• 약학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.99-110
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• 1991

This study was initiated to investigate the effects of organic germanium on cadmium and mercury intoxication. The effect was determined by the metallothionein induction in liver and kidney. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were treated with CdCI$_{2}$ (2mg/kg), HgCI$_{2}$ (1 mg/kg) and organic germanium (GE-132) (100 mg/kg) in single and in combination via intraperitoneal injection or intragastric administration every other days for 17 days. Experimental animals were sacrificed after 7, 12 and 17 days treatment. The serum transaminase activities (SGOT, SGPT), concentration of metal and metallothionein, metal-binding capacity of metallothionein in liver and kidney were determined and pathomorphological observations were undertaken. The combined treatment of GE-132 and CdCI$_{2}$ significantly decreased the increment of serum transaminase activities in rats treated with CdCI$_{2}$ only, but the combined treatment of GE-132 and HgCI$_{2}$ did not affect to activities of transaminases induced by mercury only. The concentration of metals (Cd and Hg) except Ge in the liver and kidney of rats increased with the time of treatment. Mercury concentration in kidney of rat treated with HgCI$_{2}$ only was significantly higher than the combined treatment of GE-132 and HgCI$_{2}$. The combined treatment of GE-132 and CdCI$_{2}$ significantly increased the concentration of metallothionein in liver compared to the CdCI$_{2}$ only, although the concentration of cadmium in liver were not significantly different between two groups. This indicates that GE-132 decreased toxicity of cadmium in liver by promoting metallothionein induction. There were no significant differences in metallothionein concentration in liver and kidney of rats between the combined treatment of GE-132 and HgCI$_{2}$ and HgCI$_{2}$ only. Metal-binding capacity of metallothionein varied with each time intervals in liver and kidney of metals treated rats except the liver of the combined treatment of GE-132 and CdCI$_{2}$. This finding explains the concentration of metallothionein in liver keeps abreast with the concention of metal. Furthermore, the combined treatment of GE-132and CdCl$_{2}$ revealed pathologically less changes in liver tissue than CdCl$_{2}$ only; the damages of liver cell, such as lobular necrosis and portal inflammation, were relieved and appeared more later. From the above results, organic germanium is considered to have some beneficial effect on the protection of liver from the cadmium intoxication.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.190-201
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• 2020

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in relation to tumor location within the stomach. Materials and Methods: The densities and prognostic significance of TIL subsets were evaluated in 542 gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy. Immunohistochemical staining for CD3, CD4, CD8, forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3), and granzyme B was performed. Results: Cardia cancer was associated with significantly lower densities of CD8 T-cells and higher densities of Foxp3 and granzyme B T-cells than non-cardia tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that advanced age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.023; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006-1.040), advanced T classification (HR, 2.029; 95% CI, 1.106-3.721), lymph node metastasis (HR, 3.319; 95% CI, 1.947-5.658), low CD3 expression (HR, 0.997; 95% CI, 0.994-0.999), and a high Foxp3/CD4 ratio (HR, 1.007; 95% CI, 1.001-1.012) were independent predictors of poor overall survival in cardia cancer patients. In non-cardia cancer patients, total gastrectomy (HR, 2.147; 95% CI, 1.507-3.059), advanced T classification (HR, 2.158; 95% CI, 1.425-3.266), lymph node metastasis (HR, 1.854; 95% CI, 1.250-2.750), and a low Foxp3/CD4 ratio (HR, 0.978; 95% CI, 0.959-0.997) were poor prognostic factors for survival. Conclusions: The densities and prognostic effects of TILs differed in relation to the location of tumors within the stomach. The contrasting prognostic effects of Foxp3/CD4 ratio in cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer patients suggests that clinicians ought to consider tumor location when determining treatment strategies.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2007

본 논문은 연속 밀도 함수를 갖는 HMM별 한국어 연속 음성인식에 관한 연구이다. 여기서 우리는 밀도 함수가 2개에서 44개까지 갖는 연속 HMM모델에서 가장 효율적인 연속 음성인식을 위한 방법을 제시한다. 음성 모델은 36개로 구성한 기본음소를 사용한 CI-Model과 3,000개로 구성한 확장음소를 사용한 CD-Model을 사용하였고, 언어 모델은 N-gram을 이용하여 처리하였다. 이 방법을 사용하여 500개의 문장과 6,486개의 단어에 대하여 화자 독립으로 CI Model에서 최고 94.4%의 단어인식률과 64.6%의 문장인식률을 얻었고, CD Model에서는98.2%의 단어인식률과 73.6%의 문장인식률을 안정적으로 얻었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7645-7649
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• 2013

