• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.72-74
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• 2000

This study was carried out to assess the neutralization ability of $NH_4\;^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ on acidity of rainwater in Korea. The rainwater was collected at Suwon, Ansung and Taean area for six months from May to October in 1998. Rainwater samples were analyzed chemical composition and calculated its theoretical pH. As the results, theoretical acidity which calculated by $-log([H^+]+[NH_4\;^+]+[Ca^{2+}])$ in Suwon, Ansung and Taean area were higher 7.9, 8.7, and 6.5 times than measured acidity, respectively. $NH_4\;^+$ more contributed on neutralization of rainwater acidity than $Ca^{2+}$. In case of $Ca^{2+}$ its effect on neutralization of rainwater acidity was higher in Suwon than Ansung and Taean area.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.939-944
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• 2016

Background: Cell-free DNA circulating in blood is a candidate biomarker for malignant tumors. Unlike uniformly truncated DNA released from apoptotic non diseased cells, DNA released from necrotic cancer cells varies in size. Objectives: To measure the DNA integrity index in serum and the absolute DNA concentration to assess their clinical utility as potential serum biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) compared to CEA and CA19-9. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with CRC, 10 with benign colonic polyps and 20 healthy sex and age matched volunteers, were investigated by real time PCR of ALU repeats (ALU q-PCR) using two sets of primers (115 and 247 bp) amplifying different lengths of DNA fragments. The DNA integrity index was calculated as the ratio of q-PCR results of ALU 247/ALU 115bp. Results: Serum DNA integrity was statistically significantly higher in CRC patients compared to the benign and control groups (p<0.001). ROC curves for differentiating CRC patients from normal controls and benign groups had areas under curves of 0.90 and 0.85 respectively. Conclusions: The DNA integrity index is superior to the absolute DNA concentration as a potential serum biomarker for screening and diagnosis of CRC. It may also serve as an indicator for monitoring the progression of CRC patients. Combining CEA and CA19-9 with either of the genetic markers studied is better than either of them alone.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1355-1362
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• 2010

This study was carried out in order to observe how the bay sediment would be changed with microbial treatments and a chemical oxidant like $CaO_2$. The sediment during the treatments was analyzed in terms of pH, ORP, volatile organics content, COD, AVS, T-N, and T-P. With $CaO_2$ treatment, pH was kept over 9.66 and ORP ranged from +4.70~+46.0, which meant an aerobic state meanwhile with the microbial treatment those were worse. In addition the chemical treatment showed better environmental index values than the microbial one: volatile organics content and COD values in the former were 12.9% and 37.9% while those in the latter were 4.5% and 18.7%, respectively. AVS and T-P were 71.1% and 100% versus 56.5% and 85.8%, respectively. However, the microbial treatment was better for T-N(66% higher). On the other hand, both treatment at a time enhanced all the environmental indices but COD meantime pH and ORP values were lower than with the chemical treatment only. Thus additional input of an oxygen generator like $CaO_2$ could improve the environmental state of a bay sediment where the biological treatment is going on.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.149-152
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• 2014

Purpose: At our hospital blood is collected from a patient before an imaging test, with the concern of any effect possible when a nuclear medicine imaging test and an in-vitro test are carried out at the same time. However, occasionally, the blood collection is performed after an imaging test, with the reasons that the patient is not properly guided or the patient doesn't follow the guide correctly. In that case, we prefer to gather blood again after a few days. The purpose of this study is not only to see whether there is any effect of an imaging test on the result of the in-vitro test performed with the blood collected after the imaging test, but also to study how many days waiting after each test is appropriate to take a blood sample, if the effect exists. Materials and Methods: From September to October 2013, blood were collected from 13 patients in our hospital regardless of age and sex each time before and after the injection of the radioactive isotope from the tests : PET-CT, Gated Myocardial SPECT, and DTPA GFR Scan. Considering a half-life, AFP, CA19-9, CEA, TSH, and T3 were carried out right after the blood collection. In case of an iodine therapy, blood were taken each time before and after taking radioactive iodine, and, after AFP, CA19-9, and CEA, the difference between them in consistency and in cpm were compared. Results: With 10 patients after the imaging tests and 3 patients after the iodine therapy, their serum cpm was over 10,000. Over time, the cpm decreased in accordance with the half-life ($^{18}F$ 110minutes, $^{99}mTc$ 6hours, $^{201}Tl$ 72hours, $^{131}I$ 7days). Between the two cases, one before and the other after the injection of the radioactive isotope, the cpm and the results of AFP, CA19-9, CEA, TSH, and T3 from three patients each test, PET-CT, Gated Myocardial SPECT, and DTPA GFR Scan, were very similar. In addition, in case of an iodine therapy, there was also not a meaningful difference in the cpm and the results of AFP, CA19-9, and CEA, from three patients in an iodine therapy, between the two cases, one before and the other after taking the radioactive iodine. Conclusion: In case a blood collection was performed after the imaging test which required a radioactive isotope injection, the cpm increased, differently according to the kind of the radioactive isotope. However, the results of the in-vitro tests like AFP, CA19-9, CEA, TSH, T3, etc were nearly not affected. As the result, it's considered that there will not be any significant effect also from other tests, as the result from the performed seven tests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2010

