• 한국광학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 CdS, CdSe, ZnS, ZnSe 반도체를 첨가한 SK-16 유리와 ZK-1 유리를 직접 제작하고 열처리하여 유리속에 반도체의 미세결정을 생성시켜 착색유리를 만들고 sharp-cut용 광학 filter로써의 특성을 조사하였다. CdS, CdSe, ZnS 및 ZnSe 반도체를 첨가한 SK-16유리는 열처리돈도를 달리하였을 경우 광흡수단을 변화시킬 수 있는 범위가 30nm정도로 아주 좁았다. 그러나 $CdS_{1-x}Se_x$를 첨가한 SK-16 유리는 x값을 변화시키면서 열처리 함으로써 광흡수단을 ~130nm범위에서 변화시킬 수 있었고 광흡수계수도 높아 sharp-cut용 광학 filter용으로 좋은 특성을 나타내었다. CdSe와 $CdS_{0.5}Se_{0.5}$ 반도체를 첨가한 ZK-1 유리는 열처리온도를 달리 함으로서 흡수단을 변화시킬 수 있는 범위가 ~100nm나 되고 광흡수게수도 아주 높아 sharp-cut용 광학 fiter로 아주 우수한 특성을 나타내었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2008

목 적: 말초혈액 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포 (natural killer cell)이 증가되어 있는 반복유산 환자들의 탈락막 $CD56^+/CD16^+$ 자연살해세포의 분포를 확인하고 말초혈액자연살해세포의 발현양상과 상관관계가 있는지 확인해 보고자 한다. 연구방법: 반복유산 환자 중 계류유산이 되어 자궁경부확장배출술과 배아 염색체검사를 시행하였던 환자 가운데 배아 염색체검사가 정상이고 말초혈액에서 자연살해세포 중 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포가 증가된 환자들 29명을 대상으로 연구하였으며, 대조군으로는 배아 염색체검사가 비정상인 32명을 선택하였다. 이 환자들의 검체에서 착상부위를 포함한 자궁 탈락막세포를 확인하여 면역조직화학염색을 통해 $CD56^+$와 $CD16^+$ 자연살해세포의 분포를 확인하였다. 면역조직화학염색은 score와 백분율을 구하여 평가하였다. 결 과: 연구군과 대조군의 탈락막조직 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포 score ($43.6{\pm}24.5$ vs. $23.9{\pm}16.3$ P =0.001)와 $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage ($42.1{\pm}11.7$ vs. $33.9{\pm}15.8$ P =0.027)는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그러나 탈락막조직 $CD16^+$ NK cell score ($18.7{\pm}9.5$ vs. $13.2{\pm}39.4$ P =0.108)와 $CD16^+$ 자연살해세포 percentage ($24.7{\pm}5.9$ vs. $23.4{\pm}11.7$ P =0.599)는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 말초혈액자연살해세포가 증가되어 있는 환자군에서 탈락막자연살해세포의 score와 말초혈액자연살해 세포의 백분율간에 직접적인 상관관계는 없었다 (peripheral $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD56^+$ NK cell score, r=-0.016, P =0.932, peripheral $CD16^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD16^+$ NK cell score, r=0.008, P =0.968). 결 론: 본 연구에서는 말초혈액 CD56^+ 자연살해세포가 증가되어 있는 반복유산 환자의 계류유산된 조직에서 탈락막 $CD56^+$ 자연살해세포가 증가되어 있다는 것을 보여 주었다. 또한 탈락막자연살해세포와 말초혈액자연살해세포의 증가 양상에서는 직접적인 상관관계는 없었다. 이는 탈락막자연살해세포가 반복유산의 면역학적인 기전에서 중요한 역할을 할 것이라는 가능성을 제시하여 준다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.198-205
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• 2017

Background: There are a million ragpickers in India who gather and trade recyclable municipal solid wastes materials for a living. The objective of this study was to examine whether their occupation adversely affects their immunity. Methods: Seventy-four women ragpickers (median age, 30 years) and 65 age-matched control housemaids were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to measure leukocyte subsets, and leukocyte expressions of $Fc{\gamma}$ receptor I (CD64), $Fc{\gamma}RIII$ (CD16), complement receptor 1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18), and CD14. Serum total immunoglobulin-E was estimated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with the controls, ragpickers had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher levels of CD8-T-cytotoxic, CD16+CD56+natural killer, and CD4+CD45RO+memory T-cells, but depleted levels of CD19+B-cells. The percentage of CD4+T-helper-cells was lower than the control group (p < 0.0001), but their absolute number was relatively unchanged (p = 0.42) due to 11% higher lymphocyte counts in ragpickers. In ragpickers, the percentages of CD14+CD16+intermediate and CD14dim CD16+nonclassical monocyte subsets were elevated with a decline in CD14+CD16-classical monocytes. The expressions of CD64, CD16, CD35, and CD11b/CD18 on both monocytes and neutrophils, and CD14 on monocytes were significantly higher in ragpickers. In addition, ragpickers had 2.7-times more serum immunoglobulin-E than the controls (p < 0.0001). After controlling potential confounders, the profession of ragpicking was positively associated with the changes. Conclusion: Ragpicking is associated with alterations in both innate (neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer cell numbers and expression of complement and $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors) and adaptive immunity (numbers of circulating B cells, helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells).

