• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The object of this study was to verify the inhibitory effect of a decoction of Eucommiae ulmides OLIVER (EU) and Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T.M.Ai (DA) on Collagen II-induced Arthritis Mice (CIA mice). Methods : DBA/1OlaHsd mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen. Boostnig same collagen 21 days later, arthritis was induced and then administrated orally the extract of EU+DA (200 or 50 mg/kg) once a day for 4 weeks and compared with that of methotrexate (MTX, 0.3 mg/kg) as a positive control. Results : Administration of EU+DA suppressed the inflammatory progression of CIA mice and the results were 1. Arthritis index of CIA mice was decreased. 2. EU+DA decreased the production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$ in the serum of CIA mice. 3. EU+DA decreased the level of IgM. 4. EU+DAincreasaed $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD4^+$/CD25 but decreased $CD19^+$, $CD3^+/CD49b^+$(NKT), $CD3^-/CD49b^+$(NK), $B220^+/CD23^+$ in PBMC of CIA mice. 5. EU+DA decreased $CD3^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$ of paw joint in CIA mice. 6. EU+DA decreased subsynovial inflammation. Conclusions : This results demonstrated that extract of EU+DA suppressed the inflammatory progression of CIA mice and supported further studies are required to clarify a mechanism of therapeutic role.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.377-382
• /
• 2012

CdS thin films have been widely used as a buffer layer of CIGS semiconductor solar cells to reduce the lattice mismatch between transparent electrode and absorber layer. In order to prepare the CdS films with high transparency and low resistivity, they were deposited by varying Cd concentration with the constant S concentration in the solution using chemical bath deposition method. They were analyzed in terms of structural, optical and electrical properties of CdS films according to the $[S^{2-}]/[Cd^{2+}]$ ratio. In the case of Cd concentration higher than S concectration, CdS thin films were formed mainly by cluster- by-cluster formation due to the homogeneous reaction between Cd and S in the solution. Therefore the grain size increased and the transmittance decreased. On the other hand, in the case of Cd concentration lower than S concentration, CdS films were formed by heterogeneous reaction on the substrate rather than in the solution. The CdS films have the grains with the uniform circular shape of a few hundreds ${\AA}$. As the Cd concentration increased in the solution, the $[S^{2-}]/[Cd^{2+}]$ ratio decreased and the resistivity decreased by the increase in the carrier concentration due to the formation S vacancy by the excess Cd.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.281-299
• /
• 2017

Single (0.005 M DTPA), sequential (six-step) and kinetic (0.05 M EDTA) extractions were performed to assess Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn mobilization and their potential ecological risks in Abuja (Nigeria) water (WTS) and wastewater (WWTS) treatment sludges. Total metal levels (mg/kg) in WTS and WWTS, respectively were: Cd(3.67 and 5.03), Cr(5.70 and 9.03), Cu(183.59 and 231.53), Ni(1.33 and 3.23), Pb(13.43 and 17.87), Zn(243.45 and 421.29). DTPA furnished metal extraction yields (%) in WTS and WWTS, respectively as: Cd(11 and 6), Cr (15 and 7), Cu(17 and 13), Ni(23 and 3), Pb(11 and 12), and Zn(37 and 33). The metals were associated with the soluble/exchangeable, carbonate, Mn/Fe-oxide, organic matter and residual forms to varying degrees. Kinetic extractions cumulatively leached metal concentrations akin to the mobilizable fractions extracted sequentially and the leaching data fitted well into the Elovich model. Metal mobilities were concordant for the three leaching procedures and varied in the order:WTS>WWTS. Calculated ecological risk indices suggested moderate and considerable metal toxicity in WTS and WWTS, respectively with Cd as the worst culprit. The findings may be useful in predicting heavy metals bioavailability and risks in the sludges to guide their disposal and use in land applications.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.1021-1027
• /
• 2014

