• Applied Microscopy
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.59-73
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• 1989

To investigate the effect of cadmium and cadmium binding protein on the electron transport system and conformational changes of rat kidney mitochondria, various cadmium concentration were treated in vitro and respiration rate, NADH-CoQ reductase activity were measured. Ultrastructural changes at state IV respiration were also observed. CdBP was isolated from the rat liver by Sephadex G-75 column fractionation and treated in vitro with cadmium. Also mitochondrial state IV respiration rate was measured. When cadmium was treated in vitro, state IV respiration and enzyme activity were decreased and ultrastructural transformation of mitochondria from a condensed to an orthodox conformation was inhibited under state IV respiration. In case cadmium and CdBP were treated together, oxygen consumption was more increased than cadmium only. Conformational changes of mitochondria from a condensed to orthodox conformation were also observed. This indicates that CdBP have a protective effect against cadmium toxicity.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.70-75
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• 1997

The expansive properties of leaf tobacco by nitrogen gas was investigated with cut tobacco AB3O-1, CD3L-1(NC82). Major factors for the best expansion of the tobacco by the gas were an impregnated pressure and expansion temperature. The expansion rate for AB3O-1 and CD3L-1 at 250℃, 750kg/cm2 was 96.6%, 99.4% respectively. The shred size and fineness index at 96.6% of expansion rate for AB3O-1 was almost the same as at 58.3% for CD3L-1. The time reaching at equilibrium moisture under of RH 57% was 36hr in non-treated leaf tobacco, but it was 20hr in expanded tobacco. We confirmed that total sugar contents of leaf tobacco by the expansion was decreased with 9.3∼10.9%. Total alkaloid was decreased with 17.5∼21.1% and ether extracts was declined with 4.9∼9.3%. These results suggest that the expansion method of leaf tobacco by nitrogen gas is a useful method without any serious environmental troubles. Key words : expansion, nitrogen gas, heat treatment, tobacco.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2003

연구배경 : 천식과 호산구성 기관지염은 기도의 호산구성 염증 질환이다. 그러나, 호산구성 기관지염은 천식과 달리 기도의 가역적인 폐쇄와 기도 과민반응이 관찰되지 않는다. 천식은 호산구와 CD4 립프구의 침윤이 특징인데, 최근 천식과 호산구성 기관지염에서 호산구와 림프구 침윤의 정도는 차이가 없는 것으로 보고되었다. 본 연구는 천식과 호산구성 기관지염에서 CD4, CD8 림프구 침윤의 정도를 비교하여 두 질환의 명인기전의 차이점을 밝히고자 한다. 방 법 : 천식환자 17명과 호산구성 기관지염 환자 24명을 대상으로 기관지 내시경하 점막 조직 생검을 시행하고, 기관지 조직에서 CD4, CD8 림프구에 대한 면역 조직화학 염색을 시행하여, 통계적으로 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : CD4 림프구의 중위값($cells/mm^2$)은 호산구성 기관지염군에서는 58.6(34.6~92.5), 천식군에서는 50.0(19.9~87.3)이었다. 두 군에서 CD4림프구의 수는 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.341). CD8 림프구의 중위값($cells/mm^2$)은 호산구성 기관지염군에서는 46.7(30.0~98.9), 천식군에서는 11.8(5.1~38.5)이었다. CD8 림프구의 수는 두군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다(P=0.003). 결 론 : 호산구성 기관지염에서 CD8 림프구의 침윤이 현저하며, CD8 림프구가 호산구성 기관지염의 병인기전과 천식과 다른 임상적 특징을 나타내는데 관여 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2010

