• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2023

Vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) is an important indicator to predict myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) in dogs. When the caudal margin of cardiac silhouette and the dorsal margin of caudal vena cava (CdVC) could not be seen exactly, another way to evaluate VLAS is needed. The objective of this study was to assess whether a new modified VLAS (m-VLAS) could be used as an indicator to predict MMVD in 57 small breed dogs with MMVD. The m-VLAS was also used to classify American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine staging groups and left heart enlargement confirmed with echocardiograph (EchoLHE) groups. The m-VLAS was measured as the distance from the ventral aspect of the carina to the dorsal aspect of the intersection of the cardiac silhouette and the farthest LA caudal margin, not the CdVC, followed by drawing the same line beginning at the cranial edge of T4. Based on VLAS values and m-VLAS values measured for dogs with MMVD, correlations between these values and left heart enlargement groups were then evaluated. There were significant differences in both the VLAS and the m-VLAS between EchoLHE groups. The AUC of the ROC curve of the m-VLAS to detect EchoLHE was higher than that of the VLAS. The optimal cutoff value for the m-VLAS was >2.7, which had a higher specificity (86.84%) than the VLAS specificity (71.05%). This study reveals that a new m-VLAS is a more specific indicator than the VLAS for predicting left side heart enlargement in small breed dogs. Therefore, the m-VLAS can be used as a clinically useful radiographic measurement alternative to or better than the VLAS.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1988

Sandy dust phenomena was observed from April 19 to 23, 1988 in Seoul and suspended particulate was collected by Andersen air sampler during this period. The samples were analyzed for 16 components $(SO_n^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, PO_4^{3-}, NH_4^+, F^-, Al, Fe, K, Cu, Mn, Na, Pb, Mg, Ca, Cd)$. The conclusions are as follwes: 1. Total suspended particulate concentation during the period of sandy dust phenomena was 489 $\mug/m^3$ (ordinary times: 140-125 $mug/m^3$) 2. The water - soluble ion component concentration of suspended particulate during the period of sandy dust phenomena was few and the metal concentration of that was more than that of ordinary times. 3. The cumulative frequency distribution of suspended particulates in logarithmic diagram did not show similar to normal log distribution during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 4. $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, and PO_4^{3-}$ was onsided to coarse particle, and $NH_4^+$ and F to fine particle in the size distribution of water - soluble ion components during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 5. Metal concentration was high and Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, Mg, and Ca was onsided to coarse particle, and K, Pb, and Cd to fine particle in the size distribution of metal components. 6. During the period of sandy dust phenomena the quantity of respirable particle (< 1 $\mum$) was about 3 times and that of metal components were about 2 - 11 times than that of ordinary times. 7. The concentrations of $NO_3^-, Cl^-, NH_4^+$ at ordinary times were 1.1 - 4 time than that of the period of sandy dust phenomena.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.52-58
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the contents of heavy metals with respect to the depth, particle size and Tessier et al. method in surface sediment of the Nakdong river. The contents of Cd, Cu & Pb were high or similar with increasing depth, but Mn & Zn were high to middle depth. Generally, the contents of heavy metals were found to be high as the particle size become more small and more deep. Because the more particle size was small, the specific surface area was large, the contents of heavy metals was high for increasing affinity. It was estimated that the types of heavy metals contained in surface sediment by Tessier et al. method was dissimilar with anaerobic condition, pH and degradation of organic matter, etc.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.14C no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2007

Connected Dominating Set(CDS) has been used as a virtual backbone in wireless ad hoc networks by numerous routing and broadcast protocols. Although computing minimum CDS is known to be NP-hard, many protocols have been proposed to construct a sub-optimal CDS. However, these protocols are either too complicated, needing non- local information, not adaptive to topology changes, or fail to consider the difference of energy consumption for nodes in and outside of the CDS. In this paper, we present two Timer-based Energy-aware Connected Dominating Set Protocols(TECDS). The energy level at each node is taken into consideration when constructing the CDS. Our protocols are able to maintain and adjust the CDS when network topology is changed. The simulation results have shown that our protocols effectively construct energy-aware CDS with very competitive size and prolong the network operation under different level of nodal mobility.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.48-56
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• 2011