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2018

Background: Chronic pain reportedly exerts complex effects on immune function. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that play a critical role in cellular and innate immunity. This study examined changes in the subset populations and cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood NK cells in patients with chronic pain. Methods: Thirty patients with chronic moderate-to-severe pain (group P) and age-matched pain-free subjects (group NoP) were enrolled. Peripheral whole blood was analyzed for the percentage and expression of NK cell surface markers (CD56 and CD16) by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic activity was assayed by evaluating CD69 expression on $CD3^-/CD56^+NK$ cells. Results: The percentage of NK cells among total lymphocytes was not significantly different between groups P and NoP ($16.3{\pm}9.3$ vs. $20.2{\pm}10.5%$). Likewise, the percentages of two major NK cell subsets, $CD56^{bright}$ and $CD56^{dim}$, were also not significantly different between the two groups. However, the percentage of $CD56^{bright}/CD16^+$ subset, was slightly but significantly increased in group P ($1.0{\pm}0.9%$; P< 0.01) compared with group NoP ($0.5{\pm}0.6%$). The cytotoxicity of NK cells was not different between the two groups, showing similar CD69 expression (P vs. $NoP=29.2{\pm}15.2$ vs. $32.0{\pm}15.0%$). These findings were not influenced by pain intensity, opioid use, or disease causing pain in group P. Conclusions: NK cell cytotoxic activity and major subset populations, with the exception of an increased percentage of the $CD56^{bright}/CD16^+$ subset, are not significantly altered in patients with chronic severe pain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1204-1208
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• 2017

Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to be dysfunctional in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. However, the functional recovery of NK cells under antiviral therapeutic agents in CHB was not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic changes of NK(CD56+CD3-) cells in terms of their functional markers (CD16, NKG2A, NKG2D) during tenofovir therapy in CHB. The frequency of NK(CD56+CD3-) cells in CHB patients was significantly increased after 12 months of tenofovir therapy when compared with baseline. The expression levels of CD16+/CD56+CD3- and NKG2A+/CD56+CD3- cells were also affected by tenofovir treatment. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the proportion of NK(CD56+CD3-) cells and HBV DNA (log copies/ml) in CHB patients.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2005

Background: Throughtout the last three decades, the therapy of leukemias and lymphoma has set the stage for curative cancer therapy in systemic malignant disease. This was the result of an integrated work of basic reaserch and clinical investigators leading to more aggressive albeit tolerable protocol of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. High dose therapy marks the most elaborated strategies in this field today. However, intensification of conventional therapeutic modalities as mentioned has to be based on new approaches and the exploration of new antineoplastic mechanisms. This insight has resulted in immune therapy of cancer. Among the cells of the immune system, natural killer (NK) cells and T cells are of major interest for the development of therapeutic strategies. Methods: Cytotoxicity to target cells was measured by LDH release method, Characterization of activated lymphocyte was measured by Flow cytometry analysis. Anti-CD3, 16, 56 monoclonal antibody and IL-2 were used for the activation of NK and T cell. The analysis of effect of activated lymphocyte, in vivo, were used by Balb/c nude mouse. Results and Conclusion: Cytotoxicity to K562 cells was significantly higher in the mixture group of NK and T cells than that of a group of activating T cells. The survivors and the rate of reduction of size of tumor craft of nude mouse group treatment with activated lymphocyte was higher than that of the group without treatment with activated lymphocyte. Therefore, this results are suggested that the activated lymphocytes by anti-CD3, CD16 and CD56 can reduce the malignancy effect of lymphoma.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2020

Objectives: Chronic diseases (CDs) continue to increase due to advances in medicine and increase in lifespan, affecting quality of life and resulting in economic loss through treatment costs. This study addressed the perception characteristics of the effectiveness of Korean medicine (KM) based on the existence of a CD to determine the national preference for KM treatment. Methods: Using data from the 2017 National Survey of KM Usage, we evaluated the perception on treatment effect of 16 diseases by dividing them into the CD group and the non-CD group. Response reliability was verified by applying the chi-square test (χ2-test) analysis method of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical program. Results: The analysis of the perception on effectiveness of KM for patients with CD (n = 1,050, 21.0%) and for patients with non-CD (n = 3,950, 79.0%) showed an overall similar trend for all the 16 diseases. The response rates of having some treatment effect were high for nine diseases namely, disc-related disease (CD: 70.7%, non-CD: 73.1%), osteoarthritis (CD: 72.3%, non-CD: 72.4%), frozen shoulder and shoulder pain (CD: 79.6%, non-CD: 81.4%), back pain (CD: 84.6%, non-CD: 85.0%), sprain (CD: 84.8%, non-CD: 84.1%), facial nerve paralysis (CD: 73.5%, non-CD: 71.7%), stroke (CD: 66.2%, non-CD: 62.8%), digestive disease (CD: 53.3%, non-CD: 50.0%), and common cold and rhinitis (CD: 44.7%, non-CD: 44.8%). Conclusion: The present results found that there was little difference in the perception on effectiveness of KM for each of the 16 diseases in patients with CD and non-CD, however, 70% or more of the respondents recognized some treatment effect on musculoskeletal disorders, regardless of the existence of CD. Preferential political support for KM treatment of chronic musculoskeletal disorders is recommended.

