• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 1992

The optical absorption characteristics of glasses colored by CdS. CdSe, $CdS_{1-x}Se_x$,ZnS, and ZnSe microcrystallites have been studied with emphasis on changes of the cut-off wavelength. The sharpcut filters with various cut-off wavelengths were fabricated by controlling the composition and the heat-treatment temperature. The cut-off wavelength shifts due to the different heat-treatment temperatures for CdS. CdSe, ZnS, and ZnSe doped SK-16 glasses were found to be relatively small(~30 nm). However, by treating the CdS1,Se, doped SK-16 glasses with different x values at the same heattreatment temperature, it was possible to obtain the filters with various cut-off wavelengths(~130 nm) without losing the high extinction coefficients of the filters. The filter glasses with various cut-off wavelngths(~100 nm) and high extinction coefficiencts were also produced by treating the CdSe and $CdS_{0.5}Se_{0.5}$ doped ZK-1 glasses at different temperatures.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.119-129
• /
• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to quantify decidual $CD56^+$ and $CD16^+$ NK cell subtype population and to evaluate the correlation between decidual NK cell expression and peripheral $CD56^+$ NK cell expression in women with a history of recurrent abortion and increased peripheral NK cells. Methods: Twenty-nine women with recurrent abortion and elevated peripheral $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage who had chromosomally normal conceptus were included in this study. Thirty-two women with recurrent abortion who had chromosomally abnormal conceptus were used as controls. Distribution of $CD56^+$ and $CD16^+$ NK cells in decidual tissues including implantation sites was examined by immunohistochemical staining. The degree of immunohistochemical staining was interpreted by score and percentage. Results: There was a significant difference in decidual $CD56^+$ NK cell score ($43.6{\pm}24.5$ vs. $23.9{\pm}16.3$ P =0.001) and $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage ($42.1{\pm}11.7$ vs. $33.9{\pm}15.8$ P =0.027) between increased peripheral NK cell group and control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in decidual $CD16^+$ NK cell score ($18.7{\pm}9.5$ vs. $13.2{\pm}39.4$ P =0.108) and $CD16^+$ NK cell percentage ($24.7{\pm}5.9$ vs. $23.4{\pm}11.7$ P =0.599). There was no significant correlation between decidual NK cell score and peripheral NK cell percentage in increase peripheral NK cell group (peripheral $CD56^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD56^+$ NK cell score, r=-0.016, P =0.932, peripheral $CD16^+$ NK cell percentage vs. decidual $CD16^+$ NK cell score, r=0.008, P =0.968). Conclusion: This study shows that $CD56^+$ decidual NK cells are increased in decidua of women exhibiting a history of recurrent abortion with increased $CD56^+$ peripheral NK cell. There was no significant correlation between decidual and peripheral NK cell increment in increase peripheral NK cell group. This study suggests the possibility that decidual NK cells may play an important role in the immune mechanism of recurrent abortion.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.198-205
• /
• 2017

Background: There are a million ragpickers in India who gather and trade recyclable municipal solid wastes materials for a living. The objective of this study was to examine whether their occupation adversely affects their immunity. Methods: Seventy-four women ragpickers (median age, 30 years) and 65 age-matched control housemaids were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to measure leukocyte subsets, and leukocyte expressions of $Fc{\gamma}$ receptor I (CD64), $Fc{\gamma}RIII$ (CD16), complement receptor 1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18), and CD14. Serum total immunoglobulin-E was estimated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with the controls, ragpickers had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher levels of CD8-T-cytotoxic, CD16+CD56+natural killer, and CD4+CD45RO+memory T-cells, but depleted levels of CD19+B-cells. The percentage of CD4+T-helper-cells was lower than the control group (p < 0.0001), but their absolute number was relatively unchanged (p = 0.42) due to 11% higher lymphocyte counts in ragpickers. In ragpickers, the percentages of CD14+CD16+intermediate and CD14dim CD16+nonclassical monocyte subsets were elevated with a decline in CD14+CD16-classical monocytes. The expressions of CD64, CD16, CD35, and CD11b/CD18 on both monocytes and neutrophils, and CD14 on monocytes were significantly higher in ragpickers. In addition, ragpickers had 2.7-times more serum immunoglobulin-E than the controls (p < 0.0001). After controlling potential confounders, the profession of ragpicking was positively associated with the changes. Conclusion: Ragpicking is associated with alterations in both innate (neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer cell numbers and expression of complement and $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors) and adaptive immunity (numbers of circulating B cells, helper, cytotoxic, and memory T cells).

