• Title/Summary/Keyword: CD-56

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Enhanced Dissolution and Duodenal Permeation of Atorvastatin Calcium Using Bile Salt and 2-Hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-Cyclodextrin (담즙산염과 2-히드록시프로필-${\beta}$-시클로덱스트린을 이용한 아토르바스타틴칼슘의 용출 및 십이지장 점막 투과 증진)

  • Choi, Ji-Won;Chun, In-Koo
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.56 no.3
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    • pp.164-172
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    • 2012
  • This study was aimed to increase the solubility, dissolution and permeation rates of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) using bile salt and/or 2-hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin ($HP{\beta}CD$). From solubility studies, sodium deoxycholate (SDC) among bile salts studied was found to have the highest solubilizing effect on ATC ($4.4{\pm}0.4$ mg/ml), and the order of increasing solubility was SDC>sod. cholate>sod. glycocholate>sod. taurodeoxycholate>sod. taurocholate>conjugated bile acid. ATC solid dispersions were prepared at various ratios of drug to SDC and/or $HP{\beta}CD$, and evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dissolution studies and dissolution-permeation studies. DSC curves showed amorphous state of ATC in the physical mixture and solid dispersion. Dissolution rates of ATC-SDC solid dispersions and physical mixture were markedly increased at pH 6.8, but decreased at pH 1.2 with greater proportions of SDC due to the precipitation of SDC, compared with that of drug alone. On the other hand, dissolution rates of ATC-$HP{\beta}CD$ solid dispersion and physical mixture at pH 1.2 were varied with the ratio of drug to carriers. From duodenal permeation studies, it was found that fluxes of ATC (donor dose: 0.5 mg/3.5 ml) in the presence of 25 mM sodium glycocholate, SDC, sod. cholate and sod. taurocholate $(5.7{\pm}0.9$, $5.6{\pm}0.9$, $4.8{\pm}0.7$ and $4.6{\pm}0.9\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, respectively) were enhanced, compared with drug alone ($3.4{\pm}0.9\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$). In the dissolution-permeation studies, 1 : 9 : 10 (w/w) ATC-SDC-$HP{\beta}CD$ solid dispersion increased the flux 2.2 times, compared with 1 : 5 : 4 (w/w) ATC-lactose-corn starch mixture as control. In conclusion, solid dispersions with bile salt and $HP{\beta}CD$ were found to be an effective means for increasing the dissolution and permeation rates of ATC.

$CD8^+$ T-cell Activation in Mice Injected with a Plasmid DNA Vaccine Encoding AMA-1 of the Reemerging Korean Plasmodium vivax

  • Kim, Hyo-Jin;Jung, Bong-Kwang;Lee, Jin-Joo;Pyo, Kyoung-Ho;Kim, Tae-Yun;Choi, Byung-Il;Kim, Tae-Woo;Hisaeda, Hajime;Himeno, Kunisuke;Shin, Eun-Hee;Chai, Jong-Yil
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.85-90
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    • 2011
  • Relatively little has been studied on the AMA-1 vaccine against Plasmodium vivax and on the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding P. vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1). In the present study, a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax has been constructed and a preliminary study was done on its cellular immunogenicity to recipient BALB/c mice. The PvAMA-1 gene was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector UBpcAMA-1, and a protein band of approximately 56.8 kDa was obtained from the transfected COS7 cells. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly or using a gene gun 4 times with the vaccine, and the proportions of splenic T-cell subsets were examined by fluorocytometry at week 2 after the last injection. The spleen cells from intramuscularly injected mice revealed no significant changes in the proportions of CD8$^+$ T-cells and CD4$^+$ T-cells. However, in mice immunized using a gene gun, significantly higher (P<0.05) proportions of CD8$^+$ cells were observed compared to UB vector-injected control mice. The results indicated that cellular immunogenicity of the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax was weak when it was injected intramuscularly; however, a promising effect was observed using the gene gun injection technique.

