• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.597-609
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• 2014

To find out the effect of commercially available energy drinks on tooth enamel erosion, analyzed pH, buffering capacity, and the content of some of the inorganic components selecting 4 energy drinks that has high affinity of the products currently being sold. In addition, by observing the degree of erosion before and after immersion in energy drink by surface microhardness and scanning electron microscope (SEM) the results were as follows: Acidity of energy drink 'Burn Intense' was the lowest as $2.78{\pm}0.01$ highest on distilled water as $6.475{\pm}0.01$. 'Burn Intense' buffering capacity was $3.48{\pm}0.155$ at pH 5.5, $1.88{\pm}0.15$ at pH 7.0 which is the highest, and 'Hot6' was $1.71{\pm}0.37$, $1.23{\pm}0.35$ on each of it showing the lowest points. Ca content on energy drink was the highest at 'Volt Energy' as ($77.21{\pm}2.70mg/kg$), the lowest at 'Hot6' as ($0.98{\pm}0.05mg/kg$). P content was the highest on 'Hot6'($1.34{\pm}0.05mg/kg$) and detected at 'Red Bull'. Enamel surface hardness variation of the energy drinks before and after immersion showed rapid decrease at 'Red Bull' ($66.65{\pm}35.60$), and 'Volt Energy' ($61.96{\pm}31.42$), 'Burn Intense' ($58.53{\pm}24.84$), 'Hot6' ($53.99{\pm}60.26$) was in order. Distilled water, the control group, showed significant difference with the experimental group (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between energy drinks. At SEM observation and analysis, 'Burn Intense' was the most severe demineralization, 'Volt Energy', 'Hot6', 'Red Bull', distilled water was in order. In the above results, taken together there were no statistically differences between energy drinks but significant difference in comparison with distilled water. In addition, at SEM observation and analysis all energy drink caused dental erosion, especially 'Burn Intense', has the lowest acidity, was serious. Thus, it is believed to provide a variety of oral health education and information about energy drinks that can affect the erosion of the teeth so public have the right to be recognized and reasonable dental care.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.8
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• pp.65-73
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• 1967

For the study of method for salt elimination aimed at reforming tidal land into normal paddy fields in a short period with reduction of periods requiring for elimination of saline, CHP (a kind of Ca-hum ate), a soil conditioner made of peat as a main material was tried. In the pot experiment, effect on elimination of salt, improvement of physical-chemical characteristics and rice cultivation test were studied. The results of these tests are as follows: 1, CHP treatment somewhat improves aggregation state with some effect on aggregation. 2. CHP treatment is remarkably effective in permeability which increases with 1.0 percent treatment by three times in percolation rate, and by 4.5 times in volume of leached water respectively. 3. With the increase of CHP amounts, salt was eliminated in short period. When 80% of the total Na was leached in 1.0% CHP-A treated pot, control pot begins permeable. 4. CEC and phosphorous absorption capacity are not influenced by CHP treatment. 5. Growing state of rice is greatly influenced by rainfalls. Growth of rice in tidal land however are almost similar to those in normal paddy fields with layer amounts of CHP treatment. With salt content in the soils, saline hazard and numbers of ineffective stems, amounts of unmatured grain are increased. 6. With the treatment of CHP yields of rough rice were increased. With 0.5% CHP treatment the yields were similar to those of the normal paddy fields. With 1.0% CHP-A treatment, the yields were increased by 15 times more than those of none treated soil and by 25 percent more than normal paddy soils.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.438-445
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the chemical characteristics, antibacterial activity and dyeability of several juices made from Persimmon cv. 'Gyeongsanbanshi'. Young fruits of persimmon were harvested at 1st August, 2006. Fruit juice was extracted soon after harvesting, some of them were stored at $4{\sim}6^{\circ}C$ for 6 months or fermented at room temperature for 6 months. $L^*$ values of vinegar was 43.5 higher than those of fresh juice and fermented liquor. Inorganic matter contents in fresh juice, fermented liquor and vinegar were higher in the order of K ($1696{\sim}2880\;mg$/100 g), Ca ($166.7{\sim}417.9\;mg$/100 g), Mg ($203.9{\sim}214.4\;mg$/100 g), P ($37.9{\sim}109.8\;mg$/100 g), Na ($13.2{\sim}23.3\;mg$/100 g) and Fe ($8.4{\sim}14.2\;mg$/100 g). Cotton fabrics dyed with the fermented liquor and vinegar had the largest inhibitory zone against the gram-positive microorganisms with range of $16.0{\sim}35.0\;mm$. Cotton fabrics dyed with the fresh juice showed $9.0{\sim}9.5\;mm$ inhibitory zone against the gram-negative microorganisms, $15.0{\sim}21.0\;mm$ with the juice stored at $4{\sim}6^{\circ}C$ for 6 months, $22.0{\sim}23.0\;mm$ with the fermented liquor and $9.0{\sim}35.0\;mm$ with vinegar. The hue of cotton fabrics dyed with the fermented liquor had a YR levels, and antibacterial activity of them were 78.5%.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1318-1325
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• 1997

