• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.227-252
• /
• 2007

Objectives : In order to investigate the effect of Bobitang on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods : The test sample were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at a dosage 1,000, 500 and $250mg/kg/10m{\ell}$ from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and the changes on body weight and gains, spleen weight and total blood leukocyte numbers, total lymphocyte numbers, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the blood and spleen were observed. Results : The changes on body weight gains, the spleen weight, the total blood leukocyte numbers, the total lymphocyte numbers in the blood and spleen, the ratio of T-cell in the blood and spleen, the ratio of CD3+CD4+ T-cell in the blood and spleen were increased significantly in BBT Extracts groups as compared with control group. The ratio of B-cell in the blood and spleen was not increased significantly in BBT Extracts groups as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD8+ T-cell in the blood and spleen was decreased significantly in BBT Extracts groups as compared with control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell in blood and spleen was increased significantly in BBT Extracts group as compared with control group. Conclusions : According to the above results, Bobi-Tang has an effect of increasing immune responses on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.2 s.70
• /
• pp.126-136
• /
• 2007

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of Kuwonsimsin-hwan (KSS) was tested in methotrexate (MTX)-induced immunosuppressed SD rats. Methods : Methotrexate was fed to white rats once a day for 4 days. After the immune responses of the rats deteriorated, dried extracts of Kuwonsimsin-hwan mixed in water was fed to the rats once a day for 14 days. We then measured the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and the percentage of B-cells, T-cells, CD3+CD4+T-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells and IL-2 productivity sampled from spleen and peripheral region. Results : (1) The number of lymphocytes and the percentage of T-cells and CD3+CD4+ T-cellsin peripheral blood increased significantly in the KSS group as compared with the control group. (2) The percentage of B-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells, and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood were not different statistically. (3) The percentage of T-cells in spleen and IL-2 productivity of spleen cells increased significantly in the KSS group as compared with the control group. (4) The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cells in spleen increased in KSS the group as compared with the control group but without statistical significance. (5) The percentage of B-cells, CD3+CD8+ T-cells, and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in spleen were not different statistically. Conclusion : It is concluded that Kuwonsimsin-hwan has immunostimulating effect on MTX-induced immunosuppressed SD rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2015

CD4+ T-cell count determines the effectiveness for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although ART slows the progression of HIV to AIDS, rapid counting of CD4+ T lymphocytes with a drop of patient's blood sample is urgently needed to ensure timely ART treatment in rural areas. Recently point-of-care CD4 testing devices have been developed by using non-flow based imaging cytometer incorporated with a sample cartridge where CD4+ T cells are reacted with fluorescently tagged specific antibodies. Here we conducted an experimental study using a conventional fluorescence microscope-based imaging system to quantitate the interaction of CD4 antibodies with CD4+ T cells at different reaction conditions. We demonstrated that a fast and affordable point-of-care CD4 test is feasible with a far less amount of antibodies and a shorter incubation time compared with a conventional sample preparation protocol for flow cytometry. We also proposed a general method to evaluate and compare the detection limit across different CD4 counting platforms by using fluorescently labelled microbeads for intensity calibration.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2003.03a
• /
• pp.82-82
• /
• 2003

p-CdI $n_2$T $e_4$ 단결정을 Bridgeman법으로 3단 수직 전기로에서 성장하였다. 성장된 결정의 결정성은 X선 회절과 광발광 측정으로 조사하였다 막 성장된(as-grown) 결정과 여러 열처리 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$ 결정들의 광발광 스펙트럼 측정으로부터 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$:Cd 광발광에서는 중성 주개 bound 엑시톤 ( $D^{\circ}$,X)가 우세함을 발견하였고 반면에 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$:Cd 광발광에서는 중성 받개 bound 엑시톤 ( $A^{\circ}$,X)가 완전히 사라졌다. 더우기, CdI $n_2$T $e_4$:Te의 광발광 스펙트럼에서 중성 받개 bound 엑시톤 ( $A^{\circ}$,X) 발광은 막 성장된 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$결정에서처럼 우세하였다. 이러한 결과들은 ( $D^{\circ}$,X)가 주개로써 작용하는 $V_{Te}$ ,와 관련이 있고, ( $A^{\circ}$,X)는 받개로 작용하는 $V_{cd}$와 관련이 있음을 가리킨다. p-CdI $n_2$T $e_4$ 결정은 Cd 증기 분위기에서 열처리한 후에는 n형으로 type conversion이 된다는 것을 알았다. 중성 주개-받개 bound 엑시톤 ( $D^{\circ}$, $A^{\circ}$)과 이들의 TO 포논 복제의 발광은 $V_{Te}$ 나 C $d_{int}$와 같은 주개들과 $V_{cd}$ 또는 T $e_{int}$와 같은 받개들 사이의 상호 작용과 관련이 있다. 또한, CdI $n_2$T $e_4$에서 In은 안정된 결합의 형태로 있기 때문에 자연 결함의 형성에는 관련이 없음을 알았다 알았다았다았다

