• Title/Summary/Keyword: CHE

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A Panel Study on Determinants of Catastrophic Health Expenditure of the Middle- and Old-Aged Households (중·고령 가구의 과부담 의료비 발생의 결정요인에 관한 패널연구)

  • Park, Jin Yeung;Jung, Kee Taig;Kim, Yong Min
    • Health Policy and Management
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.56-70
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    • 2014
  • Background: Korea shows rapid population aging and increase in healthcare service use and expenditure. Also, this would be accelerated because of the baby boomers who will be 65 years old and more in 2020. Chronic disease is another reason that increases the use of healthcare service and expenditure of the middle- and old-aged households. Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is the index which can indicate the households' burden of health spending. Despite the importance, there are few studies on CHE of middle- and old-aged households and especially no panel study yet. This is the reason that this study is carried out. Methods: This study used 3-year data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study conducted from 2009 to 2011. We defined CHE if a household's health expenditure is equal or greater than the threshold value if income remaining after subsistence needs has been met. We used 4 different threshold values which are 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. In order to look at the households which experienced CHE, we conducted panel logit analysis after correspondence analysis and conditional transition probability analysis. Results: This study showed three notable results. First, there has been a difference among age groups, which implies that the older people are, the more easily they can experience CHE. Second, the households with no private insurance are shown to have a higher CHE occurrence rate. Lastly, there has been a significant difference among the kinds of chronic diseases. The households which have cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and heart disease have a higher CHE occurrence rate. However, the households with diabetes have no significant effects to CHE occurrence. Also, hypertension has a negative effect to the occurrence. Conclusion: With the results, it can be implied that elderly people with chronic disease are more needed in medical coverage and healthcare. Also, private insurance can play its role in protecting households from CHE. Therefore, it needs to conduct studies on CHE especially about different age groups, private insurance, and chronic disease.

The Write Characteristics of SONOS NOR-Type Flash Memory with Common Source Line (공통 소스라인을 갖는 SONOS NOR 플래시 메모리의 쓰기 특성)

  • An, Ho-Myoung;Han, Tae-Hyeon;Kim, Joo-Yeon;Kim, Byung-Cheul;Kim, Tae-Geun;Seo, Kwang-Yell
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2002.11a
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    • pp.35-38
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    • 2002
  • In this paper, the characteristics of channel hot electron (CHE) injection for the write operation in a NOR-type SONOS flash memory with common source line were investigated. The thicknesses of he tunnel oxide, the memory nitride, and the blocking oxide layers for the gate insulator of the fabricated SONOS devices were $34{\AA}$, $73{\AA}$, and $34{\AA}$, respectively. The SONOS devices compared to floating gate devices have many advantages, which are a simpler cell structure, compatibility with conventional logic CMOS process and a superior scalability. For these reasons, the introduction of SONOS device has stimulated. In the conventional SONOS devices, Modified Folwer-Nordheim (MFN) tunneling and CHE injection for writing require high voltages, which are typically in the range of 9 V to 15 V. However CHE injection in our devices was achieved with the single power supply of 5 V. To demonstrate CHE injection, substrate current (Isub) and one-shot programming curve were investigated. The memory window of about 3.2 V and the write speed of $100{\mu}s$ were obtained. Also, the disturbance and drain turn-on leakage during CHE injection were not affected in the SONOS array. These results show that CHE injection can be achieved with a low voltage and single power supply, and applied for the high speed program of the SONOS memory devices.

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L'identità e l'ibridità oltre il confine della Mitteleuropa danubiana in Danubio di Claudio Magris (클라우디오 마그리스의 『다뉴브강』에 나타난 다뉴브강 중부유럽의 탈경계적인 정체성과 혼종성)

