• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.411-419
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• 1996

The experiment was aimed to determine a change of chemical component in irrigatted water based on different tillage methods and nitrogen rates under mulching of barley straw in direct seeded rice. There was no difference in water pH of no-tillaged plot but high in tillaged plot until 10 days after treatment. The electric conductivity(EC) of the water was higher in no-tillaged plot than in tillaged plot. However, the dissolved oxygen content was vice versa. The content of NH$_4$-N was high in higher application rate of N fertilizer without the tillage. Mean while, NO$_3$-N content was highly affected by no-till aged plot particularly in between application time and fertilizer rate but not in tillaged plot. There was higher in P043- content with the no-tillaged plot compared to the tillaged plot. It was big difference with higher application rate of the fertilizer. Soil cations were high in much application of fertilizer without the tillage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1979

This experiment was carried out to investigate the nutritive value of brewery's activated sludge on the performance and nutrients utilization of egg type chicken of babcock fed the different levels of sludge. The chemical composition, content of amino acids and mineral in brewery's activated sludge were also analyzed. 3,6,9 and 12% of brewery's activated sludge were supplemented with basal ration as a substituted ingredient to soybean oil meal in experimental ration. The results obtained were as follow: 1. Chemical composition analysis 1) Brewery's activated sludge had 42.50% of crude protein on the air dried basis, and had 15,69% of crude ash, and had 2,060 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg of sludge. 2) Total amino acid content of brewery's activated sludge was 42.50% and 99% crude protein of brewery's activated sludge was a true amino acid, and brewery's activated sludge contained especially more methionine and threonine that those of soybean oil meal. 3) In case of mineral content of brewery's activated sludge, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and iron were plentifully included. However, calcium content in brewery's activated sludge was very low. 2. Feeding trial 1) Body gain of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge was decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. 2) Diet intake of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.05) increased as the supplementation level of sludge in ration increased. 3) Feed conversion of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was high in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. However, there were no significant differences between treatments. 3. Digestion trial 1) Utilization of dry matter of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was decreased as the level of sludge in ration increased. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. 2) Utilization of crude protein of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.01) increased as the level of sludge was higher. Utilization of crude protein of control treatment and of sludge 3% treatment was higher than that of other treatments. 3) Utilization of crude ash of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. 4) Utilization of NFE of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was slightly decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. Therefore according to this experiment, it may be concluded that brewery's activated sludge can be supplemented with chicken ration by $6{\sim}9%$.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.429-442
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• 2002