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.140-144
• /
• 2023

While CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells have long been considered the primary effector in controlling tumors, the involvement of CD4⁺ "helper" T cells in anti-tumor immunity has been underappreciated. The investigations of intra-tumoral T cells, fueled by the recent advances in genomic technologies, have led to a rethinking of the indirect role of CD4⁺ T cells that have traditionally been described as a "helper". Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that CD4⁺ T cells can acquire intrinsic cytotoxic properties and directly kill various types of tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-dependent manner, as opposed to the indirect "helper" function, thus underscoring a potentially critical contribution of CD4⁺ cytotoxic T cells to immune responses against a wide range of tumor types. Here, we discuss the biological properties of anti-tumor CD4⁺ T cells with cytotoxic capability and highlight the emerging observations suggesting their more significant role in anti-tumor immunity than previously appreciated.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.1 no.4
• /
• pp.657-663
• /
• 1997

The CD4 and CDS coreceptors, in conjunction with the T cell receptor (TCR) , make important contributions to the differentiation of thymocytes. They have been shown to be involved in the clonal deletion and positive selection processes during T cell development in thymus. To further analyze the role of CD4 and CDS proteins during T cell differentiation, we have generated transgenic mice constitutively expressing high levels of a native CD4 and a CD4{CDSa hybrid protein. The hybrid protein is composed of CD4 extracellular domain linked to the CD8a transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail. The transgenes were driven by human beta-actin promoter, and therefore, they were expressed in all tissues examined including thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. The resulting CD4 and CD4{CD8${\alpha}$transgenic mice were found to express the CD4 and CD4{CD8${\alpha}$ respectively, in developing thymocytes and peripheral T cells. The expression levels of transgenic proteins were 5-10 times higher than that of endogenous CD4 in thymus. However, total surface CD4 expression (CD4 or CD4{CD8${\alpha}$ transgenic protein plus endogenous CD4) of the transgenic mice were main. tained at similar levels compared to control littermates. Surface CD4 expression on CDS T cells, however, was significantly lower than that on cells expressing endogenous CD4. These results suggest that a total avidity between developing thymocytes and thymic stromal cells is impor. tant for differentiation of thymocytes.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.329-333
• /
• 2021

We previously identified that tumor cells genetically modified with a 4-1BBL co-stimulatory molecule had anticancer effects in a CT26 mouse colorectal tumor model. To identify the distinction between immune cells in a mouse tumor model treated with tumor cells genetically modified with 4-1BBL or β-gal, we examined the immune cells in CT26-WT, CT26-βgal, and CT26-4-1BBL tumor bearing mice 21 days after tumor cell administration. The CD8+ T cells population in mice treated with tumor cells genetically modified with 4-1BBL was significantly increased on day 21 compared to that of tumor cells genetically modified with β-gal in the spleen and tumor tissue. The CD4+ T cell population was not different between the two mice groups. The Foxp3+CD25^high CD4 T cell population decreased on day 21 in tumor tissues, but the decrease was not significant. We also found that CD8 T cells had pivotal roles in inhibiting tumor growth by treating mice with ant-CD4 and CD8 antibodies. These results suggest that tumor cells genetically modified with 4-1BBL could inhibit tumor growth by affecting on CD8 T lymphocytes.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.123-147
• /
• 2008

Objectives This study is to investigate how dose Ikhwang-San can be effective on SD rats which deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods The test sample were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at the beginning of dosage 1000, 500 and 250㎎/㎏/10㎖ from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and the changes of the body and spleen weight, total number of blood leukocytes, total number of lymphocytes, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the blood and spleen were observed. Results The changes of the body and spleen weight, the total number of blood leukocytes, the total number of lymphocyte in the blood and spleen were significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. The percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell in the blood and spleen were significantly increase in IHS groups and comparing with the control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell in blood and spleen was significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. Conclusions According to those results, Ikhwang-San has good immunostimulating effect on SD rats which had deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
• /
• 1991.06a
• /
• pp.20-20
• /
• 1991