  • Lee, Seung Su
    • Lettere Italiane
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    • no.36
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    • pp.73-97
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    • 2012
  • Danubio è un 'diario di viaggio' dalle sorgenti del fiume fino al Mare Nero, attraverso città importantissime o paesi, ampi paesaggi, popoli, costumi, letterature e lingue diverse. Un itinerario fra romanzo e saggio che racconta la cultura come esperienza esistenziale e ricostruisce a mosaico le civiltà di Mitteleuropa rintracciandone il profilo nei segni della grande storia e nelle effimere tracce della vita quotidiana. L'idea di Mitteleuropa nasce a meta dell'Ottocento per indicare un spazio politico e soprattutto economico egemonizzato dai tedeschi e dagli ungheresi, che piu tardi diventa il simbolo di programmi nazionalisti tedeschi e che poi diventa una dimensione sovranazionale, qualcoca di comune e sottostante a tutte le diverse nazionalità e culture di tante realtà diverse. La Mitteleuropa 'hinternazionale', oggi idealizzata quale armonia di popoli diversi, è stata una realtà dell'impero absburgico, nella sua ultima stagione, una tolleranzte convivenza comprensibiilmente rimpianta dopo la sua fine, anche per il confronto con la barbarie totalitaria che le è succeduta, fra le due guerre mondiali, nello spazio danubiano. L'arte absburgica di governo non vuole imporre una rigida unità ai vari popoli, bensi lasciarli sussistere e convivere nella loro eterogeneità. Secondo Claudio Magris, il Danubio è il simbolo della frontiera, perché il Danubio è un fiume che passa attraverso tante frontiere, è quindi simbolo della necessità e della difficoltà di attraversare frontiere, non soltanto nazionali, politiche, sociali, ma anche psicologiche, culturali, religiose. La nostra identità è sempre fragile e noi dobbiamo accettare questa fragilità, poiché mutiamo nel tempo. L'identità fatta di mescolanze, di sottrazioni e di elisioni non fosse soltanto il destino degli epigoni danubiani, bensì una condizione storica generale, l'esistenza di ogni individuo. Magris dice che siccome nessun popolo, nessuna cultra come nessun individuo sono privi di colpe storiche, rendersi impietosamente conto dei difetti e delle oscurità di tutti, e di se stessi, può essere una proficua premessa di convivenza civile e tollerante. Magris dice che la letteratura è di perse stessa una frontiera, una soglia, una zona sul limitare e insegna a varcare i limiti, ma consiste nel tracciare dei limiti, senza i quali non puo esistere e nemmeno la tensione a superarli per raggiungere qualcosa di piu alto e di piú umano.

A Case Report of a Patient with Active Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Do-Che Decoction-based Korean Medicine (도체탕(導滯湯) 위주의 한방치료로 호전된 활동성 궤양성 대장염 환자 치험 1례)

  • Yoon, Seong Woo
    • Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.17-22
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    • 2012
  • Background : Sulfasalazine for treating ulcerative colitis has a clinical limitation due to its adverse effects. This case is about a patient with ulcerative colitis who could not tolerate sulfasalazine and was improved by Do-che decoction-based Korean medicine. Method and Results : Purulent and bloody diarrhea more than 20 times a day, mild fever, chilling and tenesmus were main symptoms of this patient who was diagnosed as ulcerative colitis 10 years ago. Do-che decoction-based Korean medicine which was recommended for purulent and bloody diarrhea in Dong-Ui-Bo-Gam, the classic literature of Traditional Korean Medicine was given to the patient for more than 1 month. After treatment, the frequency of purulent and bloody diarrhea, tenesmus and fever was decreased remarkably, and C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and maximum temperature also dropped to the normal range. Conclusion : Do-che decoction-based Korean medicine has a potential effect and may be a alternative therapeutic option in patients with ulcerative colitis who cannot tolerate sulfasalazine due to its adverse effects.

Language and History (언어와 역사)

  • 도수희
    • Lingua Humanitatis
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.75-92
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    • 2002
  • The historical facts usually remain in the linguistic records. The name of a place has been considered most useful among the records. The name of a place contains lots of information which help us analyzing and explaining the historical problems. The main purpose of this thesis is to account for the relation between language and history based on the data of the name of a place with the property just mentioned above. Firstly I will estimate the territory of the former period of Paek-Che (18B.C.~475A.D.) on the basis of the distribution of the old name of a place and show that the presumed shape of the territory could prove the fact that the unification of Shilla is 'the unification of two nations' but not 'the unification of three nations' Secondly the distribution of the old name of a place can bring light on the interrelation between Paek-Che language and Kara language and help us understand the relation of neighboring countries between two nations. Thirdly we can discuss the relation between the language of the former period of Paek-Che and of the old period of Japan: that is, how the language of Paek-Che came in the Japanese language. Also, the history of cultural domination between Paek-Che and Japan could be clarified if we can prove the linguistic similarity of two nations either to be genealogical relation or to be borrowing one.