This study was designed in order to determine the influences of haw (Crataegus pinnatifida $B_{UNGE}$) on the lipid metabolism syndrome. Sprague Dawley rats, 7 weeks old, were given four different types of diets for 5 weeks: ND group (noncholesterolemic diet), HE group (non cholesterolemic diet+haw extract), CD group (cholesterolemic diet), CH group (cholesterolemic diet+haw extract). Concentrations of LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, blood glucose were remarkably higher in the CD group than the other groups. But by treatment of haw extract group with cholesterolemic diet (CH group) were significantly decreased compared with CD group. Cholesteryl ester ratio was no difference between CD group and CH group. These results indicate that Crataegus pinnatifida $B_{UNGE}$ would be effective in lipid metabolism syndrome.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2010.08a
• /
• pp.23-23
• /
• 2010

CIGS 박막태양전지는 박막태양전지 기술 중 가장 주목을 받고 있는 기술에 해당한다. 그 이유는 박막태양전지 기술 중 즉, CdTe, a-Si, CIGS 중 가장 셀 효율이 높게 구현되고 있으며, 특히 다양한 제조공정이 가능하기 때문이다. 현재 CIGS 박막태양전지 양산에 적용되고 있는 제조기술은 동시증발법과 스퍼터/셀렌화 공정이다. 동시증발법의 경우, CIGS 태양전지의 세계최고효율을 구현한 기술로서 다른 모든 제조기술의 기준이 되는 공정이나, 실제로는 스퍼터/셀렌화 공정을 이용한 양산 규모가 훨씬 크게 전개되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 동시증발법이 최고효율을 구사한 물질 및 공정 스펙에 대해 살펴보고, 스퍼터/셀렌화 공정에서 동시증발법에 의해 제조된 소자 스펙을 구현하기 위해 어떠한 노력을 기울여야 하는 지에 대해 기술하고자 한다. 먼저, 동시증발법이 적용된 양산기술 현황에 대해 살펴보고, 여러가지 스펙 중에서 Na 제어기술, 버퍼층 기술, 투명전극 측면에서 소자성능의 최적화를 논하고자 한다. Na의 경우, 널리 알려진 바와 같이 CIGS 내 0.1at% 정도의 함유량이 필요하다. 동시증발법과는 다른 공정온도와 이력이 사용되는 스퍼터/셀렌화의 경우, Na 함량의 제어를 위해 어떠한 노력이 필요한지 Na의 역할 측면에서 논하고자 한다. CBD 공정으로 제조되고 있는 CdS는 얇은 두께와 단순한 공정으로 인해 다소 소홀하기 쉬우나, CdS/CIGS 접합이 소자의 성능에 미치는 영향이 매우 크기 때문에 CIGS 표면 물성 제어 측면에서 CdS 제조공정을 살펴보고자 한다. 마지막으로 투명전극은 CIGS 제조공정과는 무관하게 공통으로 검토가 필요한 분야이나, 동시 증발법에 의한 CIGS 표면형상이 스퍼터/셀렌화에 의한 CIGS와는 크게 다르므로 후속 투명전극공정 또한 세부적인 검토가 필요하다고 판단되는 바, 투명전극이 갖춰야하는 물성을 중심으로 소자최적화를 논하고자 한다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.32.1-32.15
• /
• 2023

Most influenza vaccines currently in use target the highly variable hemagglutinin protein to induce neutralizing antibodies and therefore require yearly reformulation. T cell-based universal influenza vaccines focus on eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses, especially the tissue-resident memory T cell (T_RM) population in the respiratory tract, providing superior protection to circulating memory T cells. This study demonstrated that intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the adenovirus-based vaccine expressing influenza virus nucleoprotein (rAd/NP) elicited weak CD8 T_RM responses in the lungs and airways, and yielded poor protection against lethal influenza virus challenge. However, a novel "prime-and-deploy" strategy that combines i.m. vaccination of rAd/NP with subsequent intranasal administration of an empty adenovector induced strong NP-specific CD8⁺ T_RM cells and provided complete protection against influenza virus challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that this "prime-and-deploy" vaccination strategy is potentially applicable to the development of universal influenza vaccines.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.12.1-12.17
• /
• 2023