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal tumor and is associated with a specific immunophenotype index. It is very important to identify the specific immunophenotype and the diagnosis for the treatment GIST patients. Ninety two cases of GIST analyzed in this study were immuno-stained for c-kit, DOG1, CD34, PKC-${\theta}$, PDGFR-${\alpha}$. The rate of positive staining and statistical significance were then compared. In addition, the GISTs were analyzed as followings: very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk and high risk according to tumor size and nuclear division, and later correlated with clinical parameters. The results of the GIST positive stainings were: DOG1 (95.7%), PKC-${\theta}$ (90.2%), PDGFR-${\alpha}$ (88.0%), c-kit (87.0%) and CD34 (71.7%). Only DOG1 staining showed a statistical significance of p<0.05. It was identified in the classification system of histologic risk that staining expression of DOG1, PKC-${\theta}$, PDGFR-${\alpha}$ were significantly increased as histologic risk increases (p<0.05). However, clinical parameters such as age and sex of patients have no correlations with the classification system of histologic risk (p>0.05). Therefore, in this study, the expression of DOG1 showed statistical significance and DOG1, PKC-${\theta}$, PDGFR-${\alpha}$ staining increased significantly as the histologic risk increases in histologic classification system. Taken together, the DOG1 staining should be very effective for the diagnosis of GIST patients.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.447-452
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• 2020

In this work, α-Fe₂O₃ nanocrystals are synthesized by co-precipitation method and used as adsorbent to remove Cr⁶⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ from wastewater at room temperature. The prepared sample is evaluated by XRD, BET surface area, and FESEM for structural and morphological characteristics. XRD patterns confirm the formation of a pure hematite structure of average particle size of ~ 40 nm, which is further supported by the FESEM images of the nanocrystals. The nanocrystals are found to have BET specific surface area of ~ 39.18 m² g^-1. Adsorption experiments are carried out for the different values of pH of the solutions, contact time, and initial concentration of metal ions. High efficiency Cr⁶⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ removal occur at pH 3, 7, and 5.5, respectively. Equilibrium study reveals that the heavy metal ion adsorption of the α-Fe₂O₃ nanocrystals followed Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Cr⁶⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ adsorption equilibrium data are best fitted to the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities of α-Fe₂O₃ nanocrystals related to Cr⁶⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ are found to be 15.15, 11.63, and 20 mg g^-1, respectively. These results clearly suggest that the synthesized α-Fe₂O₃ nanocrystals can be considered as potential nano-adsorbents for future environmental and health related applications.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1375-1382
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• 2007

