• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

Purpose: To determine appropriate sampling frequency and time of multiple blood sampling dual exponential method with $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Materials & Methods: Thirty four patients were included in this study. Three mCi of $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA was intravenously injected and blood sampling at 9 different times, 5ml each, were done. Using the radioactivity of serum, measured by gamma counter, the GFR was calculated using dual exponential method and corrected with the body surface area. Using spontaneously chosen 2 data points of serum radioactivity, 15 collections of 2-sample GFR were calculated. And 10 collections of 3-sample GFR and 12 collections of 4-sample GFR were also calculated. Using the 9-sample GFR as a reference value, degree of agreement was analyzed with Kendall's $\tau$ correlation coefficients, mean difference and standard deviation. Results: Although some of the 2-sample GFR showed high correlation coefficient, over or underestimation had evolved as the renal function change. The 10-120-240 min 3-sample GFR showed a high correlation coefficient (${\tau}=0.93$), minimal difference ($Mean{\pm}SD=-1.784{\pm}3.972$), and no over or underestimation as the renal function changed. The 4-sample GFR showed no better accuracy than the 3-sample GFR. Conclusions: In the wide spectrum of renal function, the 10-120-240 min 3-sample GFC could be the best choice for estimating the patients' renal function.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2016

Purpose: Recent observational studies have found that vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory tract infections. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of vitamin D in childhood respiratory tract infection (RTI) have yield inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of RTI. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial. Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of RTI in children were included for the analysis. Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias was used to assess the quality of the studies. Pooled risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were meta-analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. Results: A total of seven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. According to a random-effects model, the risk ratio for vitamin D supplementation was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69-0.98) and $I^2=62%$ for heterogeneity. On subgroup analysis, heterogeneity decreased in the subgroup with follow-up less than 1 year, participants ${\geq}5years$ of age, patients subgroup, and subgroup with dosing daily. Funnel plot showed that there might be publication bias in the field. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis supports a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of RTI in children. However, the result should be interpreted with caution due to limitations including a small number of available RCTs, heterogeneity among the studies, and potential publication bias.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the specific binding ratio method with model-based methods in estimating the transporter parameter $k_3/k_4$ in normal controls and Parkinson's patients with [I-123]IPT SPECT and to evaluate the usefulness of [I-123]IPT SPECT. $6.5{\pm}1.1$ mCi ($239.0{\pm}40.3$ MBq) of [$^{123}I$]IPT was intravenouly injected as a bolus into six normal controls(age:$45{\pm}13$) and seventeen patients(age:$55{\pm}8$) with Pakinson's disease(PD). The transporter parameter $k_3/k_4$ was derived using the Ichise's graphical method($R_v$) and Lassen's area ratio method($R_A$) for the dynamic IPT SPECT data without blood samples. Then, the relationships between the transporter parameter $R-v,\;R_A$ and the ratio of (BG-OCC)/OCC at 115 minutes were evaluated by linear regression analysis. $R_vs$ by Ichise's graphical method for NC and PD were $2.08{\pm}0.29$ and $0.78{\pm}0.31$, respectively. $R_As$ by Lassen's area ratio method for NC and PD were $1.48{\pm}0.16$ and $0.65{\pm}0.24$, respectively. The correlation coefficients between (BG-OCC)/OCC and $R_v$, (BG-OCC)/OCC and $R_A$, and $R_v$ and $R_A$ were 0.93, 0.90, 0.99 and their corresponding slopes were 0.54, 0.34, and 0.65, respectively. The $R_v$ and $R_A$ of NC were significantly higher than the ones of PD. That is, the $k_3/k_4$ of NC was clearly separated from the one of PD. $k_3/k_4$ showed a good correlation with the ratio of (BG-OCC)/OCC. The results indicate that the noninvasive simplified quantitative methods may be useful to measure the transporter parameter $k_3/k_4$ and the specific binding ratio method can be used for quantitative studies of dopamine transporter with [I-123]IPT SPECT in humans brains.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2009