악성종양의 발생과 진행에 면역 방어기능이 중요한 역할을 하리라는 가설은 모두가 공감하는 사실이다. 이중 T-lymphocyte와 Natural killer cell (이하 NK cell이라함)은 종양 면역학에 특히 중요한 임파구로 이런 임파구의 혈액분포양상은 면역방어기능을 짐작할 수 있는 간접적인 자료가 될 수 있다. 저자들은 치료전 두경부 악성종양환자에서 혈액을 채취하여 T-lymphocyte와NK cell의 분포양상을 검사하고, 방사선치료 환자에서는 NK cell activity를 측정하였기에 다음과 같은 결과를 보고하는 바이다. 1) 두경부 악성 종양 환자군에서 CD3+ cell은 감소하고 NK cell은 증가하며 CD4/CD8 비율은 변화가 없었다. 2) 병변이 진행되면서 CD3+ cell과 CD4+ cell은 감소하고 NK cell은 증가하였으며 CD4/CD8 비율의 변화는 없었다. 3) 방사선치료에 의해 CD3+ cell과 CD4+ cell, CD4/CD8 비율은 감소하였고, NK cell과CD8+cell은 증가하였다. 4) 방사선치료에 의한 CD4/CD8 비율의 감소와, CD8+ cell의 증가는 NK cell의 증가에 의한 것이라 추정되고, NK cell을 제외하면 CB4/CD8 비율의 변화는 없었다. 5) 방사선치료 환자에서 NK cell activity는 증가하였고, 이런 증가가 T-lymphocyte기능의 감소를 보상해 주고 있었다.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
• /
• v.25 no.10
• /
• pp.595-606
• /
• 1989

항원제시세포(APC)와 보조T세포 간의 협력작용에 의하여 활성화된 작동세포(NK세포, CTL, K세포, 대식세포, 과립구 등)의 종양세포, 이식장기 및 세포내기생세균에 감염된 각종 세포에 대한 세포독성작용은 생체방어를 위한 중요한 세포성면역기전이다. 지난 몇 년간 세포성면역기전에 관한 많은 연구에도 불구하고 T림파구매개성 세포독성작용의 면역생물학적기전은 확실히 밝혀있지 않다. 지금까지 알려진 중요한 연구내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 세포독성작용을 나타내는 작동세포로는 NK세포, CTL, K세포, 대식세포/단핵구 및 과립구가 있다. 2. T세포의 세포표면항원분자군(CD)으로는 $CD_{2},\;CD_{3},\;CD_{4}[Ly_{3}T_{4}],\;CD_{5}[=Ly_{1}],\;CD_{7},\;CD_{8}[Ly_{2,3}]$가 있으며 $CD_{4}$는 보조Ttpvhdml 특이마커이고 $CD_{8}$는 세포독성 T세포 및 억압T세포의 특이마커이다. 주요 T세포수용체(TCR)는 $CD_{4}$ 또는 $CD_{8}$ 분자와 가까이 연합된 이향체($TCR-{\alpha}{\beta}/TCR-{\gamma}{\delta}$이며 보조 T세포 $CD_{4}$(마우스 $L_{3}T_{4}$)는 수용체와 연합되어 있는반면 억압 T세포 $CD_{8}(Ly+_{2,3})$는 항원수용체와 연합되어 있다. 3. T세포는 Ti-$CD_{3}$(항원/MHC) 복합체를 통한 '항원가교'에 의한 자극(항원인식)과 $CD_{2}$를 통한 비특이경로에 의하여 활성화(분화증식)된다. 비특이경로를 통한 활성경로에서 T세포($CD_{4}$ 및 $CD_{8}$)가 활성화되기 위하여는 보조T세포가 생산하는 IL-2을 요구하며 IL-2의 자극으로 분화증식된 $CD_{8}$는 세포독성능을 나타내지만 $CD_{4}^{+}$는 여전히 세포독성능을 나타내지 못한다. 4. 보조T세포는 class II MHC분자와 연합된 항원을 식별하는 반면 세포독성T세포는 class I MHC 분자와 연합된 항원을 식별한다. 5. 림파구 매개성 세포독성은 접촉(conjugati-on), 탈분극(depolarization), 용해계획(progra-mming), 용해(lysis) 및 재순환(recycling)의 단계를 거쳐 진행된다. 6. 표적세포살해매체로는 perforin / PFP / cy-tolysin, lymphopores, lymphotoxins, protone, cytolytic enzymes가 알려졌으며 세포독성작용은 이들 이외에도 여러 가지 매체를 통한 복합작용으로 추정된다. 7. CTL 매개성 표적세포의 주요 대사변화는 actomyocin ATPase의 증가, phosphocreatine과 ATPase의 소모, ATP 의존성 $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ 펌프작용의 중지, ATP 의존성 $Ca^{2+}$ 유출감소 및 세포내 축적이 관찰된다. 8. $Ca^{2+}$의 축적으로 세포막 교질 침투손상을 주어 수분의 유입을 증가시킴으로써 수포형성, 핵붕괴, 사립체팽화 및 정상세포 구조상실(Zeiosis)이 있다. 결론적으로 CTL 매개성 세포독성작용은 PFP, LT, TNF, 유사 TNF / LT 및 기타 매체를 통한 복합작용이며 세포살해기전은 지속적 대사소모와 정형적 세포구조(핵 및 세포질)의 파괴에 의한 것이다.