The faunal assembalges of macrobenthos and their habitat conditions on the soft-bottoms around Dokdo(Dok Island) was investigated using a box corer and a van Veen grab in Sept. 1999 and May 2000. The sediments in the slope sites were composed of sand particles and those in Ullneung Basin were mud. The sediments in the shelf sites were in the range of fine to medium sand. The organic content of the slope sediments was in the range of 1 to 2%. The macrobenthos occurred at the slope sites represented by 15faunal groups belonging to 8 phyla, and the major faunal group was polychaetous annelids. They comprised ca. 80.6% in slope sites, and 84.8% in shelf sites. Dominant species in the slope were Exogone verugera(40.9%), Cossura longocirrata (8.4%), Tharyx sp. (6.6%), Scalibregma inflatum (4.9%), Aedicira sp. (4.7%), Aricidea ramosa (3.8%), and Sigambra tentaculata (3.7%). Dominant species in the shelf were Chone sp. (49.3%), Tharyx sp. (18.4%), Ophelina acuminata (6.7%), Chaetozone setosa (3.8%), Glycera sp. (2.6%), and Aedicira sp. (2.4%). The mean densities of macrobenthos in the slope and shelf area were $2,028\;ind./m^2$ and $456\;ind./m^2$, respectively. The trophic composition of benthic polychaete worms in the slope area was different from that in shallow shelf area: surface deposit feeding worms were most abundant in slope area whereas filter feeding worms in shelf area. According to the cluster analysis and MDS plots, the spatial distribution of macrobenthos in Dokdo slope region was related with the sediment properties such as particle size and organic content. In the case of vertical distribution of macrobenthos in slope sites, most faunas concentrated in the upper sediment layer within 2cm depth.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of 13 different application levels of nitrogen(N), phosphorous($P_2O_5$) and potassium($K_2O$) fertilizer at pasture establishment on the winter survival, early spring growth and dry matter(DM) yield, and contents of crude protein(CP) and carbohydrate resewes(CH0-R) of grasses in Suwon from September, 1987 to June, 1988. Winter survival of grasses was high (ca. 90 %) in the plots of N 80 kg, N 120 kg and $K_2O$ application, regardless of $P_2O_5$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were low as 76 % and 64 %, respectively. Close relationships were observed between winter survival and N & $K_2O$ fertilizer. Early spring growth was vigorous in N-fertilized plots. Heading rate at the first harvest was 50-70 % in all N-plots, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, while those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low as 20-26 % and 15-18 %,respectively. The DM yield of first harvest was higher in the plots of N 80 kg $ha^{-1}$, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ levels, and those in zero-N and zero-NPK plots were very low (P < 0.05). The regrowth yleld was not significantly affected by fertilizer levels. The CP content was increased with increasing N level, but CHO-K contents (35-39 %)was not affected by fertilizer levels.Winter survival, early spring growth, DM yield and CP content were significantly influenced by N fertilizer at pasture establishment, regardless of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ application. In this experiment, the compensation effect for spring yield was observed with more N application than usual in next early spring when deficient amount of fertilizer (especially N) was applicated at pasture establishment. Also the optimum application levels of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ fertilizer could be recommended as 80, 200 and 70 kg $ha^{-1}$ in new establishing pasture, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.252-261
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• 2006

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of organic or inorganic acid supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts of weanling pigs. In growth trial (Exp I), a total of 100 crossbred pigs ({$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$}${\times}$Duroc), weaned at $23{\pm}2$ days of age and $7.25{\pm}0.10kg$ average initial body weight (BW), were allotted to 5 treatments by body weight and sex in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Three different organic acids (fumaric [FUA], formic [FOA] or lactic acid [LAA]) and one inorganic acid (hydrochloric acid [SHA]) were supplemented to each treatment diet. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. During 0-3 wk, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F ratio) were not significantly different among treatments. However, pigs fed LAA or SHA diet showed improved ADG by 15 or 13% respectively and 12% greater ADFI in both treatments compared to CON diets. Moreover, compared to organic acid treatments, better ADG (p = 0.07) and ADFI (p = 0.09) were observed in SHA diet compared to pigs that were fed the diet containing organic acids (FUA, FOA or LAA). However, during 4-5 wk, no differences in ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were observed among treatments. Overall, ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were not affected by acidifier supplementation. Although it showed no significant difference, pigs fed LAA or SHA diets showed numerically higher ADG and ADFI than pigs fed other treatments. In metabolic trial (Exp II), 15 pigs were used to evaluate the effect of acidifier supplementation on nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) was not improved by acidifier supplementation. Although the amount of fecal-N excretion was not different among treatments, that of urinary-N excretion was reduced in acidsupplemented treatments compared to CON group (p = 0.12). Subsequently, N retention was improved in acid-supplemented groups (p = 0.17). In anatomical trial (Exp III), the pH and $Cl^-$ concentrations of digesta in gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. No detrimental effect of intestinal and lingual (taste bud) morphology was observed by acidifier supplementation particularly in inorganic acid treatment. In white blood cell assay (Exp IV), 45 pigs were used for measuring white blood cell (WBC) counts. In all pigs after LPS injection, WBC counts had slightly declined at 2 h and kept elevating at 8 h, then returned to baseline by 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, overall WBC counts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. In conclusion, there was no difference between organic and inorganic acidifier supplementation in weanling pigs' diet, however inorganic acidifier might have a beneficial effect on growth performance and N utilization with lower supplementation levels. Furthermore, inorganic acidifier had no negative effect on intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts in weanling pigs. These results suggested that inorganic acidifier might be a good alternative to organic acidifiers in weanling pigs.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2012