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A Path to Speaking Excellence: Exploring Causes and Effects among Speaking Barriers

  • Park, Chong-Won
    • English Language & Literature Teaching
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.87-110
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    • 2007
  • Past studies conducted on the students' verbal participation both in and out of class have explored and identified variables affecting the process of learning to speak English. However, little is known about the causes and effects of these variables. A survey form developed from a previous study was administered to 468 university students taking English conversation classes from native speakers of English. To better understand the causes and effects of speaking barriers, path analysis was administered as the main tool of investigation. The results of the study indicate that familiarities toward NS (Native Speaker) teachers, learner faithfulness, che-myon, NS teachers' classroom management skills, and NS teacher's trustworthiness account for 50.72% of speaking grades. These factors are causally related to learner attitudes. However, with regard to speaking grades, all of the above factors except che-myon are also causally related with each other. Therefore, it was concluded that learner attitudes can be improved by minimizing che-myon, however, che-myon itself cannot be a predictor of speaking grades. To validate the findings of the study, related research work is discussed and implications are provided.

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The Effect on Real Power System by the Inrush Current of a Transformer (변압기 돌입전류에 의한 실계통 영향 분석)

  • Shin, Jeong-Hoon;Jang, Gil-Soo;Yoon, Yong-Beum
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 1999.11b
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    • pp.318-321
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    • 1999
  • This paper describes the study of the effect on real power system due to the inclusion of the MTR at Buk Che-ju TP #2. The test system in which the transformers are represented in detail and rest Che-ju systems are represented as an equivalent system on the bus is simulated by the EMTDC. Simulation results include magnitude of inrush current and voltage drop on the bus at various CB closing time, and they show the effect on Che-ju system by the inrush current of the Buk Che-ju TP #2's MTR is not considerable.

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Inhibitory effect of Chelidonii Herba water extract on production of Nitric Oxide, Expression of iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide-activated Raw 264.7 cells (백굴채(白屈菜)의 물추출물이 lipopolysaccharide로 유도된 Nitric Oxide의 생성 및 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현에 미치는 영향)

  • Zhao Rong-Jie;Kim Young-Woo;Byun Sung-Hui;Kim Sang-Chan
    • Herbal Formula Science
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.163-173
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    • 2004
  • Chelidonii Herba (CHE, Baek-gul-chae in Korean), which has its original description in Gu-Hwang-Bon-Cho, a classic book of oriental Herbal book, is widely used in the treatment of stomach cancer, jaundice, gasrtic ulcer, edema and stomach pain, in Korea, Japan and China. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of CHE on the nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS and COX-2 expression in lipopolysaccharide - activated Raw 264.7 cells. After the treatment of CHE, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium, cell viability was measured by MIT assay. COX-2 and iNOS were determined by lmmunoblot analysis. The production of nitric oxide was significantly inhibited by pretreatment (1h) with CHE (0.1-0.3 mg/ml) on LPS-activated Raw264.7 cells. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein were up-regulated by LPS, but the increased levels of iNOS and COX-2 were inhibited by pretreatment of CHE (0.1-0.3 mg/ml), respectively. Thus, the present data suggest that CHE may play an important role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

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A Study on The Comparison of The Program Efficiency in The Conventional CHE Injection Method and a novel Hot Electron Injection Method Using A Substrate forward Bias (CHE 주입방법과 기판 순바이어스를 이용한 새로운 고온 전자 주입방법의 프로그램 효율성 비교에 관한 연구)

  • Zhang, Yong-Jie;An, Ho-Myoung;Kim, Hee-Dong;Kim, T.G.
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.1-5
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    • 2010
  • In this paper, we directly compare the program efficiency of conventional channel hot electron (CHE) injection methods and a novel hot electron injection methods using substrate forward biases in our silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) cell. Compared with conventional CHE injection methods, the proposed injection method showed improved program efficiency including faster program operation at lower bias voltages as well as localized trapping features for multi-bit operation with a threshold voltage difference of 1 V at between the forward and reverse read. This program method is expected to be useful and widely applied for future nano-scale multi-bit SONOS memories.