본 연구는 석탄회의 카드뮴에 대한 흡착특성을 조사하기 위하여 회분식 실험과 반응표면분석을 실시하였다. Langmuir model과 Chapman-Richards model로 산정된 석탄회의 카드뮴의 최대 제거량은 12.95mg/g와 12.99mg/g로 조사되었다. 또한 초기 pH 4에서 9까지의 카드뮴의 제거특성은 초기 pH에 따라 서로 다른 양상을 나타내었으며, pH가 증가 할수록 카드뮴의 제거량은 흡착과 침전에 의한 영향으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, pH에서 카드뮴의 제거량의 감소에 대한 결과는 $H^+$이온의 증가에 따른 카드뮴이온과의 경쟁적 반응에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 반응표면분석법 중 Box-Behnken법을 이용하여 초기 카드뮴 농도($X_1$), 초기 pH($X_2$), 그리고 초기 석탄회의 주입량($X_3$)을 독립변수로 선정하였으며, 종속변수인 석탄회의 카드뮴의 흡착특성을 수학적 모델로 도출하였다. 경험적 모델인 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 실험적 요인과 반응변수에 대한 관계를 도출하도록 반응모델식을 개발하였다. 통계학적 분석결과, 1차 선형효과(주효과)에서 초기 카드뮴 농도, 초기 pH, 초기 석탄회의 주입량과, 2차 비선형 효과(교호작용, 상호효과)에 대하여 유의한 것으로 조사되었다. 도출된 반응모델은 수정 결정계수가 0.928으로 1에 근사한 값을 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 도출된 반응모델은 카드뮴 제거율에 매우 근접하게 결과를 도출할 수 있었다. 또한, 통계학적 분석결과 카드뮴 제거에 미치는 영향은 초기 pH > 초기 카드뮴 농도 > 초기 석탄회의 주입량 순으로 나타났다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1995

소는 인간에게 고기와 우유를 제공하는 영양자원으로서 뿐만 아니라 노동력을 제공하는 중요한 가축 동물 중의 하나이다. 또한 사람의 질병을 규명하고 예방 및 치료의 실험적 도구로서도 많이 이용되고 있으나, 대동물이라는 점과 경제적인 이유로서 일반적인 응용과 실험적 적용에 어려움이 되어왔다. 저자들은 이와 같은 사정을 감안하여 실험적 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여, 한우를 대상으로 말초혈액상과 특히 림프아군의 특성을 알아본 결과 다음과 같이 일부 결과를 얻었다. 즉, 한우 22마리(암컷 12마리, 숫컷 10마리)의 말초혈액을 채혈하여 림프구 표면항원의 특성을 단클론항체와 반응시키고 flow cytometry로 측정한 결과 CD2는 숫컷에서 53%, 암컷에서 54%의 반응을 보였고, CD4는 숫컷에서 30% 암컷에서 32%의 반응을 보였으며, CD8에서는 숫컷에서 13%, 암컷에서 13%의 반응을 보였다. 그리고 말초혈액상은 RBC가 숫컷 7.20$\times10^6{mm}^3$, 암컷 6.35$\times10^6{mm}^3$이었고 WBC는 숫컷 8.09$\times10^3{mm}^3$, 암컷 7.09$\times10^3{mm}^3$었으며 leukocyte differential counts 에서는 lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils의 순으로 높은 성적을 보였다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.100-107
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) isolation by the magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) method in tendon tissue-derived cells compared to the colony picking method for isolation of MSCs by picking colony-forming cells. Materials and Methods: Human tendon-derived cells were isolated by enzyme digestion using normal tendon tissues from three donors. We used the magnetic kit and well-known MSC markers (CD90 or CD105) to isolate MSCs in tendon-derived cells using MACS. Cloning cylinders were used to isolate colony-forming cells having MSC characteristics in tendon-derived cells. Colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay was used to evaluate the self-renewal capacity of cells isolated using the colony picking method or MACS. For comparison of differentiation potentials into osteogenic or adipogenic lineage between two groups, alizarin red S and oil red O staining were performed at 14 days after induction of differentiation in vitro. Results: Flow cytometry results showed that early passage tendon-derived cells expressed CD44 in 99.13%, CD90 in 56.51%, and CD105 in 86.19%. In the CFU-F assay, CD90+ or CD105+ cells isolated with MACS showed larger colony formation in size than cells isolated using the colony picking method. We also observed that CD90+ or CD105+ cells were constantly differentiated into both osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in cells from all donors, whereas cells isolated using the colony picking method were heterogeneous in differentiation potentials to the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Conclusion: CD90+ or CD105+ cells isolated using MACS showed superior MSC characteristics in the self-renewal and multi-differentiation capacities compared with cells isolated using the colony picking method.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.434-439
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the contents of heavy metal in commercial herbal medicines. The monitoring of lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury was carried out on 100 samples with 10 kinds of herbal medicines. The contents of heavy metal were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and mercury analyzer. The mean values of heavy metal contents for herbal medicines were Pb 1.87 mg/kg, As 0.39 mg/kg, Cd 0.26 mg/kg and Hg 0.021 mg/kg. Of the total samples, 19 samples (19%, 4 types) were violated the KFDA regulatory guidance of heavy metal in herbal medicines (9 samples on Pb, 10 samples on Cd). Among these 19 unsuitable samples, 16 samples were domestic and 3 samples were imported. Therefore, we need continuously monitoring to ensure confidence and safety for these herbal medicines.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2022