Background: Immune functions and their relation to prognosis in breast cancer patients have become areas of great interest in recent years. Correlations between survival outcomes and peripheral blood flow cytometry parameters are therefore of interest. Here we focused on patients with non-metastatic breast cancer (BC). Materials and Methods: A total of 29 patients with pathological confirmed breast carcinoma and flow cytometry data were assessed for overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Results: The median age of the patients was 54 years (range, 29-83). Multivariate analysis revealed that OS was significantly associated with absolute cytotoxic T cell count (95%CI, coef 2.26, p=0.035), tumor size (95%CI, coef -14.5, p 0.004), chemotherapy (95%CI, coef 12.9, p 0.0001), MFI of CD4 (95%CI, coef -5.1, P 0.04), MFI of HLA DR (95%CI, coef -5.9, p 0.008) and tumor grade (95%CI, coef -13, P 0.049) with R-Sq(adj)=67%. Similar findings were obtained for PFS. Conclusions: OS and PFS were significantly associated with tumor grade, tumor size, chemotherapy, MFI of CD4, HLA DR and absolute cytotoxic T cell count. The study revealed that MFI of basic CD markers and absolute cytotoxic T cell number may be a prognostic factors in women with non-metastatic BC.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2021

Purpose: Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disease with extra-intestinal manifestations, including neurological disorders. There are few reports to assess various factors in increasing the chances of developing neurological disorders in CD, so we designed this study. Methods: All patients with CD at any age who had been referred to the Celiac Clinic were evaluated for neurological problems. CD was defined as IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG) of 18 IU/mL or higher in serology and Marsh type I or more severe in histopathological evaluation. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of various independent variables on the neurological manifestations. Results: A total of 540 patients enrolled in this study. A 360 (66.7%) of patients were children. A 64.8% and 35.2% were female and male, respectively. Overall, 34.1% of patients had neurological manifestation, including headache, neuropathy, epilepsy, and ataxia. The odds of developing neurological manifestations in children were significantly lower than in adults (odds ratio [OR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.96; p=0.03) and in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms significantly higher than in the group without GI manifestations (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.18-2.63; p=0.005). Other variables, including Marsh classification (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.18-1.11; p=0.08) and anti-tTG levels (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.999-1.001; p=0.59) did not significantly increase the chances of developing neurological disorders. Conclusion: Our study showed that increasing age and the presence of GI symptoms, but not serological and histological findings, could increase the chances of developing neurological diseases in CD patients.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.919-922
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• 2004

The effect of an extract of Dalbergiae Lignum and four components that were isolated from the extract on the anticarcinogenic phase II marker enzyme, quinone reductase (QR), was investi-gated. Of the solvent extracts of Dalbergiae Lignum, the CH$_2$CI$_2$ fraction was the most potent in inducing QR activity, with a CD value (the concentration required to double the QR activity) of 29.5 $\mu$/mL. The CH$_2$CI$_2$ extract was further separated into six compounds, four of which were identified as 4-methoxydalbergione, latifolin, 4＇,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone, and obtusafu-ran. Obtusafuran ［CD ＝ 1.1 $\mu$M； chemopreventive index (CI) ＝ 101.9］ and latifolin (CD ＝ 1.7 $\mu$M； CI ＝ 154.6) displayed potent QR inducing activity and high chemopreventive indices. Lati-folin and 4-methoxydalbergione were identified as strong DPPH-scavengers with half-maximal free radical scavenging concentrations of 15.9 and 17.2 $\mu$M, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권16호
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• pp.6761-6766
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• 2014

