• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-68
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• 2008

The effect of combinational treatment of oral HTGMB and topical CSGMB ("H&C" hereinafter) on the changes of dermal inflammation index and immune system were studied using NC/Nga atopic dermatitis animal model. 1. Through naked eye examination, H&C ameliorated atopic dermatitis compared to the control group. Significant reduction of dermal inflammation index was observed after 12 weeks of treatment. 2. The H&C treated group showed 51% increase in the number of immune cells in DLN, and 59% increase in the number of immune cells is dorsal skin. 3. The H&C treated group showed decrease of 26%, 8%, 59% in CD19+, CD3+/CD69+, B220+/IgE+ cells in DLN respectively. On the other hand, CD3+, CD8+, CD4+ cells were increased by 8%, 31%, 12%, respectively. 4. The H&C treated group showed significant decrease of 38% and 47% in B220+/IgE+, CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells within dorsal skin respectively. Also, a decrease in CCR3+ cells by 21% was observed. 5. Significant decrease of the production of IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF by 39%, 65%, 60% respectively, in spleen cells activated with CD3 and CD28 were observed in the H&C treated group. The results above strongly suggest significance of anti-atopic dermatitis effect of combinational treatment of oral HTGMB and topical CSGMB through immune modulation. Further applications in clinical use of the treatment are anticipated.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.3 s.54
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• pp.275-282
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• 2006

In order to get insight into the mechanism of cadmium (Cd)-induced brain injury, we investigated the effects of Cd on the induction of COX-2 in bEnd.3 mouse brain endothelial cells. Cd induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ release, which were attenuated by thiol-reducing antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) indicating oxidative components might contribute to these events. Indeed, Cd increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), an oxidative stress sensitive transcription factor. Cd-induced $PGE_2$ production and COX-2 expression were significantly attenuated by Bay 11 7082, a specific inhibitor of NF-kB and by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). These data suggest that Cd induces COX-2 expression through activation of NF-kB and p38 MAPK, the oxidative stress-sensitive signaling molecules, in brain endothelial cells.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.128-137
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• 2014

Respiratory viruses can induce acute respiratory disease. Clinical symptoms and manifestations are dependent on interactions between the virus and host immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs), along with alveolar macrophages, constitute the first line of sentinel cells in the innate immune response against respiratory viral infection. DCs play an essential role in regulating the immune response by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. In the steady state, lung DCs can be subdivided into $CD103^+$ conventional DCs (cDCs), $CD11b^+$ cDCs, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In the inflammatory state, like a respiratory viral infection, monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) are recruited to the lung. In inflammatory lung, discrimination between moDCs and $CD11b^+$ DCs in the inflamed lung has been a critical challenge in understanding their role in the antiviral response. In particular, $CD103^+$ cDCs migrate from the intraepithelial base to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes to primarily induce the $CD8^+$ T cell response against the invading virus. Lymphoid $CD8{\alpha}^+$ cDCs, which have a developmental relationship with $CD103^+$ cDCs, also play an important role in viral antigen presentation. Moreover, pDCs have been reported to promote an antiviral response by inducing type I interferon production rather than adaptive immunity. However, the role of these cells in respiratory infections remains unclear. These different DC subsets have functional specialization against respiratory viral infection. Under certain viral infection, contextually controlling the balance of these specialized DC subsets is important for an effective immune response and maintenance of homeostasis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.28-30
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• 2021

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.16.1-16.20
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• 2022

The gastrointestinal tract is the first organ directly affected by fasting. However, little is known about how fasting influences the intestinal immune system. Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) capture antigens, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, and provoke adaptive immune responses. We evaluated the changes of intestinal DCs in mice with short-term fasting and their effects on protective immunity against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Fasting induced an increased number of CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs in both small intestinal lamina propria (SILP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN). The SILP CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs showed proliferation and migration, coincident with increased levels of GM-CSF and C-C chemokine receptor type 7, respectively. At 24 h post-infection with LM, there was a significant reduction in the bacterial burden in the spleen, liver, and mLN of the short-term-fasted mice compared to those fed ad libitum. Also, short-term-fasted mice showed increased survival after LM infection compared with ad libitum-fed mice. It could be that significantly high TGF-β2 and Aldh1a2 expression in CD103⁺CD11b^- DCs in mice infected with LM might affect to increase of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Changes of major subset of DCs from CD103⁺ to CD103^- may induce the increase of IFN-γ-producing cells with forming Th1-biased environment. Therefore, the short-term fasting affects protection against LM infection by changing major subset of intestinal DCs from tolerogenic to Th1 immunogenic.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1429-1435
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• 2002

The absolute stereochemistry of tetrin B (1), an antifungal antibiotic isolated from a soil actinomycete was determined by applying Rychnovsky analysis, the modified Mosher method, and CD exciton chirality to be 4R, 5R, 7S, 9R, 11S, 12R, 13S, 15R, 24S, and 25R.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.69-86
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• 2008