The excellence of pigmented rice with respect to its nutritional composition was proven and the physicochemical properties of five kinds of rice (Jindo black rice, Jindo jeongmi, Boseong black rice, red rice, and green rice) were compared. The crude protein content of black rice harvested in Boseong (10.15%) were higher than that of the other varieties. The crude fat contents of pigmented rice (black, red, and green) were higher than those of polished rice (Jindo-jeongmi and black rice). Boseong black rice had the highest crude fat content. The major free sugar types in the rice varieties were maltose and glucose. The major mineral contents of the unpolished rice (pigmented rice) varieties were as follows: of P, 361.32~570.11 mg%; K, 196.63~210.04 mg%; Mg, 104.11~128.02 mg%; Na, 2.49~8.14 mg%; and Ca, 12.10~16.82 mg%. The major fatty acids in the five kinds of rice were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The fatty acid contents of the rice varieties did not differ significantly. The black rice (Boseong) had a higher amino acid content than the other varieties. The hunter color values of rice varieties were affected by the colors of tha samples. The L (lightness) value of black rice (Jindo, Boseong) was lower than that of the other samples. The thiamine and riboflavin contents of the red rice (0.48 mg/100 g and 0.14 mg/100 g, respectively) were higher than those of the other varieties (thiamine: 0.36~0.24 mg/100 g and riboflavin: 0.09~0.06 mg/100 g). The hardness of the rice varieties differed significantly (10.75~14.64 kg).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.384-395
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the environment factors including community structure and soil characteristics in the wild habitats of Cephalotaxus koreana, and offers the basic information for habitats conservation and restoration. Most of the wild habitats were located at altitudes between 148~835 m with inclinations ranged as $12{\sim}32^{\circ}$. The average soil pH was 4.7~5.9, soil organic matter was 5.72~15.99%, cation exchange capacity was $14.1{\sim}19.9cmolc/kg^{-1}$ and exchangeable $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ was 0.25~0.48 cmolc/kg, 0.79~6.68 cmolc/kg, 0.31~1.73 cmolc/kg, respectively. The dominant species of tree layer were found to be dominated by Quercus dentata in Jekbo-san (C1), Acer pictum in Bogae-san (C2), Acer pseudosieboldianum in Geumwon-san (C3), Q. serrata in Jiri-san (C4), Zelkova serrata in Baegun-san (C5), and Q. acutissima in Duryun-san (C6). The Species diversity (H') was 0.854~1.234, evenness (J') was 0.654~0.993, and dominance (D) was found to be 0.067~0.346. Correlation coefficients analysis based on environmental factors, community structure and value of species diversity shows that growth of Cephalotaxus koreana is correlated with species diversity and evenness. This result show that Cephalotaxus koreana habitats located in mature stands.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.221-234
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• 2013