A Comparative Study on the Pharmaceutical Properties of Rectal Suppository containing Omeprazole Complexes (오메프라졸복합체 함유 직장좌제의 특성비교)

  • Hwang, Sung-Joo;Park, Sung-Bae;Rhee, Gye-Ju
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.227-237
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    • 1995
  • Omeprazole(OMP) complexes such as inclusion complexes of OMP with $hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$(HPCD) and ${\beta}-cyclodextrin({\beta}-CD)$, OMP-cholestyramine(CHL) and OMP-ethylenediamine(OMP-ED) were prepared, respectively. The partition coefficients in Witepsol H-15 /pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution of OMP complexes$(OMP-HPCD;\;3.69{\pm}0.26,\;OMP-{\beta}-CD;\;4.08{\pm}0.21,\;OMP-CHL;\;4.36{\pm}0.25\;and\;omeprazole\;sodium(OMP-Na);\;3.64{\pm}0.37)$ were higher than that of OMP $(2.66{\pm}0.47)$. OMP was not completely dissolved until even 3 hrs, but all the OMP complexes studied were released about 100% in 20 min. The rectal suppositories containing OMP or each above OMP complex were prepared using Witepsol H-15 base, and their dissolution and stability were examined, and pharmacokinetic study were investigated after their rectal administrations to the rabbits. While the suppository containing OMP was released only less than 60% in 150 min, $OMP-{\beta}-CD$, OMP-CHL, OMP-Na and OMP-ED suppositories were all released about 65% in 20 min. Especially, OMP-HPCD suppository released OMP about 70% in 10 min. All the additives such as sodium laurylsulfate, eglumine, arginine and PVP increased drug release from OMP-HPCD suppository to some extent. The decomposition rate constants of OMP in the suppositories were $9.117{\times}10^{-3}\;day^{-l}$ for OMP suppository, $2.121{\times}10^{-2}$ for OMP-HPCD, $1.607{\times}10^{-2}$ for $OMP-{\beta}-CD$, $9.26{\times}10^{-3}$ for OMP-Na, $6.769{\times}10^{-3}$ for OMP-CHL and $5.58{\times}10^{-3}\;day^{-l}$ for OMP-ED suppository, respectively. Additives such as arginine, eglumine and ED had some stabilizing effect for OMP-HPCD, OMP-CHL and OMP-Na suppositories, respectively. After 6 month-storage at $30^{\circ}C$, 75% RH, OMP-CHL suppository was most stable. The values of Tmax for OMP-HPCD and OMP-Na suppositories were $11.7{\pm}2.36\;and\;11.4{\pm}2.56\;min$, respectively. The values of Cmax for OMP-HPCD and OMP-CHL suppository were $2.31\;{\mu}g/ml\;(p<0.01)\;and\;1.89\;{\mu}g/ml\;p<0.01)$, respectively. The values of AUC for OMP and $OMP-{\beta}-CD$ suppository were $61.9{\pm}25.79\;and\;68.6{\pm}29.48\;{\mu}g\;{\cdot}\;min/ml$, and the corresponding values for OMP-HPCD and OMP-CHL were $106.1{\pm}43.16\;(p<0.05)\;and\;127.3{\pm}42.52\;{\mu}g\;{\cdot}\;min/ml(p<0.01)$, respectively. The above results indicate the OMP-HPCD and OMP-CHL suppositories have the excellent bioavailabilties in vivo study.

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Comparison to Contrast Sensitivity of Male and Female Adults in Their 20s (20대 성인 남녀의 대비감도 비교)

  • Choi, Soon-Lyoung;Han, Kwang-Lae;Shim, Hyun-Suk
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.87-92
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    • 2014
  • Purpose: Comparison with contrast sensitivity between binocular and monocular of 20s adult was measured by spatial frequency 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 and 18.0 cpd and compares difference between monocular and binocular and difference between male and female. Methods: Topcon CV-3000 Phoroptor was used for full correction of 99 ophthalmic optics students and contrast sensitivity were measured by using Vector Vision CSV-1000E at 2.5 m in photopic condition (100 $cd/m^2$). Results: Photopic condition at 2.5 m, average contrast sensitivity of entire subject was 52.54, 80.40, 36.79 and 13.56 with right eye and 52.33, 81.29, 41.73 and 14.22 with left eye in 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd. For both eye 65.46, 113.69, 52.04 and 19.44 were measured. The contrast sensitivity of male was 58.22, 83.52, 37.89 and 13.82 with right eye and 56.03, 46.68 and 15.67 with left eye in spatial frequency of 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd. Both eyes were measured to 70.89, 120.96, 56.56 and 19.89. The contrast sensitivity of female was 46.50, 77.09, 35.61 and 13.28 with left eye and 48.40, 70.43, 36.47 and 12.68 with left eye in spatial frequency of 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd. Both eyes were 59.68, 105.97, 47.23 and 18.95. Conclusions: Contrast sensitivity value of binocular shows higher than monocular to both male and female. Contrast sensitivity of difference between male and female were statistically remarkably higher to male in right eye 3 cpd, left eye 6 cpd, 12 cpd and both eye 3 cpd. In other frequency, there was no statistical significance but male shows higher.