After more than two years of efforts to end the corona pandemic, a gradual recovery is starting in countries with high vaccination rates. Easing public health policies for a full-fledged post-corona era, such as lifting the mandatory use of outdoor mask and quarantine measures in entry have been considered in Korea. However, the continuous emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 and limitations in vaccine efficacy still remain challenging. Fortunately, T cells and memory T cells, which are key components of adaptive immunity appear to contribute substantially in COVID-19 control. SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells are induced by natural infection or vaccination, and rapid induction and activation of T cells is mainly associated with viral clearance and attenuated clinical severity. In addition, T cell responses induced by recognition of a wide range of epitopes were minimally affected and conserved against the highly infectious subsets of omicron variants. Polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell memory including stem cell-like memory T cells were also developed in COVID-19 convalescent patients, suggesting long lasting protective T cell immunity. Thus, a robust T-cell immune response appears to serve as a reliable and long-term component of host protection in the context of reduced efficacy of humoral immunity and persistent mutations and/or immune escape.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.261-264
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• 2005

In the current study, we examined the quality of surface water in ponds at two golf courses, located in southern (Country Club P) and eastern (Country Club B) areas of Korea respectively. Seasonal measurements were made of following physical parameters;pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, alkalinity, hardness, and nitrogen compounds [$NH_3$-N, $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N] and the concentrations of four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) throughout the courses. The pH values were within the alkaline range (7.3 to 9.0), and the biological oxygen demand was generally between 0.5 and 3.1 mg/L. The alkalinity and hardness ranged from 19.1 to 68.5mg/L and 16.1 to 63.6 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogen as ammonium $(NH_3-N)$ was detected in all samples, and the samples had low concentrations of $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$. Cd concentrations were relatively high (to 22.44 mg/L); the highest Cd concentration was observed in the pond in Country Club P. Other metal concentrations were low compared to the Quebec guidelines.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.493-509
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• 2015

Antibody-drug conjugates utilize the antibody as a delivery vehicle for highly potent cytotoxic molecules with specificity for tumor-associated antigens for cancer therapy. Critical parameters that govern successful antibody-drug conjugate development for clinical use include the selection of the tumor target antigen, the antibody against the target, the cytotoxic molecule, the linker bridging the cytotoxic molecule and the antibody, and the conjugation chemistry used for the attachment of the cytotoxic molecule to the antibody. Advancements in these core antibody-drug conjugate technology are reflected by recent approval of Adectris$^{(R)}$(anti-CD30-drug conjugate) and Kadcyla$^{(R)}$(anti-HER2 drug conjugate). The potential approval of an anti-CD22 conjugate and promising new clinical data for anti-CD19 and anti-CD33 conjugates are additional advancements. Enrichment of antibody-drug conjugates with newly developed potent cytotoxic molecules and linkers are also in the pipeline for various tumor targets. However, the complexity of antibody-drug conjugate components, conjugation methods, and off-target toxicities still pose challenges for the strategic design of antibody-drug conjugates to achieve their fullest therapeutic potential. This review will discuss the emergence of clinical antibody-drug conjugates, current trends in optimization strategies, and recent study results for antibody-drug conjugates that have incorporated the latest optimization strategies. Future challenges and perspectives toward making antibody-drug conjugates more amendable for broader disease indications are also discussed.