Background: CD44v6 (CD44 variant exon 6) is the chief CD44 variant isoform regulating tumor invasion, progression, and metastasis. The prognostic value of CD44v6 expression in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been evaluated in many studies, but the results have remained controversial. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis of currently available studies to investigate the prognostic value of CD44v6 expression in NSCLC patients and the relationship between the expression of CD44v6 and clinicopathological features. Materials and Methods: Two independent reviewers searched the relevant literature in Pubmed, Medline and Embase from 1946 to January 2014. Overall survival (OS) and various clinicopathological features were collected from included studies. This meta-analysis was accomplished using STATA 12.0 and Revman 5.2 software. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated to estimate the effects. Results: A total of 921 NSCLC patients from ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that CD44v6 high expression was a prognostic factor for poor survival (HR=1.91, 95%CI=1.12-3.26, p<0.05). With respect to clinicopathological features, CD44v6 high expression was related to histopathologic type (squamous cell carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma: OR=2.72, 95%CI=1.38-5.38, p=0.004), and lymph node metastasis (OR=3.02, 95%CI=1.93-4.72, p<0.00001). Conclusions: Our results suggested CD44v6 high expression as a poor prognostic factor for NSCLC, and CD44v6 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and histopathologic type. Therefore, CD44v6 expression can be used as a novel prognostic marker in NSCLC cases.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.446-457
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effects of psychosocial interventions on cortisol and immune response in adult patients with cancer. Methods: MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL and domestic electronic databases were searched. Twenty controlled trials (11 randomized and 9 non-randomized trials) met the inclusion criteria with a total of 862 participants. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias for randomized studies and the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for non randomized studies. Data were analyzed using the RevMan 5.2.11 program of Cochrane library. Results: Overall, study quality was moderate to high. The weighted average effect size across studies was -0.32 (95% CI [-0.56, -0.07], p=.010, $I^2 $=45%) for cortisol concentration, -0.62 (95%CI [-0.96,-0.29], p<.001, $I^2 $=0%) for T lymphocyte (CD3) and -0.45 (95%CI [-0.74, -0.16], p=.003, $I^2 $=0%) for Th lymphocyte (CD4) numbers. Psychosocial interventions were not effective for Tc lymphocyte (CD4), NK cell, monocyte, and cytokine response. Conclusion: Although these results provide only small evidence of successful immune modulation, they support the conclusion that psychosocial interventions can assist cancer patients in reducing emotional distress and improving immune response.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제68권
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• pp.33-47
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a hybrid acoustic and pronunciation model adaptation method based on context dependency for Korean-English speech recognition. The proposed method is performed as follows. First, in order to derive pronunciation variant rules, an n-best phoneme sequence is obtained by phone recognition. Second, we decompose each rule into a context independent (CI) or a context dependent (CD) one. To this end, it is assumed that a different phoneme structure between Korean and English makes CI pronunciation variabilities while coarticulation effects are related to CD pronunciation variabilities. Finally, we perform an acoustic model adaptation and a pronunciation model adaptation for CI and CD pronunciation variabilities, respectively. It is shown from the Korean-English speech recognition experiments that the average word error rate (WER) is decreased by 36.0% when compared to the baseline that does not include any adaptation. In addition, the proposed method has a lower average WER than either the acoustic model adaptation or the pronunciation model adaptation.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2019

결핵균에 의한 만성 세균성 감염인 결핵은 결핵균의 특성, 숙주의 면역상태와 유전적 감수성의 차이에 의해 잠복성과 활동성으로의 진행정도에 차이가 있다. 결핵균에 대한 숙주 방어 기전은 주로 대식세포, T 세포 및 수지상 세포 사이의 상호 작용에 기인한다. CD44는 결핵균에 감염되면 활성 T 세포에서 발현되며 림프구 이동을 조절한다. 또한 CD44는 ECM에 대한 백혈구의 부착을 매개하여 대식세포, CD4+ T cell 등을 폐로 불러모으는 역할을 한다. 따라서, CD44 유전자의 다형성은 결핵균에 대한 숙주세포의 면역기전 저하를 유발할 수 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 CD44 유전자의 유전자 다형성이 결핵의 감수성에 영향을 미치는지 조사하는 것이다. 결핵균과 CD44의 연관성에 대하여 대한 한국 협회 자원의 443명의 cases와 3228명의 control을 이용하여 CD44 유전자의 237개의 SNP를 분석하였다. 이 중 17개의 SNP가 결핵과 통계적으로 유의한 관련성을 보였다. 가장 유의성 있는 SNP는 rs75137824였다(OR=0.231, CI: 1.51~3.56, $P=1.3{\times}10^{-4}$). 또한 결핵 발병에 유의성이 있는 SNP중 rs10488809의 경우는 전사인자 JUND 및 FOS에 결합하는 부위로써 CD44 유전자 발현에 영향을 줄 수 있는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 결핵 발병이 CD44 발현 차이에 의한 숙주 면역반응에 차이에 의해서 감수성의 차이가 있을 수 있음을 나타 낼 수 있다. 이번 연구 결과는 결핵균 감염에 대한 숙주면역의 유전적 차이가 결핵 진행정도의 차이를 유발할 수 있다는 유전적 배경에 대한 기반을 마련해 줄 수 있을 것이라고 기대한다.