Laboratory experiments for the reaction with supercritical $CO_2$ under the $CO_2$ sequestration condition were performed to investigate the mineralogical and geochemical weathering process of the sandstones and mudstones in the Pohang basin. To simulate the supercritical $CO_2$-rock-groundwater reaction, rock samples used in the experiment were pulverized and the high pressurized cell (200 ml of capacity) was filled with 100 ml of groundwater and 30 g of powdered rock samples. The void space of the high pressurized cell was saturated with the supercritical $CO_2$ and maintained at 100 bar and $50^{\circ}C$ for 60 days. The changes of mineralogical and geochemical properties of rocks were measured by using XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). Concentrations of dissolved cations in groundwater were also measured for 60 days of the supercritical $CO_2$-rock-groundwater reaction. Results of XRD analyses indicated that the proportion of plagioclase and K-feldspar in the sandstone decreased and the proportion of illite, pyrite and smectite increased during the reaction. In the case of mudstone, the proportion of illite and kaolinite and cabonate-fluorapatite increased during the reaction. Concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ dissolved in groundwater increased during the reaction, suggesting that calcite and feldspars of the sandstone and mudstone would be significantly dissolved when it contacts with supercritical $CO_2$ and groundwater at $CO_2$ sequestration sites in Pohang basin. The average specific surface area of sandstone and mudstone using BET analysis increased from $27.3m^2/g$ and $19.6m^2/g$ to $28.6m^2/g$ and $26.6m^2/g$, respectively, and the average size of micro scale void spaces for the sandstone and mudstone decreased over 60 days reaction, resulting in the increase of micro pore spaces of rocks by the dissolution. Results suggested that the injection of supercritical $CO_2$ in Pohang basin would affect the physical property change of rocks and also $CO_2$ storage capacity in Pohang basin.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to know the physicochemical properties of Korean tea according to degree of fermention. The moisture content of green tea, blue tea, yellow tea and black tea was 2.02∼2.04%. The content of total nitrogen was 3.78 % in green tea and 3.49∼4.03% in fermented tea. The content of the mineral was highest in Ca, Mg. The content of vitamin C was 670.62 mg in green tea and 169.7∼85.03 mg in fermented tea. The content of vitamin C were increased as tea was more fermented. The composition of vitamin E and β-carotene was green tea> blue tea> yellow tea> black tea. The content of the rutin was 0.12 % in green tea and 1.37% in black tea. The content of rutin was increased with fermentation. The content of total amino acid of green tea was 2270.9 mg. The content of main amino acid of Glu, Asp, and Leu was 342.01 mg, 165.32 mg, and 161.69 mg and the hightst content of Glu. The content of total amino acid of black tea was 2,219.08 mg. Total amino acid content of fermented tea increased in the order of black tea> blue tea> yellow tea, and among the tea, the content of black tea was the highest in the fermented tea. The content of caffeine was 1.17% in green tea and 1.05∼1.32% fermented tea. These results were nothing in the content of caffeine during the fermentation. The content of theanine was 0.95% in green tea and 0.73∼1.42% in fermented tea. The content of total catechin was highest in green tea, and decreased sharply as tea was more fermented. Flavonoid content of 1.05% in green tea. DPPH radical scavenge activities of the teas 4.73∼19.5% mg.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1096-1107
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• 2019

This study on the physicochemical property of physiological activity substance in mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) was performed for the use as an functional food materialization. The proximate composition in the vacuum freeze dried mung bean was carbohydrate 57.20±0.29%, crude protein 26.40±0.69%, moisture 9.90±0.16%, crude ash 3.54±0.43%, and crude fat 2.96±0.26%, respectively. The vitamin content of mung bean was vitamin B₅ 0.62±0.013 mg/100 g, vitamin E 0.17±0.001 mg/100 g, vitamin B₁ 0.13±0.016 mg/100 g, and β-carotene 87.37±0.754 ㎍ RE/100 g, respectively. The mineral content of mung bean was potassium (K) 12,428.55±147.55 mg kg^-1, magnesium (Mg) 2,053.32±14.13 mg kg^-1, calcium (Ca) 1,966.40±14.53 mg kg^-1, sodium (Na) 1,063.99±7.75 mg kg^-1, iron (Fe) 63.77±0.98 mg kg^-1, and manganese (Mn) 14.67±0.22 mg kg^-1. The compositions of fatty acid were saturated fatty acid 29.23±0.03%, monoenes 20.30±0.04%, and polyenes 50.46±0.06%. Protein bound amino acid content of mung bean was 21.75±0.24 g%. And major amino acids were glutamic acid 3.93±0.03 g%, aspartic acid 2.68±0.03 g%, respectively. The composition of free amino acid of mung bean was 336.77±8.66 mg%, and major free amino acids were arginine, glutamic acid, asparagine, and aspartic acid. As a results of these experiment, Mung bean could be used a natural resouce and functional biohealth food substance.