This study used a bio-social approach in classifying the vegetation communities of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Hongdo island of Korea, and the results are as follows: Quercus acuta community, Daphniphyllum macropodum community, and Carpinus coreana community. The composition of soil properties in the same areas are as follows:soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg contained, cation exchange capacity, and soil pH. The capacities of these chemical properties of the soil ranged from 6.49~13.71%, 0.1 9~0.46%, 26.1 9~10.63(mg/kg), 0.24~0.56($cmol^+$/kg), 0.68~3.19($cmol^+$/kg), 0.83~1.82($cmol^+$/kg), 9.74~22.55($cmol^+$/kg), and 4.04~4.14 respectively. The Carpinus coreana community was found in the high elevation areas; Quercus acuta community, and Darphniphyllum macropodum community were also found in the low elevation. However, Quercus acuta communiη, compared with Daphnihyllum macropodum community, was found in the areas that contained more total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1990

Most of the diagnostic methods currently used for the detection of neoplastic masses provide indirect evidence. To obtain greater specificity in the interpretation of neoplasias by in vivo methods, the immunological approach appears to be most promising. Two problems that interfered with progress in this field were the lack of tumor specific antigen and the lack of well-defined and reproducible antibodies. To improve the sensitivity and specificity of radioimmunoscintigraphy as a technique for tumor localization, the use of monoclonal antibodies, fragments of antibodies and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) are reasonable. The obvious advantages of monoclonal antibodies are their homogeneity, their specificity for the immunizing antigen and the reaction with a single determinant-thus no large immunecomplexes with antigen are formed. Monoclonal antibody technique has recently provided an opportunity to reevaluate the role of nuclear medicine for the diagnosis of malignant diseases by using the immunological approach. Out first results by means of radioimmunoscintigraphy of CEA and CA 19-9 producing tumors using a cocktail of fragments F $(ab')_2$, of mocolonal antibodies to CA 19-9 and CEA labeled with $^{131}I$ (IMACIS-1) are reported. The aims of this investigation was to evaluate the role of immunoscintigraphy in patients with colorectal and other cancers for diagnosis of local recurrences and metastasis. This report contains results of the first 8 colorectal and pancreas cancer patients with the elevation of the level of serum CEA and/or CA 19-9. IMACIS-1 was injected intravenously during 30 minutes in 100 ml saline solution after skin test. Planar scintigrams were recorded 3, 5 and 7 days after the injection of the IMACIS-1. Anterior, lateral and posterior views of the liver as well as anterior and posterior views of the pelvis were obtained in each patients as an $^{131}I-antibody$ image. We were able to localize exactly the malignant process with the double-nuclide double-compound $^{99m}Tc\;^{131}I$ (Tc+l) scintigrams. In Tc & I double-nuclide scintigraphy, computer subtraction display provided more clear localization of the tumor. We compared the results of radioimmunoscintigraphy with CT, ultrasonograms, conventional scintigrams. The results were as follows: 1) The sensitivity and specificity of radioimmunoscintigraphy using the fragments $F(ab')_2$ of the cocktails of CEA and CA 19-9 monoclonal antibodies were 80% and 100% respectively. 2) Tumor detection rate was not proportionated to the level of serum tumor markets. 3) Second tracer technique was essential for tumor localization as an anatomic landmark using double-nuclide scintigraphy. 4) A slow infusion of the antibodies was necessary to prevent the formation of large immune complexes. 5) Tumor/non-tumor radioactivity was most elevated at 7 days delayed imaging. 6) Using planar scintigraphic technique of $^{131}I$ labeled monoclonal antibodies are possible for imaging most of the tumors.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2000

Mass loss and changes of mineral nutrients during the decomposition of mushrooms, Russula alboareolata and Lactarius violascens, were investigated for 7d from June 29 to July 5 in 1999 in an oak stand in Kongju, Korea. At 7d after installation of litterbags, the remaining mass of R. alboareolata and L. violaxcens was 9.4% and 25.9%, respectively. The mass loss rate of R. alboareolata was significantly higher than that of L. violascens. Concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg of R. alboareolata and L. violascens were 37.7 mg/g, 0.97mg/g, 38.25 mg/g, 0.04 mg/g, and 0.75 mg/g for R. alboareolata and 45.7 mg/g, 1.31mg/g, 24.0 mg/g, 0.06 mg/g, and 0.80 mg/g for L. violascens, respectively. Concentrations of nutrients in R. alboareolata and L. violascens were much higher than those in the surrounding leaf litter. N, P, Ca and Mg concentrations in the decomposing mushroom tissue were higher during the experimental period in both species than initial concentrations. Potassium increased during the first 3 d and then decreased in both species. Potassium contents in the mushroom were much greater than those of Ca and Mg. Except for Ca, there was no immobilization period in all the nutrients during decomposition. At 7 d after installation of litterbags, the remaining N, P, K, Ca and Mg of R. alboareolata and L. violascens were 9.8%, 8.9%, 2.7%, 47.7%, and 14.8% of the initial contents for R. alboareolata and 28.2%,30.5%, 19.6%, 199.9%, and 02.1% for L. violascens, respectively. Nutrients could be relocated spatially during the formation and decomposition of the Basidiomycetes fruiting body.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.437-442
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• 2010