• 한국결정학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2001

(100), (111), (211)CdZnTe 기판 및 (100)GaAs 기판위에 HgCdTe 박막을 MOVPE 법으로 성장하였다. 기판의 방위에 따라 성장된 박막의 표면형상, 전기적 특성, 결정성 및 조성의 변화를 분석하였다. (111) CdZnTe 기판 위에서는 3차원적인 facet 형태의 성장이 일어났다. (100) CdZnTe 기판 위에 성장된 HgCdTe 박막의 경우 DCX반치폭은 55arcsec 정도로 125 arcsec의 반치폭을 보인 (100) GaAs에 비하여 우수한 결정성을 나타내었다. 그러나 전기적인 특성은 GaAs 기판의 경우, 이동도가 높은 n-형 전도성을 보였으나 CdZnTe 기판을 사용한 경우에는 10/sup 16/㎤ 이상의 운반자 농도를 갖는 p-형 전도성을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.475-478
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• 2002

In zoological research, penetration of light has been reported of the frontal bones of fish, birds, and reptiles, suggesting the existence of physiologically direct photic routes to frontal lobes and/or deep parts of the brain. We studied the influences of frontal exposure to photodiode light on frontal alpha wave and peripheral NK cells. Repetitive exposure of the subject's forehead to a red light diode (660nm) significantly increased the effective amplitude of the frontal alpha waves (using a mean frequency with a range of +1.0 Hz), peripheral NK activity, and the level of CD57-CD16+. Frontal alpha wave activity and the level of CD57-CD16+ increased, suggesting the possibility of a non-invasive procedure for the activation of the frontal lobe and the increase of NK cells. This light is considered to penetrate the frontal bones of humans directly, and to act on the frontal lobe and/or other immunological regulatory centers in the brain, resulting in some neuro-immunological changes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2002

Two anhydrous crystal structures of fully dehydrated Cd2+ - and Cs+ -exchanged zeolite X, Cd32Cs28Si100Al92O384 (Cd32Cs28-X: a = 24.828(11) $\AA)$ and fully dehydrated Cd,sup>2+ - and Rb+ -exchanged zeolite X, Cd28Rb36Si100Al92O384 (Cd28Rb36-X: a = 24.794(2) $\AA$), have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ The structures were refined to the final error indices, R1 = 0.058 and R2 = 0.065 with 637 reflections for Cd32Cs28-X and R1 = 0.086 and R2 = 0.113 with 521 reflections for Cd28Rb36-X for which I > $3\sigma(I)$. In the structure of Cd,sub>32Cs28-X, 16 Cd2+ ions fill the octahedral sites I at the centers of the double six rings (Cd-O = $2.358(8)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $90.8(3)^{\circ}$ ). The remaining 16 Cd2+ ions occupy site II (Cd-O = $2.194(8)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $119.7(4)^{\circ})$ and six Cs+ ions occupy site II opposite to the single six-rings in the supercage; each is $2.322\AA$ from the plane of three oxygens (Cs-O = 3.193(13) and O-Cs-O = $73.0(2)^{\circ}).$ Aboutten Cs+ ions are found at site II', $1.974\AA$ into the sodalite cavity from their three oxygen plane (Cs-O = $2.947(8)\AA$ and O-Cs-O = $80.2(3)^{\circ}).$ The remaining 12 Cs+ ions are distributed over site III' (Cs-O = 3.143(9) and O-Cs-O= $59.1(2)^{\circ})$. In the structure of Cd28Rb36-X, 16 Cd2+ ions fill the octahedral sites I at the center of the double-sixrings (Cd-O = 2.349(15) and O-Cd-O = $91.3(5)^{\circ}$ ). Another 12 Cd2+ ions occupy two different II sites (Cd-O = $2.171(18)/2.269(17)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $119.7(7)/113.2(7)^{\circ}).$ Fifteen Rb+ ions occupy site II (Rb-O = $2.707(17)\AA$ and O-Rb-O = $87.8(5)^{\circ}).$ The remaining 21 Rb+ ions are distributed over site III' (Rb-O = $3.001(16)\AA$ and O-Rb-O = $60.7(4)^{\circ})$. It appears that the smaller and more highly charged Cd2+ ions prefer sites I and Ⅱ in that order, and the larger Rb+ and Cs+ ions, which are less able to balance the anionic charge of the zeolite framework, occupy sites II and II' with the remainder going to the least suitable site in the structure, site III'.The maximum Cs+ and Rb+ ion exchanges were 30% and 39%, respectively. Because these cations are too largeto enter the small cavities and their charge distributions may be unfavorable, cation-sieve effects might appear.