Competitive Adsorption Characteristics of Rapid Cooling Slag in Single- and Multi-Metal Solutions (단일 및 복합중금속용액에서 제강급랭슬래그의 경쟁흡착특성)

  • Park, Jong-Hwan;Kim, Hong-Chul;Kim, Seong-Heon;Lee, Seong-Tae;Kang, Byung-Hwa;Kang, Se-Won;Seo, Dong-Cheol
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.24-31
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    • 2016
  • BACKGROUND: Heavy metal adsorption not only depends on rapid cooling slag(RCS) characteristics but also on the nature of the metals involved and on their competitive behavior for RCS adsorption sites. The goal of this study was to investigate the competitive absorption characteristics of Cu, Cd and Zn in single- and multi-metal forms by RCS.METHODS AND RESULTS: Both single- and multi-metal adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption characteristics of RCS for the heavy metals. Adsorption behaviors of the heavy metals by RCS were evaluated using both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equations. The maximum adsorption capacities of metals by RCS were in the order of Cu(16.6 mg/g) > Cd(8.1 mg/g) > Zn(6.2 mg/g) in the single-metal adsorption isotherm and Cu(14.5 mg/g) >> Zn(1.3 mg/g) > Cd(0.6 mg/g) in the multi-metal adsorption isotherm. Based on data obtained from Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models and three-dimensional simulation, multi-metal adsorption behaviors differed from single- metal adsorption due to competition. Cadmium and Zn were easily exchanged and substituted by Cu during multi-metal adsorption.CONCLUSION: Results from adsorption experiments indicate that competitive adsorption among metals increases the mobility of these metals.

Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors in 41 Patients of Primary Nasal/Nasopharyngeal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Prognostic Significance of Immunophenotype (비/비인강 비호즈킨 림프종의 임상양상과 예후 인자 : 면역 표현형의 임상적 의의)

  • Park Soon-Seo;Park Jong-Beom;Suh Cheol-Won;Park Ji-Woon;Lim Soo-Duk;Huh Joo-Ryung;Nam Soon-Yuhl;Kim Sang-Yoon;Lee Ho-Gyu;Chang Hye-Sook;Kim Tae-Won;Lee Je-Hwan;Kim Sung-Bae
    • Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.149-155
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    • 1999
  • Objectives: To study the clinical features of the primary nasal/nasopharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and to evaluate the implication of immunophenotyping as a prognostic factor. Patients and Methods: From January 1990 to December 1997,41 patients(median age, 41 years) of primary nasal/nasopharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied. The clinical records and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were reviewed retrospectively. The histologic features, immunophenotypic findings(pan-T, pan-B, CD3, CD56) and Epstein-Barr virus in situ hybridizatios were examined. The prognostic factors for clinical outcome were evaluated in these patients. According to Ann-Arbor system, there were 30 patiets(73%) with stage IE, 4(10%) with stage IIE, 3(7%) with stage IIIE, 4(10%) with stage IVE lymphoma. Among the patients with stage IE/IIE, 4 patients received local radiation alone, 4 received chemotherapy alone, 25 received combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy and 1 refused treatment. The patients with stage IIIE/IVE were given combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Results: Immunophenotyping were performed in 40 patients and staining results were as follows: 3(7%) patients with B cell, 17(42%) with T cell, 18(44%) with NK/T cell(CD56 positive), and two patients with unclassifiable result. Epstein-Barr(EB) virus in situ hybridization were performed in 28 patients and 23(82%) patients had positive EBV-encoded RNAs(EBERs). 21(55%) patients achieved a complete remission. There was no difference in complete remission between radiation alone and combination therapy. With median follow-up of 30 months, 5-years disease free survival of complete responders was 60% and 5-years overall survival rate was 36%. Multivariate analysis showed that better overall survival was related with absence of B symptoms, ECOG performance${\leq}1$ and non-NK cells. Conclusion: Most of all cases were positive for EBER. Since NK/T phenotype carried the worst prognosis, analysis for CD56 expression should be done. Further prospective studies were warranted to evaluate the role of chemotherapy in stage IE/IIE.

