the extended CII emission and HI emission. (omitted)

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.155-170
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• 2002

면역억제와 면역항진의 작용을 지닌 녹용(鹿茸)약침의 실험쥐에서의 type II collagen(CII)으로 유발된 관절염(CIA)에 대한 효과를 연구하였다. 본 실험에서 녹용(鹿茸)약침군과 생리식염수군을 대조군으로 하여 실험쥐에게 약침시술을 하였다. 녹용(鹿茸)약침이 CII에 작용하는 세포반응에 대한 효과를 검정하였는데, 대조군에서는 CII 유발주사 후 24일에 관절염이 관찰되었고, CIA의 정도가 점차적으로 심해졌다. 생리식염수 처리군과 비교해 24일 동안 하루에 한번 $50{\mu}g/kg$ 이상 용량의 녹용(鹿茸)약침은 CII 처리 T cell의 interleukin 2(IL-2)와 interferon-${\gamma}$($IFN-{\gamma}$) 생산능력을 억제했다. 또한 녹용(鹿茸)약침은 CII처리 임파절과 대식세포의 tumor necrosis facter ${\alpha}$($TNF-{\alpha}$)의 생산을 억제했다. 한편 CIA에 대한 약침효능의 지표는 녹용(鹿茸)약침을 14일간 하루에 한번씩 처리하면서, 소의 CII로 3주 간격으로 2번 유발접종을 실시하여 검정하였다. 첫 CII 유발접종과 동시에 일일 투여량 $100{\mu}g/kg$으로 14일간의 녹용(鹿茸)약침이 항체형성과 CII에 대한 지연형 과민성 뿐만 아니라 관절염의 증가도 막아주었다. 녹용(鹿茸)약침을 관절염 유발성 CII의 2차 접종과 동시에 시술한 결과, 관절염과 CII에 대한 면역반응을 억제하였다. 이에 저자는 CII로 유발된 관절염에 대한 녹용(鹿茸)약침의 억제효과에 대하여 보고하는 바이다.

• 건설관리
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.59-61
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• 2016

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.113-116
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• 1988

간흡충 세르카리아의 감각유두 분포양상 즉 chaetotaxy를 관찰하였다. 이 세르카리아의 chaetotaxy는 두부(cephalic region)에서 제1열에 5∼6 Ci 1, 4∼5 Ci 2, 5∼6 Ci 3, 제2열에 4 Cii 1, 2 Cii 2, 4 Cii 3, 5∼6 Cii 4, 제3열에 3∼4 Ciii 1, 2∼3 Ciii 2, 및 제 4열에 2 Civ 1, 2∼3 Civ 2, 2∼3 Civ 3의 분포를 보였으며, 몸통 부위 (body region)의 각측(V) 및 때측(D)에서 2 AiV, 1 AiD, 2 AiiV, 1 AiiB,2 kiiiv,2 AiiiD, 1 AivV, 1 AivD, 1 PiiD, 1 PiiiD, 그리고 꼬리 부위(caudal region)에서 2-2-2-2의 분포양상을 보였다. 이 결과를Opisthorchis chabaudi 및 Metagonimus yokugawai에서 보고된 chaetotaxy와 비교하였다.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2003년도 학술대회지
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• pp.61-66
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• 2003

급변하는 21세기의 경쟁사회에서 살아남기 위하여 건설업도 고부가가치, 고효율산업으로 거듭나기 위한 부단한 노력을 해오고 있으며, 그러한 흐름중의 하나가 '지식경영'이라고 할 수 있다. 효과적인 지식의 개발과 축척, 그리고 활용을 위한 노력은 학계와 업계 전반에 걸쳐 활발하게 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 시대적 흐름의 맞추어 미국의 건설 관리주도 연구기관인 Construction Industry Institute(CII)에서는 건설지식정보분류체계를 개발하고, 이를 이용한 건설 관련 지식의 활용성 극대화를 위하여 노력하고 있다. 개발된 지시분류체계는 총 13개의 지식영역 아래, 47개의 집중영역으로 구성되어 있으며, 각 영역안에는 그간 CII 수행해온 연구의 성과물들이 일목요연하게 분류되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 CII 주도로 개발된 건설지식정보분류체계의 개발과정과 그 구조와 전체적인 내용 그리고 활용방안등에 대해 논하고 있다. 이러한 건설지식정좌분류체계의 개발을 통해 사용자는 지식의 검색과 활용에 큰 도움을 받을 것으로 기대되며, 연구자도 그간 관련된 연구의 성향분석과 앞으로의 연구 방향설정의 도움이 되는 지표로 활용가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2010