Case Study for the Relation between Clinical Bian Zheng and Gastroscopic Bian Zheng of Epigastric Pain (위완통(胃脘痛)의 임상변증(臨床辨證)과 위내시경(胃內視鏡) 미관변증(微觀辨證)의 관계(關係)에 대한 증례(證例) 연구(硏究))

  • Ko, Su-Mi;Mun, Seok-Jae;Moon, Goo
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.17 no.1 s.31
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    • pp.266-279
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    • 1996
  • To complement and develop the Orient Medical Bian Zheng treatmemt(韓方辨證施治), I have observed and analysed 68 persons who have recieved medical treatment because of the epigastric pain. Considering and analysed the Clinical Diagnosis(臨床診斷) and Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證), Clinical Diagnosis(臨床診斷) and Gastroscopic Bian Zheng(微觀辨證), Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證) and Gastroscopic Bian Zheng(微觀辨證), case history, age and sex, I have obtained the conclusion as follows. 1. The frequency of epigastric pain according to the classfication of Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證) most occured in Gi Che Zheng(氣滯證), then in Huh Han Zheng(虛寒證). and least in Wi Youl Zheng. 2. There is no clear connection between the Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證) and Clinical Diagnosis(臨床診斷). 3. The frequency of the epigastric pain according to Gastroscopic Bian Zheng(微觀辨證), mainly occurred in Wi youl Type(胃熱型), Wi Rac Jac Sang Type(胃絡灼傷滯型)and then occurred in Wi Han Type(胃寒型), and least occurred in Wi Rac A Che Type(胃絡瘀滯型) 4. Having observed the relation between the Gastroscopicin Bian Zheng(微觀辨證), and Clinical Diagnosis(臨床診斷) as pathological process, I have obtained the result that Wi Youl type(胃熱型) and Wi Rac Jac Sang Type(胃絡灼傷型) mainly occurred in Erosive Gastritis and Superficial Gastritis at the early stage, and Wi Rac A Che Type(胃絡瘀滯型) occurred in the whole stage among the Wuperficial Gastritis, Atro pic Gastritis, and Erosive Gastritis, Gastric Cancer, and the Wi Han Type(胃寒型) mainly occurred in Atropic Gastritis at the later stage. 5. The relation between Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證) and Gastroscopic Bian Zheng(微觀辨證) do not coincide. 6. Observing the relation between the Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證) and case history, Gi Che Zheng(氣滯證), Huh Han Zheng(虛寒證), Wi Youl Zheng(胃熱證) were commonly seen in the early stage of the case history, and Eum Huh Zheng(陰虛證) and Houl A Zheng(血瘀證) were seen in every stage. 7. Observing the relation between the Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證) and age, Gi Che Type(氣滯型) was mostly seen in the thirties and other Bian Zheng(辨證) was seen after the middle 8. Observing the relation between the Clinical Bian Zheng(臨床辨證) and sex, Gi Che Type(氣滯型) was seen at high ratio in both sexes. 9. Observing the relation between the Gastroscopic Bian Zheng(微觀辨證) and case history Wi Han Type(胃寒證), Wi Youl Type(胃熱型), Wi Rac Jac Sang Type(胃絡灼傷型) were seen in the early stage of the case history Wi Rac A Che Type(胃絡瘀滯型) was mostly seen in the later stage. 10. There was no clear connection between the Gastroscopic Bian Zheng(微觀辨證) and age, sex. Although the examples were not sufficient, recipe regarding the partial variation state of stomach mucos together with Orient Medical Bian Zheng(韓方辨證) treatment seems to be useful in the effective treatment of Bi wi(脾胃) disease besides the epigastric pain.

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