Background : Since the late 1960s, mechanical ventilation has been accomplished primarily using volume controlled ventilation(VCV). While VCV allows a set tidal volume to be guaranteed, VCV could bring about excessive airway pressures that may be lead to barotrauma in the patients with acute lung injury. With the increment of knowledge related to ventilator-induced lung injury, pressure controlled ventilation(PCV) has been frequently applied to these patients. But, PCV has a disadvantage of variable tidal volume delivery as pulmonary impedance changes. Since the concept of combining the positive attributes of VCV and PCV(dual control ventilation, DCV) was described firstly in 1992, a few DCV modes were introduced. Pressure-regulated volume control(PRVC) mode, a kind of DCV, is pressure-limited, time-cycled ventilation that uses tidal volume as a feedback control for continuously adjusting the pressure limit However, no clinical studies were published on the efficacy of PRVC until now. 'This investigation studied the efficacy of PRVC in the patients with unstable respiratory mechanics. Methods : The subjects were 8 mechanically ventilated patients(M : F=6 : 2, $56{\pm}26$ years) who showed unstable respiratory mechanics, which was defined by the coefficients of variation of peak inspiratory pressure for 15 minutes greater than 10% under VCV, or the coefficients of variation of tidal volume greater than 10% under PCV. The study was consisited of 3 modes application with VCV, PCV and PRVC for 15 minutes by random order. To obtain same tidal volume, inspiratory pressure setting was adjusted in PCV. Respiratory parameters were measured by pulmonary monitor(CP-100 pulmonary monitor, Bicore, Irvine, CA, USA). Results : 1) Mean tidal volumes($V_T$) in each mode were not different(VCV, $431{\pm}102ml$ ; PCV, $417{\pm}99ml$ ; PRVC, $414{\pm}97ml$) 2) The coefficient of variation(CV) of $V_T$ were $5.2{\pm}3.9%$ in VCV, $15.2{\pm}7.5%$ in PCV and $19.3{\pm}10.0%$ in PRVC. The CV of $V_T$ in PCV and PRVC were significantly greater than that in VCV(p<0.01). 3) Mean peak inspiratory pressure(PIP) in VCV($31.0{\pm}6.9cm$ $H_2O$) was higher than PIP in PCV($26.0{\pm}6.5cm$ $H_2O$) or PRVC($27.0{\pm}6.4cm$ $H_2O$)(p<0.05). 4) The CV of PIP were $13.9{\pm}3.7%$ in VCV, $4.9{\pm}2.6%$ in PVC and $12.2{\pm}7.0%$ in PRVC. The CV of PIP in VCV and PRVC were greater than that in PCV(p<0.01). Conclusions : Because of wide fluctuations of VT and PIP, PRVC mode did not seem to have advantages compared to VCV or PCV in the patients with unstable respiratory mechanics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1994

This survey was conducted to investigate the factors affecting on salt accumulation and chemical components of soils cultivated with horticulture crops in plastic film houses. The soil samples were taken from 40 sites in the northern central areas of Korea and were analyzed for the chemical properties and soil separates. The data were evaluated with soil texture and years of cultivation as major factors. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The chemical properties of surface soils in plastic film house were pH 5.80, EC $3.59mScm^{-1}$, O.M. 4.20%, Av. $P_2O_5$ 1,178ppm, $NO_3-N$ 180ppm, Av. $SO_4{^{2-}}$ 353ppm, $Cl^-$ 240ppm, Ex. Na 0.40me/100g. 2. Compared to the outside soil of plastic film house, the inside soil had 2.5~3 times higher contents of $NO_3-N$, Av. $SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $Cl^-$, 1.2~1.8 times higher exchangeable base elements, and 2.8 times higher electrical conductivity. But pH value of the inside soil was lower than the outside soil by 0.3 pH unit. 3. Soil texture classification showed that sandy loam, loam and silt loam were 32.5 %, 37.5 %, and 30.0 %, respectively. The contents of $NO_3-N$, Av. $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NH_4-N$ and EC value were very high in silt loam soils. Av. $P_2O_5$ content and pH value of sandy loam soils were higher than those of silt loam and loam soils. 4. The contents of O.M. and Av. $P_2O_5$ were higher in long term cultivation, but the contents of $NO_3-N$, Av. $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Cl^-$, Ex. Mg and Ex. Na including EC of the soil with 2~4 years cultivation were higher than those of the soil with above 5 years cultivation. 5. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that contribution degree of soil chemical properties to the EC was high in the order of $NO_3-N$ > Av. $SO_4{^{2-}}$ > Ex. Na > $Cl^-$ > Av. $P_2O_5$ > $NH_4-N$ > Ex. Mg>Ex. Ca. Among the soil chemical properties the contribution of anions was remarkably high. 6. EC value correlated with ${\sum}A$(total content of anions)as $r=0.932^{**}$ and with ${\sum}C$(total content of cations) as $r=0.452^{**}$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