Cool island intensity urban green space was investigated based in Dalsung Park, that is one of the largest parks in Daegu. Cool island intensity(CII), which is defined as the temperature difference between the green space and its surrounding built-up areas, shows time variations. A through-year measurement(2008-2009) of ground level air temperature revealed seasonal variation and relationship to the atmospheric condition of CII. The temperature variation in the park and the reference downtown Daegu was as same order as CII. The noontime CII is larger in summer than that in winter due to the leaf fall of the park trees. On the other hand, seasonal variation of nighttime CII is not so clear. The nighttime CII was larger under the stable atmosphere.

• 천문학회지
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• 제29권spc1호
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• pp.171-172
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• 1996

We present the results of an rocket-borne observation of far-infrared [CII] line at 157.7 ${\mu}m$ from the diffuse inter-stellar medium in the Ursa Major. We also introduce a part of results on the [CII] emission recently obtained by the IRTS, a liquid-helium cooled 15cm telescope onboard the Space Flyer Unit. From the rocket-borne observation we obtained the cooling rate of the diffuse HI gas due to the [CII] line emission, which is $1.3{\pm}0.2 {\times} 10^{-26}$ $ergss^{-1} H^{-1}_{atom}$. We also observed appreciable [CII] emission from the molecular clouds, with average CII/CO intensity ratio of 420. The IRTS observation provided the [CII] line emission distribution over large area of the sky along great circles crossing the Galactic plane at I = $50^{\circ}$ and I = $230^{\circ}$. We found two components in their intensity distributions, one concentrates on the Galactic plane and the another extends over at least $20^{\circ}$ in Galactic latitude. We ascribe one component to the emission from the Galactic disk, and the another one to the emission from the local interstellar gas. The [CII] cooling rate of the latter component is $5.6 {\pm} 2.2 {\times}10$.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2016

In murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), self-reactive T cells can recognize peptide antigens derived from type-II collagen (CII). Activation of T cells is an important mediator of autoimmune diseases. Thus, T cells have become a focal point of study to treat autoimmune diseases. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of recombinant MHC class II molecules in the regulation of antigen-specific T cells by using a self peptide derived from CII (CII260-274; IAGFKGEQGPKGEPG) linked to mouseI-A^q in a murine CIA model. We found that recombinant I-A^q/CII260-274 molecules could be recognized by CII-specific T cells and inhibit the same T cells in vitro. Furthermore, the development of CIA in mice was successfully prevented by in vivo injection of recombinant I-A^q/CII260-274 molecules. Thus, treatment with recombinant soluble MHC class II molecules in complex with an immunodominant self-peptide might offer a potential therapeutic for chronic inflammation in autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2024

As there is growing concern about the environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions from ships, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced several regulations targeting reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of 50% by 2050. This study pays particular attention to the carbon intensity indicator (CII) and investigates the impact of slow steaming, one of the short-term measures in the regulation, on containership operations. To this end, a dataset of 8 containerships with various ages and sizes was collected. Based on operation data in 2021, the CII ratings of the containerships were estimated in the business-as-usual scenario for the 2023-2030 period. Then, the speed reductions required to keep the minimum CII rating were calculated for individual containerships. Finally, working day losses resulting from the speed reductions were calculated. The findings in this study were threefold. First, it was found that containerships will undergo degradation in the CII rating every 3 or 4 years without slow steaming. Second, a speed reduction of 2 knots between 2023 and 2030 is required to keep the minimum CII rating. Finally, speed reductions result in the loss of as many as 6 or 7 working days per year.