Ssu72, a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, not only participates in transcription biogenesis, but also affects pathophysiological functions in a tissue-specific manner. Recently, it has been shown that Ssu72 is required for T cell differentiation and function by controlling multiple immune receptor-mediated signals, including TCR and several cytokine receptor signaling pathways. Ssu72 deficiency in T cells is associated with impaired fine-tuning of receptor-mediated signaling and a defect in CD4⁺ T cell homeostasis, resulting in immune-mediated diseases. However, the mechanism by which Ssu72 in T cells integrates the pathophysiology of multiple immune-mediated diseases is still poorly elucidated. In this review, we will focus on the immunoregulatory mechanism of Ssu72 phosphatase in CD4⁺ T cell differentiation, activation, and phenotypic function. We will also discuss the current understanding of the correlation between Ssu72 in T cells and pathological functions which suggests that Ssu72 might be a therapeutic target in autoimmune disorders and other diseases.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.105-108
• /
• 1997

For the removal of heavy metals, Cd, Cu and Cr were used. The initial concentration of Cd and Cu were 1-10 ppm, the removal efficiency of Cd and Cu was 76.2-89.0% and 69.0-79.0%, respectively. The initial concentration of Cr were 1~5 ppm, and the-removal efficiency was low especially at high concentration. In general, the initial concentrations of heavy metals had no relation to the removal efficiency. At the beginning, the removal efficiency was very high, but it was maintained at constant concentration. The trends of accumulations of heavy metals in the stem increased in proportion to the initial concentration. The removal efficiency of heavy metals increased a little bit when nutrients existed in the solution. So that, the initial concentration of Cd and Cu were 1-10 ppm, the removal efficiency of Cd and Cu was 84.8-91.0% and 75.9-82.0%. The initial concentration of Cr were 1-5 ppm, the removal efficiency was 25.0-67.0%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.8
• /
• pp.3967-3971
• /
• 2012

Aims: To explore the relationship between various molecular makers and liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Method: Using immunohistochemistry, protein expression of CEA, nm23, c-met, MMP2, COX-2, VEGF, EGFR, and CD44 was assessed in 80 CRC cases. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were performed to analyze the relationship between these indicators and CRC liver metastasis. Results: There were significant differences in expression of CEA, MMP2, CD44, VEGF and EGFR between the liver metastasis and non metastasis groups (P < 0.05); no significant differences were noted for nm23, c-met, and COX-2 expression. Logistic regression analysis showed that only CEA, VEGF, and EGFR entered into the regression equation, and had significant correlations with CRC liver metastasis (${\alpha}$ inclusion= 0.10, ${\alpha}$ elimination = 0.15, R2 = 0.718). Conclusions: Combination detection of CEA, VEGF, and EGFR may be an effective means to predict CRC liver metastasis. Nm23, c-met, MMP2, COX-2, and CD44, in contrast, are not suitable as prognostic markers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.471-479
• /
• 2023

Disulfiram (DSF), a medication for alcoholism, has recently been used as a repurposing drug owing to its anticancer effects. Despite the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in immune homeostasis and cancer therapy, the effects of DSF on the survival and function of DCs have not yet been studied. Therefore, we treated bone marrow-derived DCs with DSF and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and performed various analyses. DCs are resistant to DSF and less cytotoxic than bone marrow cells and spleen cells. The viability and metabolic activity of DCs hardly decreased after treatment with DSF in the absence or presence of LPS. DSF did not alter the expression of surface markers (MHC II, CD86, CD40, and CD54), antigen uptake capability, or the antigen-presenting ability of LPS-treated DCs. DSF decreased the production of interleukin (IL)-12/23 (p40), but not IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor-α, in LPS-treated DCs. We considered the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a factor to make DCs resistant to DSF-induced cytotoxicity. The resistance of DCs to DSF decreased when GM-CSF was not given or its signaling was inhibited. Also, GM-CSF upregulated the expression of a transcription factor XBP-1 which is essential for DCs' survival. This study demonstrated for the first time that DSF did not alter the function of DCs, had low cytotoxicity, and induced differential cytokine production.