This research was designed to evaluate the nutritional an microbiol quality assessment of Chungmukimbab purchased from market in Tongyeoung area. Contents of calories, calcium, iron, thiamin and riboflavin in ordinary kimbab and Chungmukimbab were lower than the recommended levels of Korean adult men. So, We suggested that a fruit, beverage and ffod stuff were supplemented to maintain nutritional balance. Total aerobic bacteria and coliform group of just prepared ordinary kimbab and Chungmukimbab samples from market were not significantly different, showing approximately $5.50{\pm}0.38 log_{10} CFU/g,\;2.10{\pm}0.47log_{10}MPN/100g$ in ordinary kimbab, $5.61{\pm}0.42log_{10}CFU/g,\;1.75{\pm}0.34 log_{10} MPN/100g$ in Chungmukimbab, respectively. Total aerobic bacteria of law ingredients of chungmukimbab sample were 3 to $4 log_{10}CFU/g$ in kimbab, seasoning squid and radish roots kimchi, 4 to $5 log_{10}CFU/g$ in boiled fish paste. The coliform groups were 1 to $2 log_{10}$ MPN/100 g in kimbab, seasoning squid and radish roots kimchi, 2 to $3 log_{10}$ MPN/100g in boiled fish paste. Detection rate of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts were 10.0, 12.5% in Chungmu-kimbab, 15.0, 10.0% in seasoning squid, 0, 10.0% in radish roots kimchi respectively, not detected in boiled fish paste samples. During storage at $15^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, total aerobic counts and coliform groups in ordinary kimbab and Chungmukimbab were increased by the 1.94, $0.97log_{10}CFU/g$, 0.60, 0.72 log10 MPN/100g respectively. Total aerobic counts of Chungmukimbab ingredients increased $0.83{\sim}l.33 log_{10}CFU/g$ at different time

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.787-796
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite (GB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal gas emission in pigs. In Exp 1., a total of one hundred nursery pigs (initial body weight 13.12${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 21 d growth assay. The five treatments were control (CON, basal diet), GB0.5-200 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 200mesh), GB1.0-200 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 200mesh), GB0.5-325 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 325mesh), GB1.0-325 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 325mesh). Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. ADG, ADFI and gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. Fecal NH3-N concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diet was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diet (P=0.01). The GB treatments reduced fecal volatile fatty acids significantly compared to the CON (propionic acid, P=0.01; butyric acid, P=0.01; acetic acid, P=0.02). Especially, fecal propionic acid concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diets was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diets (P=0.02). In Exp 2., a total of seventy five pigs (initial body weight 21.18${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 28 d growth assay. The treatments were same as described for Exp. 1. Each treatment had five replicates with three pigs per replicate. The GB1.0 treatments significantly increased the ADG compared to the GB0.5 treatments (P=0.03). The DM and N digestibility of pigs fed the GB1.0 diets were higher than that for pigs fed the GB0.5 diets (P=0.01). Also, the Ca digestibility of pigs fed the GB diets was higher than that for pigs fed the CON diets (P=0.01). The fecal NH3-N concentrations for the GB treatments were lower than that for the CON (P=0.01). The GB325 treatments significantly decreased the fecal NH3-N concentration compared to the GB200 treatments (P=0.03). The fecal butyric acid concentration for the GB325 treatments was lower than that for the GB200 treatment (P=0.04). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the dietary GB for nursery pigs affects fecal noxious gas emission. In growing pigs, dietary GB was effective to improve ADG and decrease fecal noxious gas emission.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 1990