Background: Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) are encountered incidentally in 0.2% of patients who undergo chest X-ray or chest CT. Although SPN has malignant potential, it cannot be treated surgically by biopsy in all patients. The first stage is to determine if patients with SPN require periodic observation and biopsy or resection. An important early step in the management of patients with SPN is to estimate the clinical pretest probability of a malignancy. In every patient with SPN, it is recommended that clinicians estimate the pretest probability of a malignancy either qualitatively using clinical judgment or quantitatively using a validated model. This study examined whether Bayesian analysis or multiple logistic regression analysis is more predictive of the probability of a malignancy in SPN. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2008, this study enrolled 63 participants with SPN at the Kangnam Sacred Hospital. The accuracy of Bayesian analysis and Bayesian analysis with a FDG-PET scan, and Multiple logistic regression analysis was compared retrospectively. The accurate probability of a malignancy in a patient was compared by taking the chest CT and pathology of SPN patients with <30 mm at CXR incidentally. Results: From those participated in study, 27 people (42.9%) were classified as having a malignancy, and 36 people were benign. The result of the malignant estimation by Bayesian analysis was 0.779 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.657 to 0.874). Using Multiple logistic regression analysis, the result was 0.684 (95% CI, 0.555 to 0.796). This suggests that Bayesian analysis provides a more accurate examination than multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Bayesian analysis is better than multiple logistic regression analysis in predicting the probability of a malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules but the difference was not statistically significant.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2017

The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of soil water content on the growth, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Kimchi cabbage and to evaluate proper parameters for development of growth models. There were five levels of irrigation amount treatments (0, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mL/d/plant) and those were commenced at one day after transplanting (DAT). We measured soil water content, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis characteristics, and the A-Ci curve. The growth of Kimchi cabbage as affected by irrigation amount was evaluated at 38 days after transplanting, however, the growth with 0 and 200 mL/d/plant irrigation amount treatments measured at 29 DAT. The relationship between soil water content and stomatal conductance was highly correlated ($r^2=0.999$) and the function represented by y = 6097.4x - 4.2984. The stomatal conductance of Kimchi cabbage leaves showed $300mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ when the soil water content was below $0.05m^3/m^3$. The stomatal conductance was rapidly decreased by scarcity of soil moisture. A-Ci curve indicated normal curve in fully irrigation treatment (500 mL/d/plant), however, $CO_2$ couldn't diffuse through the intercellular Kimchi cabbage leaves treated with 0 mL/d/plant. The dry weight of full irrigation treatment was greater approximately 6.8 times than that of deficit irrigation (0 mL/d/plant). In addition, leaf area index showed a logarithmic function (y = 16.573 + 3.398 ln x) with soil water content and that of R-squared represents 0.913. Results indicated that the soil water content was highly correlated with stomatal conductance and leaf area index. Indeed, the scarcity soil moisture reduced photosynthesis and retarded growth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.569-580
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the associations of Korean fermented cabbage kimchi consumption with the incidence risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean adults. Methods: We used the community-based cohort data from the 2001 ~ 2012 Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). General characteristics, food group frequencies and nutrient intakes at baseline from 3,560 healthy individuals aged 40 ~ 69 years and the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its component from 2,259 participants, after excluding the data with incomplete anthropometric and blood test, during 10-year follow-up were analyzed. The participants were classified into three groups according to their daily consumption frequency of Korean fermented cabbage kimchi: 'less than once (< 1/day)', 'once or twice (1 ~ 2/day)', and 'three times (3/day)'. Results: After controlling for potential confounders such as age, education, income, residence area, alcohol drinking and energy intake, the consumption frequencies of rice and legumes were significantly higher, and the consumption frequency of meat was significantly lower in the 3/day group compared to that of the other two groups in men and women. The average intakes of energy and most nutrients, except fat and cholesterol, were higher in the 3/day group compared to those of the other two groups in men and women. Frequent consumption of kimchi was associated with a lower incidence of metabolic syndrome in all the models (unadjusted, age-adjusted, and multivariable-adjusted models) in women. When examining the multivariable-adjusted model, the hazard ratio for metabolic syndrome was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.47 ~ 0.86) for the 3/day group compared to that of the < 1/day group in women. However, there was no significant association between kimchi consumption and the incidence of metabolic syndrome in men. Conclusion: Our results show that consumption of kimchi at every meal was significantly associated with a lower incidence of metabolic syndrome in women.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2020