A column preconcentration method with pulverized Amberlite XAD-4 loaded with bismuthiol I (BI) has been developed for the determination of trace Cd(II) and Cu(II) in various real samples by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Various experimental conditions, such as the size of XAD-4, adsorption flow rate, amount of bismuthiol I, stirring time for adsorbing bismuthiol I on XAD-4, pH of sample solution, amount of XAD-4- BI, desorption solvent, and desorption flow rate, were optimized. Also, the adsorption capacity and the adsorption rate of Cd(II) and Cu(II) on XAD-4-BI were investigated. The interfering effects of various concomitant ions were investigated, Bi(III), Sn(II) and Fe(III) were found to affect the determination. But the interference by these ions was completely eliminated by adjusting the amount of XAD-4-BI resin to 0.70 g, although the adsorption flow rate was slower. For Cd(II) our proposed technique obtained a dynamic range of 0.5-40 ng mL-1, a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9913, and a detection limit of 0.3 ng mL-1. For Cu(II), the corresponding values were 2.0-120 ng mL-1, 0.9921 and 1.02 ng mL-1. To validate this proposed technique, the aqueous samples (stream water, reservoir water, tap water and wastewater), the diluted brass sample and the plastic sample, as real samples, were used. Recovery yields of 91-103% were obtained. These measured data were not different from ICP-MS data at 95% confidence level. Our proposed method was also validated using rice flour CRM (normal, fortified) samples. From the results of our experiment, we found that the technique we present here can be applied to the determination of Cd(II) and Cu(II) in various real samples.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.189-193
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality and the quantity for manufacturing vinegar powder using spray drying. The $\beta$-cyclodextrin(CD) and gum arabic(GA) were used as well materials and the mixing ratio of CD and GA was ranged from 10:0 to 0:10. The moisture content of the vinegar powder of 2.5 of CD and 7.5 of GA was lowest among the other mixing ratios. At this proportion, the titratable acidity was highest as it had much included vinegar. The heat stability was not varied much with mixing ratio. However the stability of heat was maintained. Further the water absorption of powder was comparatively low. The manufactured powder vinegar shape was smooth round particles and stable structure by SEM and the particle size was small enough to form capsulation. In sensory evaluation, under these conditions the sourness was highest at 3.5. Therefore, the optimal mixing ratio at 2.5 of CD and 7.5 of GA in wall material was selected.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.384-393
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• 2017

Purpose: The tumor microenvironment is known to be associated with the metabolic activity of cancer cells and local immune reactions. We hypothesized that glucose metabolism measured by 2-deoxy-2-($^{18}F$)fluoro-D-glucose ($^{18}F-FDG$) positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) ($^{18}F-FDG$ PET-CT) would be associated with local immune responses evaluated according to the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 56 patients who underwent $^{18}F-FDG$ PET-CT prior to gastrectomy. In resected tumor specimens, TIL subsets, including cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, CD4, CD8, Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and granzyme B, were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was calculated as: ($10{\times}serum$ albumin value)+($0.005{\times}peripheral$ lymphocyte counts). Additionally, the maximum standard uptake value ($SUV_{max}$) was calculated to evaluate the metabolic activity of cancer cells. Results: The $SUV_{max}$ was positively correlated with larger tumor size (R=0.293; P=0.029) and negatively correlated with PNI (R=-0.407; P=0.002). A higher $SUV_{max}$ showed a marginal association with higher CD3 (+) T lymphocyte counts (R=0.227; P=0.092) and a significant association with higher Foxp3 (+) T lymphocyte counts (R=0.431; P=0.009). No other clinicopathological characteristics were associated with $SUV_{max}$ or TILs. Survival analysis, however, indicated that neither $SUV_{max}$ nor Foxp3 held prognostic significance. Conclusions: FDG uptake on PET-CT could be associated with TILs, especially regulatory T cells, in gastric cancer. This finding may suggest that PET-CT could be of use as a non-invasive tool for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in patients with gastric cancer.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.462-469
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• 2013

Catechin (CTEC) is well-known as a very powerful antioxidant, containing the effects of anti-inflammation and skin wound healing. In this study, CTEC/${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CD) nanoparticles were incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/pectin (PT) hydrogel. The composite was designed for the induction of re-epithelializaton in skin wound. CTEC/${\beta}$-CD nanoparticles were prepared by a molecular complex method. The size of the CTEC nanoparticles formed in the hydrogel was in the range of $250{\pm}17.5$ nm. The incorporation efficiency of CTEC in the nanoparticles was 74%. The cumulative amounts of CTEC released from the hydrogel containing CTEC nanoparticles in the buffers of pH7.4 and 5.5 were $86.51{\pm}3.14%$ and $35.95{\pm}2.14%$ of total CTEC loaded in the hydrogel within 72 h, respectively. Also, in the wound healing test, the CTEC nanoparticles-loaded PVA/PT hydrogel showed faster healing of the wound made in rat dorsum than the CTEC gel.