In order to validate the objective efficacy of CBPT on anti-asthma and to develop effective therapeutics for asthma treatments, immunological modulatory mechanism was studied using animal model using OVA-Alum. The results are listed below. When treated with CBPT, survival rate of hFCs at 250 ug/ml was above 90%. AST and ALT, indicators of liver function measurements were in the normal range. Compared to the control group, CBPT treated group showed significant reduction in liver weights at both 400 and 200 mg/kg, and significant decrease of total liver cells at 400 mg/kg. Significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ cells in DLN was observed in the CBPT treated group. Slight increase in CD3+, CD4+/CD25+ cells were also observed. On the other hand, CBPT significantly reduced the CD3+/CD69+ cell numbers at both concentrations. Slight decrease of CD19+ cells was also observed. CBPT significantly reduced the CD3e+/CD69+, CCR3+ and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells in lung tissues at both doses. However, significant decrease of CD3e+ and B220+/IgE+ cells was only observed at 400 mg/kg dosed group. The results above strongly suggest the anti-asthmatic effect of CBPT through immunological modulation. By using various concentrations of CBPT, broader clinical applications of CBPT on anti-asthmatic treatment can be developed. The EBM database should provide valuable information in the development of drugs for asthma treatments.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 2006

Objective & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix herbal-acupuncture solution(APR-HAS) at Joksamni(ST36) on collagen IT induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice. The author performed several experimental items to analyze several cytokines and immune cells related with RA. Results : 1. In the APR-HA group, the incidence of arthritis and arthritis index were significantly decreased. 2. In APR-HA group, the levels of IL-6, $INF-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IgG, IgM, $IL-{\beta}$ and Anti-collagen II in serum of the CIA mouse were significantly decreased. 3. In APR-HA group, the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4 in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture were significantly decreased. 4. In histology, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the APR-HA group, and the collagen fiber expressions in the APR-HA group were similar with that of the Normal group. 5. In the APR-HA group, CD3e+/CD19+ and CD4+/CD8+ were similarly maintained as Normal group in the CIA mouse lymph nodes, 6. In the APR-HA group, CD3e+/CD69+ was significantly decreased in the CIA mouse joint. 7. In the APR-HA group, CD11a+/CD19+ and CD11b+/Gr-l+ were significantly decreased in the CIA mouse lymph nodes 8. In the APR-HA group, CD4+/CD25+ was decreased in the CIA mouse spleen cell. 9. In the APR-HA group, CD4+/CD25+ was similarly maintained as Normal group in the CIA mouse lymph nodes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of processed tobacco leaves on the development, adult emergence and body weight of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) is serious insect pest of tobacco leaves and cigarette during storage. Developmental time, adult emergence rate and adult weight of the cigarette beetle, were evaluated on the cured tobacco and burley tobacco leaves at $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ with $70{\pm}5$ % RH under 12L:12D. The developmental time on all of the flue-cured tobacco leaves was about 61 days, but in the only CD3W and CD4TR grade burley tobacco, the developmental times ranged from 70 days to 74 days. Among the flue-cured tobacco leaves, the highest beetle emergence rate was 123 % on the CD3L grade, and the lowest was on the AB4OR grade. Adult body weights of the cigarette beetle reared on flue-cured tobacco were about 2.11~2.46 mg, and on the only CD3W and CD4TR grade burley tobacco were about 1.86~1.96 mg. Among the flue-cured tobacco leaves, the highest adult body weight(2.46 mg) of cigarette beetle was observed on the B1O grade flue-cured tobacco, whereas the lowest adult weight(2.11 mg) was observed on the CD4L grade flue-cured tobacco. The adult weight of cigarette beetle reared on whole meal was 2.04mg.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.17.1-17.12
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• 2023

Coronavirus has left severe health impacts on the human population, globally. Still a significant number of cases are reported daily as no specific medications are available for its effective treatment. The presence of the CD147 receptor (human basigin) on the host cell facilitates the severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, the drugs that efficiently alter the formation of CD147 and spike protein complex could be the right drug candidate to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Hence, an e-Pharmacophore model was developed based on the receptor-ligand cavity of CD147 protein which was further mapped against pre-existing drugs of coronavirus disease treatment. A total of seven drugs were found to be suited as pharmacophores out of 11 drugs screened which was further docked with CD147 protein using CDOCKER of Biovia discovery studio. The active site sphere of the prepared protein was 101.44, 87.84, and 97.17 along with the radius being 15.33 and the root-mean-square deviation value obtained was 0.73 Å. The protein minimization energy was calculated to be -30,328.81547 kcal/mol. The docking results showed ritonavir as the best fit as it demonstrated a higher CDOCKER energy (-57.30) with correspond to CDOCKER interaction energy (-53.38). However, authors further suggest in vitro studies to understand the potential activity of the ritonavir.