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Fraction and Mobility of Heavy Metals in the abandoned closed mine near Okdong stream sediments

  • Kim, Hee-Joung;Yang, Jae;Lee, Jai-Young;Jun, Sang-Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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    • 2003.09a
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    • pp.56-63
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    • 2003
  • Fractional composition and mobility of sediments some heavy metals in Okdong stream are investigated. The fractional scheme for sediment heavy metal was made for five chemically defined heavy metal forms as adsorbed fraction, carbonate fraction, reducible fraction, organic fraction, and residual fraction (Tessier et at., 1979). The most abundant fraction of the sediment heavy metal is reducible and secondly abundant organic fraction. Adsorbed fraction is minor part of the total heavy metals. Mobilization of sediment heavy metals in stream Okdong is occur 19.8∼56.7% of total cadmium concentrate. The most abundant fraction of the sediment metal is organic fraction in Cu, Pb metals investigated. Labile fraction of sediment metals are 0.5%∼48.5% of total Zn, 2.6%∼48.1% of total Pb, 0.2∼36.9% of total Cu respectively, Most of labile fraction consists of reducible fraction for Cd, Zn, adsorbed fraction for Pb, reducible fraction for Cu, adsorbed fraction for Ni. The Mobilization of Zn and Cu is most likely to occur when oxygen depletes and that of Pb and Ni occurs when physical impact, oxygen depletion and pH reduction.

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생쥐 초기 배아에서 Aquaporin 8과 9의 발현에 관한 연구

  • 신현상;계명찬;강수만;이성은;이지원;강한승;김문규
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.68-68
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    • 2003
  • Aquaporin은 막관통 통로 단백질(transmembrane channel protein)로서, 삼투압의 농도구배에 따라 세포막을 가로질러 물분자를 이동시키는 기능을 하고 있다. 포유류 초기배아에서 포배강 형성은 영양외배엽세포에서 $Na^+ / K^+$ATPase에 의한 이온 농도 구배가 형성되면 auqaporin에 의해 물이 포배강으로 유입되면서 이루어진다. 본 연구에서는 생쥐 초기배아에서 반정량적인 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응 방법(semi-quantitative RT-PCR)과 실시간 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응 방법(real-time RT-PCR)을 통하여 AQP8과 9의 mRNA발현을 조사하고 다중 면역형광현미경 방법(confocal immunofluorescence microscopy)을 통해 단백질 발현양상을 분석하였다. AQP8 mRNA는 상실기까지 발현되지 않다가 포배기에 이르러 발현되었고 AQP9 mRNA는 수정란에서부터 발현되어 포배기에는 유의할 정도로 증가하였다. 따라서 AQP8 mRNA는 배아유전자가 활성화되어 나타나는 것이고 AQP9 mRNA는 모계유전자 기원임을 알 수 있었다. AQP8 단백질은 상실배 단계까지 발현되지 않다가 포배시기에 영양외배엽세포사이의 접합면에 발현되었고 AQP9 단백질은 상실배 시기에 할구 사이의 인접 부위에서 강하게 발현되었다가 포배시기에는 세포간의 접합면에 약하게 발현하는 경향을 나타내었다. 실시간 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응 방법으로 조사한 결과 포배에서 물과 글리세롤을 통과시키는 AQP9는 mRNA의 발현양이 AQP8보다 약 4배 정도 많았다. 또한 포배기에 이르러서야 물만을 통과시키는 AQP8의 발현이 나타나는 것을 보아 포배강 형성시 외부에서 영양외배엽을 통해 포배강으로 유입되는 물의 이동(trans- trophectodermal water movements)에 AQP9보다 AQP8이 더 중요하게 관여할 것으로 사료된다., K, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni)을 측정하였다. 실험 조건1의 결과로서 각 국의 유아용 일회용 기저귀의 중금속 함량은 거의 유사한 경향을 나타내었으며 Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Mg, Li, K는 detection limit(2 ppm) 이하였고, Cd, Fe, Co, Cu, Ca, Al, Sr는 검출되었지만 기준치 이하였다. 실험 조건2의 결과로서 측정 항목(Cr, Sb, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, Cu)중 Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu는 detection limit(0.1 ppm) 이하였고, Sb, Pb, Co는 검출되었지만 기준치 이하였다.았다. 4%의 경우에는 8$0^{\circ}C$이하로 온도를 낮추는 것이 좋은 상태를 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결과는 일반적으로 화학적 레팅을 4%, 7%에서한 선행결과와 상당히 다른 결과이다.염 농도가 증가할수록 감소 현상을 보였다.X>, 75BG30은 8.6$\mu\textrm{m}$, 75BG40은 7.02$\mu\textrm{m}$로 나타났다. 따라서 경화제 양에 관계없이 10$\mu\textrm{m}$ 이하로 나타나, 경화제 10$m\ell$만으로 미세한 크기를 얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 젤리 강도 변화에 따른 차이는 300BF는 78.09$\mu\textrm{m}$ 300BG는 56.32$\mu\textrm{m}$로, 75BF나 75BG에 비하여 현저히 증가하여, 젤라틴의 젤리 강도는 캡슐 제조 조건의 주요한 변수임을 알 수 있다.추출물 투여시 혈당강하 및 혈중콜레스테롤 강하가 나타났으며, 상엽복합추출물 투여와 운동을 병행시 이러한 감소 효과가 더 뚜렷하게 나타났다.교육의 적임자로 보는 시각이 비교적 높았고 약 1/2정도는 영양교육에 참여하겠다는 의지를 가지고 있을 뿐만 아니라 실제로 영양지도를