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2018

Background: Chronic pain reportedly exerts complex effects on immune function. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that play a critical role in cellular and innate immunity. This study examined changes in the subset populations and cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood NK cells in patients with chronic pain. Methods: Thirty patients with chronic moderate-to-severe pain (group P) and age-matched pain-free subjects (group NoP) were enrolled. Peripheral whole blood was analyzed for the percentage and expression of NK cell surface markers (CD56 and CD16) by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic activity was assayed by evaluating CD69 expression on $CD3^-/CD56^+NK$ cells. Results: The percentage of NK cells among total lymphocytes was not significantly different between groups P and NoP ($16.3{\pm}9.3$ vs. $20.2{\pm}10.5%$). Likewise, the percentages of two major NK cell subsets, $CD56^{bright}$ and $CD56^{dim}$, were also not significantly different between the two groups. However, the percentage of $CD56^{bright}/CD16^+$ subset, was slightly but significantly increased in group P ($1.0{\pm}0.9%$; P< 0.01) compared with group NoP ($0.5{\pm}0.6%$). The cytotoxicity of NK cells was not different between the two groups, showing similar CD69 expression (P vs. $NoP=29.2{\pm}15.2$ vs. $32.0{\pm}15.0%$). These findings were not influenced by pain intensity, opioid use, or disease causing pain in group P. Conclusions: NK cell cytotoxic activity and major subset populations, with the exception of an increased percentage of the $CD56^{bright}/CD16^+$ subset, are not significantly altered in patients with chronic severe pain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.1204-1208
• /
• 2017

Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to be dysfunctional in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. However, the functional recovery of NK cells under antiviral therapeutic agents in CHB was not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic changes of NK(CD56+CD3-) cells in terms of their functional markers (CD16, NKG2A, NKG2D) during tenofovir therapy in CHB. The frequency of NK(CD56+CD3-) cells in CHB patients was significantly increased after 12 months of tenofovir therapy when compared with baseline. The expression levels of CD16+/CD56+CD3- and NKG2A+/CD56+CD3- cells were also affected by tenofovir treatment. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the proportion of NK(CD56+CD3-) cells and HBV DNA (log copies/ml) in CHB patients.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.11-15
• /
• 2005

Background: Throughtout the last three decades, the therapy of leukemias and lymphoma has set the stage for curative cancer therapy in systemic malignant disease. This was the result of an integrated work of basic reaserch and clinical investigators leading to more aggressive albeit tolerable protocol of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. High dose therapy marks the most elaborated strategies in this field today. However, intensification of conventional therapeutic modalities as mentioned has to be based on new approaches and the exploration of new antineoplastic mechanisms. This insight has resulted in immune therapy of cancer. Among the cells of the immune system, natural killer (NK) cells and T cells are of major interest for the development of therapeutic strategies. Methods: Cytotoxicity to target cells was measured by LDH release method, Characterization of activated lymphocyte was measured by Flow cytometry analysis. Anti-CD3, 16, 56 monoclonal antibody and IL-2 were used for the activation of NK and T cell. The analysis of effect of activated lymphocyte, in vivo, were used by Balb/c nude mouse. Results and Conclusion: Cytotoxicity to K562 cells was significantly higher in the mixture group of NK and T cells than that of a group of activating T cells. The survivors and the rate of reduction of size of tumor craft of nude mouse group treatment with activated lymphocyte was higher than that of the group without treatment with activated lymphocyte. Therefore, this results are suggested that the activated lymphocytes by anti-CD3, CD16 and CD56 can reduce the malignancy effect of lymphoma.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.252-261
• /
• 2020

Objectives: Chronic diseases (CDs) continue to increase due to advances in medicine and increase in lifespan, affecting quality of life and resulting in economic loss through treatment costs. This study addressed the perception characteristics of the effectiveness of Korean medicine (KM) based on the existence of a CD to determine the national preference for KM treatment. Methods: Using data from the 2017 National Survey of KM Usage, we evaluated the perception on treatment effect of 16 diseases by dividing them into the CD group and the non-CD group. Response reliability was verified by applying the chi-square test (χ2-test) analysis method of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical program. Results: The analysis of the perception on effectiveness of KM for patients with CD (n = 1,050, 21.0%) and for patients with non-CD (n = 3,950, 79.0%) showed an overall similar trend for all the 16 diseases. The response rates of having some treatment effect were high for nine diseases namely, disc-related disease (CD: 70.7%, non-CD: 73.1%), osteoarthritis (CD: 72.3%, non-CD: 72.4%), frozen shoulder and shoulder pain (CD: 79.6%, non-CD: 81.4%), back pain (CD: 84.6%, non-CD: 85.0%), sprain (CD: 84.8%, non-CD: 84.1%), facial nerve paralysis (CD: 73.5%, non-CD: 71.7%), stroke (CD: 66.2%, non-CD: 62.8%), digestive disease (CD: 53.3%, non-CD: 50.0%), and common cold and rhinitis (CD: 44.7%, non-CD: 44.8%). Conclusion: The present results found that there was little difference in the perception on effectiveness of KM for each of the 16 diseases in patients with CD and non-CD, however, 70% or more of the respondents recognized some treatment effect on musculoskeletal disorders, regardless of the existence of CD. Preferential political support for KM treatment of chronic musculoskeletal disorders is recommended.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.171-176
• /
• 2001