This work was initiated both to maximize purity of calcium fluoride sludge and to minimize water content in the settled sludge. The sludge was produced in the process of fluoride removal of semiconductor wastewater by the addition of $Ca^{2+}$ ion. Fludized bed reactor(FBR) using calcium fluoride as a seed was adapted. Optimum pH and molar ratio of $Ca^{2+}/F^-$ were determined in lab-scale study. The experimental results showed that fluoride removal was increased as pH and molar ratio of $Ca^{2+}/F^-$ increased, with the best removal of 79.8% in an optimum condition. In the optimum point of fluoride removal, very low ${PO_4}^{3-}$-P removal of 9.3% was observed. It indicates forming $CaF_2$ crystal of high purity, when side reaction of calcium with phosphate was minimized. In addition, water content of settled sludge was 19.3%, which is relatively low compared to other fluoride removal processes. Consequently, the FBR process proposed in this study was very effective in fluoride removal, producing good sludge of high purity and less water content.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.198-205
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• 2014

The present paper investigates the leaching property of coal fly ash (FA) using distilled water as solvent and its performance of mineral carbonation. The highest leaching efficiency is obtained at 100 min after leaching begins and the overall leaching efficiencies of Ca and Na via five consecutive leachings were calculated to be 25.37% and 7.40%, respectively. In addition, because $Ca(OH)_2$ produced during the leaching reacts with $SiO_2$ which is the major component of FA, the Pozzolanic reaction may occur and thus reduces leaching efficiency. Total carbonation capacity of FA by absorbing $CO_2$ into FA leachates is 6.08 mg $CO_2/g$ FA and the contribution of alkali substances such as Ca, Na, Mg and K to this value is calculated to be 5.19 mg $CO_2/g$ FA. Carbonation efficiencies of Ca and Na based on leachates are 85.62% and 77.70%, respectively. On the other hand, the ratios of Ca and Na in raw FA to participate in carbonation are calculated to be 9.04% and 5.26%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-47
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• 2020

Objectives: Calcium (Ca) is an insufficiently consumed nutrient, whereas phosphorus (P) intake has exceeded the recommended intake level in Korea over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze dietary Ca and P intakes and their contribution rate according to dish groups. Methods: A 24-hour dietary recall survey of 640 healthy adults (aged 19-69 years) was undertaken twice in four Korean provinces. Dietary Ca and P intakes and their rates of contribution from 31 major dish groups were analyzed and compared by gender, age group, and region. Results: The average Ca and P intakes of the subjects were 542.1 ± 222.2 mg/d and 1,068.3 ± 329.0 mg/d, respectively. The intakes of Ca and P as percentages of recommended nutrients intake (RNI%) were 71.7 ± 29.8% and 152.6 ± 47%, respectively, and the percentages under the estimated average requirement were 60.3% for Ca and 3.8% for P. The RNI% of Ca was not significantly different between males and females, but was significantly higher in subjects in the sixties age group than in other age groups and was significantly lower in the Korean capital than in other regions. The RNI% of P did not significantly differ by gender or age groups, but it was significantly higher in the capital than in Gyeong-sang. The five major dish groups contributing to Ca intake (contribution rate) were milks/dairy products 69.2 ± 109.2 mg/d (12.6%), soups 55.6 ± 69.6 mg/d (10.1%), stir-fried foods 53.1 ± 70.7 mg/d (9.7%), stews 43.4 ± 85.4 mg/d (7.9%), and kimchi 38.4 ± 31.8 mg/d (7.0%). The five major dish group contributing to P intake (contribution rate) were cooked rice 160.7 ± 107.1 mg/d (14.9%), stir-fried foods 88.5 ± 89.4 mg/d (8.2%), soups 76.7 ± 85.8 mg/d (7.1%), one-dish meals 63.3 ± 94.4 mg/d (5.9%), and stews 62.6 ± 89.3 mg/d (5.8%). The dish groups contributing to Ca and P intakes differed somewhat by gender, age group, and region. Conclusions: Programs to improve the nutritional status of Ca and P intakes should consider the differences in Ca and P contribution rates by dish groups as well as by gender, age group, and region.