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Heavy Metal Contents in Wild and Cultured Fishes from the Korean Coasts (국내 시중 유통 자연산 및 양식산 활어의 중금속 함량)

  • Mok, Jong-Soo;Shim, Kil-Bo;Lee, Tae-Seek;Song, Ki-Cheol;Lee, Ka-Jeong;Kim, Seong-Gil;Kim, Ji-Hoe
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.561-568
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    • 2009
  • We determined the contents of heavy metals in the muscle of wild and cultured fishes, collected from fish markets located in the eastern (Pohang), western (Gunsan), and southern (Tongyeong) coasts of Korea, from 2004 to 2005. As the results of monitoring the heavy metal contents in spring season, the wild fishes contained the range of Cd (0.01-0.08 mg/kg), Cr (ND-0.28 mg/kg), Cu (0.06-1.53 mg/kg), Hg (0.02-0.16 mg/kg), Mn (0.04-1.15 mg/kg), Ni (ND-0.09 mg/kg), Pb (0.03-0.41 mg/kg), and Zn (1.84-6.61 mg/kg). While for the cultured fishes, Cd (0.01-0.05 mg/kg), Cr (ND-0.17 mg/kg), Cu (0.05-0.61 mg/kg), Hg (0.02-0.13 mg/kg), Mn (0.03-0.17 mg/kg), Ni (ND-0.08 mg/kg), Pb (0.03-0.33 mg/kg), and Zn (2.06-6.20 mg/kg) were contained. In summer season, the contents of heavy metal in the muscle of the wild fishes were as follows: Cd (ND-0.11 mg/kg), Cr (0.01-0.37 mg/kg), Cu (0.21-1.31 mg/kg), Hg (0.01-0.11 mg/kg), Mn (ND-1.47 mg/kg), Ni (ND-0.26 mg/kg), Pb (0.06-0.48 mg/kg), and Zn (2.94-14.38 mg/kg). In comparison, the contents of heavy metal in the muscle of cultured fishes were Cd (ND-0.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.13-0.33 mg/kg), Cu (0.19-0.56 mg/kg), Hg (0.05-0.26 mg/kg), Mn (ND-0.14 mg/kg), Ni (ND-0.58 mg/kg), Pb (0.07-0.45 mg/kg), and Zn (2.43-7.53 mg/kg). Also the fall and the winter season, the heavy metal contents in the fishes showed almost similar with other season, however, Pb was lower and Zn was higher than both spring and summer season. The wild fishes contained the heavy metals a little more than the cultured fishes. We could not observe clear seasonal variation in the heavy metal contents of the fishes. The levels of Hg and Pb in all samples tested did not exceed the maximum permissible levels in the fishes set by the Korean Food & Drug Agency for safe human consumption.

Heavy Metal Contents of the Drainage-basin Soil in Daejon Area (대전지방(大田地方) 하천지역(河川地域) 경작토중(耕作土中)의 중금속함량(重金屬含量))

  • Kim, Moon-Kyu;Lee, Kyu-Seung
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.78-82
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    • 1983
  • Some physico-chemical properties and heavy metal contents of up-land and paddy field soils on the drainage-basin of Daejeon Cheon and Yoodeung Cheon in Daejeon area were investigated. The average contents (and the range) of Pb was 6.75 ppm (2.33-11.65 ppm), Cr; 1.77 ppm (0.58-4.0 ppm), Cd; 0.7pprn (0.09-1.83 ppm), Cu; 9.96 ppm (t-19.36 ppm), and Zn; 19.99 ppm (2.38-47.9 ppm) in up-land soil, and Pb; 7.77 ppm (t-15.5 ppm), Cr; 1.91 ppm (t-9.38 ppm), Cd; 0.21 ppm(t-2.05 ppm), Cu; 11.17 ppm (t-21.96 ppm), and Zn; 18.0l ppm (1.65-40.0ppm) in paddy field soil, respectively.

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