HgCdTe films were grown on the (100). (111), (211) CdZnTe, and (100) GaAs substrates by metal organic chemical vapor epitaxy. We have investigated the surface morphology, electrical properties, crystalline qualities, and composition of HgCdTe with substrates orientation. Three dimensional facet growth was occurred on (111) CdZnTe substrate. The crystalline quality of HgCdTe on (100) CdZnTe was superior to that of HgCdTe on (100) GaAs. FWHM values of double crystal x-ray diffraction of HgCdTe on (100) CdZnTe and (100) GaAs were 55 and 125arcsec, respectively. HgCdTe on GaAs substrate showed n-type conductivity with high mobility, however, HgCdTe on CdZnTe showed p-type conductivity with carrier concentration of higher than 10/sup 16/㎤.

• Journal of Photoscience
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.475-478
• /
• 2002

In zoological research, penetration of light has been reported of the frontal bones of fish, birds, and reptiles, suggesting the existence of physiologically direct photic routes to frontal lobes and/or deep parts of the brain. We studied the influences of frontal exposure to photodiode light on frontal alpha wave and peripheral NK cells. Repetitive exposure of the subject's forehead to a red light diode (660nm) significantly increased the effective amplitude of the frontal alpha waves (using a mean frequency with a range of +1.0 Hz), peripheral NK activity, and the level of CD57-CD16+. Frontal alpha wave activity and the level of CD57-CD16+ increased, suggesting the possibility of a non-invasive procedure for the activation of the frontal lobe and the increase of NK cells. This light is considered to penetrate the frontal bones of humans directly, and to act on the frontal lobe and/or other immunological regulatory centers in the brain, resulting in some neuro-immunological changes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.23 no.8
• /
• pp.1121-1126
• /
• 2002

Two anhydrous crystal structures of fully dehydrated Cd2+ - and Cs+ -exchanged zeolite X, Cd32Cs28Si100Al92O384 (Cd32Cs28-X: a = 24.828(11) $\AA)$ and fully dehydrated Cd,sup>2+ - and Rb+ -exchanged zeolite X, Cd28Rb36Si100Al92O384 (Cd28Rb36-X: a = 24.794(2) $\AA$), have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd3 at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ The structures were refined to the final error indices, R1 = 0.058 and R2 = 0.065 with 637 reflections for Cd32Cs28-X and R1 = 0.086 and R2 = 0.113 with 521 reflections for Cd28Rb36-X for which I > $3\sigma(I)$. In the structure of Cd,sub>32Cs28-X, 16 Cd2+ ions fill the octahedral sites I at the centers of the double six rings (Cd-O = $2.358(8)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $90.8(3)^{\circ}$ ). The remaining 16 Cd2+ ions occupy site II (Cd-O = $2.194(8)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $119.7(4)^{\circ})$ and six Cs+ ions occupy site II opposite to the single six-rings in the supercage; each is $2.322\AA$ from the plane of three oxygens (Cs-O = 3.193(13) and O-Cs-O = $73.0(2)^{\circ}).$ Aboutten Cs+ ions are found at site II', $1.974\AA$ into the sodalite cavity from their three oxygen plane (Cs-O = $2.947(8)\AA$ and O-Cs-O = $80.2(3)^{\circ}).$ The remaining 12 Cs+ ions are distributed over site III' (Cs-O = 3.143(9) and O-Cs-O= $59.1(2)^{\circ})$. In the structure of Cd28Rb36-X, 16 Cd2+ ions fill the octahedral sites I at the center of the double-sixrings (Cd-O = 2.349(15) and O-Cd-O = $91.3(5)^{\circ}$ ). Another 12 Cd2+ ions occupy two different II sites (Cd-O = $2.171(18)/2.269(17)\AA$ and O-Cd-O = $119.7(7)/113.2(7)^{\circ}).$ Fifteen Rb+ ions occupy site II (Rb-O = $2.707(17)\AA$ and O-Rb-O = $87.8(5)^{\circ}).$ The remaining 21 Rb+ ions are distributed over site III' (Rb-O = $3.001(16)\AA$ and O-Rb-O = $60.7(4)^{\circ})$. It appears that the smaller and more highly charged Cd2+ ions prefer sites I and Ⅱ in that order, and the larger Rb+ and Cs+ ions, which are less able to balance the anionic charge of the zeolite framework, occupy sites II and II' with the remainder going to the least suitable site in the structure, site III'.The maximum Cs+ and Rb+ ion exchanges were 30% and 39%, respectively. Because these cations are too largeto enter the small cavities and their charge distributions may be unfavorable, cation-sieve effects might appear.