The conditions for immobilization of the partially purified ${\beta}-galactosidase$ form Bacillus subtilis HP4 and the properties of the immobilized enzyme have been investigated. The crude enzyme precipitated with cold acetone was purified about 68-fold through DEAE-cellulose and sephadex G-100 chromatography and its recovery was 19.9% The optimal conditions for Immobilization of enzyme were obtained in 2%(w/v) sodium alginate, 15%(v/v) enzyme solution and 2%(w/v) calcium chloride, and also the optimal stirring thme was 2 hours on the above conditions. The optimum temperature and pH values for immobilized enzyme were $55^{\circ}C$ and 6.5, respectively. Its residual activity was show 25% after heat treatment for an hour at $65^{\circ}C$, and found its high stability in pH 6.0 to 8.0. The enzyme activity was not affected b)· EDTA, 2-mercaptoethanol, KCN, protective agents, and other methal ions except Hg ion and Cu ion. The $K_m\;and\;V_{max}$ values of the immobilized enzyme on ONPG were $1.82{\times}10^{-2}M\;and\;3.57{\times}10^{-8}mole/min$, whereas those on lactose were $2.94{\times}10^{-2}M\;and\;1.68{\times}10^{-7} mole/min$, respectively. The remained enzyme activity for the immobilized enzyme was 95%t of original activity after storage of 40 days at $4^{\circ}C$, and when reused for 5 times was 81%. When skim milk(4.8% lactose) and 5% lactose solution were reacted with the immobilized enzyme(250 units/g) of lactose were 51% and 43%, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1985

A quantitative restriction of maternal diet was given to the Sprague Dawley rats during the third week of gestation and during the lactation Dams of deficient groups were fed 20g of a stock diet a day and compared with the control group fed ad libitum throughout the experimental Period Dietary restriction started from birth in deficient 1 group and from the 14th day of gestation in deficient 2 group. Brain serotonin, norepinephrinet dopamine, and tyrosine of offsprings were determined at several intervals. Brain serotonin of offsprings of deficient groups 1 and 2 were significantly lower than the control and significant differences between the deficient greeds were noticed Brain catecholamines and tyrosine of offsprings of deficient groups were significantly lower than the control and there was no difference between the deficient groups. Maternal dietary restriction during the gestation and the lactation may have retarded the synthesis of serotonin and catecholamines in the brain.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.202-217
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of microleakage of Glass-Ionomer root canal sealer possessed several enviable properties with that of the other sealers and to evaluate clinical performance. One hundred twenty single-rooted teeth were used in this experiment. The teeth were cleaned mechanically and immersed for 24 hours in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and clinical crowns then were removed. After the root canals were instrumented using a step-back technique. one hundred twenty single-rooted teeth were divided into five groups of 24 in each. Group 1 : Tubli-Seal(Kerr Co., MI, U.S.A/ZOE-based), lateral condensation Group 2 : Sealapex(Kerr/Sybron, Romulus, MI/ $Ca(OH)_2$-based), lateral condensation Group 3 : AH 26(De Trey Co., Zurich Switzerland/Resin-based), lateral condensation Group 4 : Ketac-Endo(ESPE GMBH & CO. KG Seefeld:oberbay. Germany/ Glass Ionomer Cement-based), lateral condensation Control group : no sealer. lateral condensation And then. the root canals were obturated by lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha and experimental sealers. The control group were obturated without sealer. The teeth were placed in a vacuum chamber for 15 minutes and immersed 2% methylene blue under vacuum for 15 minutes. The teeth were passively stained for 1 week and 2 weeks and were cleared and evaluated for linear dye leakage using Tool maker's microscope(${\times}200$). The results were as follows: 1. There were statistically significant differences in the degree of dye penetration between the control group and experimental groups(p<0.05). 2. In the experimental groups, Sealapex($1.2871{\pm}0.9180mm$) exhibited the lowest mean value of dye penetration, followed by Ketac-Endo($1.4432{\pm}0.8082mm$), AH 26($1.5030{\pm}0.7752mm$) and Tubli-Seal($1.6458{\pm}1.0292mm$)(p>0.05). 3. There were statistically significant differences in the variation of microleakage between 1 week and 2weeks in Tubli-Seal and Seal apex groups (p<0.05). 4. The degree of dye penetration of all groups were increased as the time elapsed and AH 26 showed the lowest variation(+0.11) and Tubli-Seal(+ 1.03) showed the highest variation (p<0.001).