Objectives : Although the seasonality of suicide is a well-known phenomenon, little is reported about the seasonality of non-suicidal self-injury. The purpose of this study was to identify the seasonality of wristcutting behavior and to examine its relationship with meteorological factors. Methods : To identify the presence of seasonality, we investigated whether there was a difference in the average number of visits per month to an emergency room (ER) of an urban hospital for 226 patients with wrist-cutting behavior enrolled between December 2014 and May 2019. To ascertain significant meteorological factors, we used the multiple Poisson regression using generalized additive model with time, monthly temperature, monthly sunshine hour, and atmospheric pressure in the prior month as explanatory variables. Results : In males, the average number of monthly visits to the ER for wrist cutting behavior differed by month and was the highest in September (male : p=0.048, female : p=0.21, total : p=0.28). As a result of multiple regression analysis, the average number of patients admitted to the ER for wrist cutting behavior was related to the interaction between atmospheric pressure in the prior month and temperature in males (p=0.010), and showed a positive correlation with sunlight in females [p=0.044, β=4.70×10-3, 95% CI=(1.19×10-4, 9.27×10-3)]. Conclusions : Wrist cutting behavior shows seasonality in male, which is associated with changes in meteorological variables.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.379-383
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• 2003

Background: An accurate diagnosis of the severity of the rejection after a heart transplantation relies on endomyo-cardial biopsy, but because of its invasiveness and the need for repeated examination makes it is an inappropriate monitoring method. Therefore, we have tried to find a monitoring method that is continuous and less invasive. Material and Method: Heterotopic heart transplantation using Ono-Lindsey Method was done in 20 rats, and then $^{99m}$ Tc-Pyrophosphate (PYP) scan was done after a month, Uptake ratio of transplanted heart to vertebrae (H/V) was obtained to be compared with the biopsy result. Result: Rejection was defined when the H/V uptake ratio was higher than 0.09, and we compared the uptake ratio with the results of biopsy. The result was true positives was 3, true negatives 12, false negatives 2, andfalse positives 3. Therefore sensitivity was 60% and specificity was 80%, diagnostic value was 75%. Conclusion: $^{99m}$Tc-Pyrophosphate (PYP) scan was a useful method for the evaluation of the heart transplantation rejection and it will be helpful for monitoring rejection as an non-invasive and simple method.hod.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.49-54
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• 2008

The experimental of temperature, humidity and velocity was taken from the underground pit which utilized the system of ground heat source quite similar to the cool-pit system. Also, through CFD analysis, one could review the effectiveness of analysis of future alternatives. Furthermore, the temperature range of mock up cool-pit system was analyzed by inputting the weather data of annual average soil temperature provided by KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration) into the fluid simulation of anticipated heat distribution. Firstly, the difference between the temperature of air exhaust of the pit or the temperature of air supply of the compressor room and the experimental data for the month of May from the CFD analysis came out to be $0.6^{\circ}C$ and $0.9^{\circ}C$ respectively with tolerance of 3.1% and 4.7%. Secondly, the difference between the temperature of air exhaust of the Pit or the temperature of air supply of the compressor room and the experimental data for the month of July from the CFD analysis came out to be $0.8^{\circ}C$ and $1.1^{\circ}C$ respectively with tolerance of 3.3% and 4.5%. Thirdly, for the month of May, the difference between the experimental data taken for the air exhaust of the Pit or the air supply of the compressor room and soil temperature provided by KMA for monthly and yearly average temperature of Jeonju region came out be $1.9^{\circ}C$ and $1.8^{\circ}C$ respectively with tolerance of 10.7% and 9.8%. Fourthly, for the month of July, the difference between the experimental data taken for the air exhaust of the Pit or the air supply of the compressor room and soil temperature provided by KMA for monthly and yearly average temperature of Jeonju region came out be $1.1^{\circ}C$ and $1.4^{\circ}C$ respectively with tolerance of 4.5% and 5.8%. The result of above experiments allowed us to establish CFD model set up as a verification tool that is based on experimental data collected within the Pit area. Also, one could confirm the possibility to apply weather data of soil temperature provided by KMA in order to anticipate proper value for CFD analysis.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.7-17
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• 2009

The precise analysis of exercise data for designing an effective rehabilitation system is very important as a feedback for planing the next exercising step. Many subjective and reliable research outcomes that were obtained by analysis and evaluation for the human motor ability by various methods of biomechanical experiments have been introduced. Most of them include quantitative analysis based on basic statistical methods, which are not practical enough for application to real clinical problems. In this situation, data mining technology can be a promising approach for clinical decision support system by discovering meaningful hidden rules and patterns from large volume of data obtained from the problem domain. In this research, in order to find relational rules between posture training type and muscle activation pattern, we investigated an application of the WAR(Weishted Association Rule) to the biomechanical data obtained mainly for evaluation of postural control ability. The discovered rules can be used as a quantitative prior knowledge for expert's decision making for rehabilitation plan. The discovered rules can be used as a more qualitative and useful priori knowledge for the rehabilitation and clinical expert's decision-making, and as a index for planning an optimal rehabilitation exercise model for a patient.