• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal region of Saemangum reclaimed land in which the soil is sandy loam (Munpo series). There were two treatments of nitrogen fertilization 20% increment based on the standard fertilization of 150, $200kg\;ha^{-1}$. Whole crop barley as the winter crop sowed on 27 October. After the whole crop barley was harvested at the end of May. Corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass as the summer crop sowed at the early of June successively on the same field. Emergence rate the whole crop barley was high while the summer crops were low. Soil salinity was increased during cultivation of summer crops. However, corn and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass were not damaged by salt. Increase of nitrogen fertilization made the growth of cultivation crops good, stem and leaf tended to have a lot of the mineral nutrients at heading stage and silking stage. After experiment, among soil chemical properties pH, content of exchangeable sodium were decreased and content of organic matter, available phosphate were increased. Dry matter yield were showed whole crop barley $13,170kg\;ha^{-1}$ and sorghum${\times}$sudangrass $19,440kg\;ha^{-1}$ by increment of nitrogen fertilization. Therefore, to improve the product and nutrient balance of reclaimed saline land comprehensive soil management should be considered.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.174-184
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• 2015

In the present study, the metabolism of [$^{14}C$]butachlor was investigated in rice plant according to the OECD test guideline No. 501. [$^{14}C$]Butachlor was treated as granule to paddy water by application of 1.5 kg ingredient (a.i.)/ha at the 3~4 leave stage of rice plant. At 85 days after treatment (DAT), samples of panicle, foliage, and roots were taken for radioactivity analysis. Upon harvest at 126 DAT, rice plants were separated into brown rice, husk, straw, and root parts. Amounts of total radioactivity absorbed by rice plant ranged from 8.6 to 9.8% of applied radioactivity (AR). Total radioactive residues (TRRs) of rice plant at 126 DAT was the highest as 4.0421 mg/kg (7.3% AR) in the straw followed by 1.4595 mg/kg (2.4% AR) in the root, 0.7257 mg/kg (0.1% AR) in the husk. The lowest level recording 0.1020 mg/kg (0.1% AR) was found in brown rice. Each part was extracted with various solvents and solvent/water mixtures. Greater than 70% of TRRs was readily extractable from foliage, panicle, husk and straw. Only 34.0% of the brown rice and 43% of root based on TRRs were extractable showing that the residues were completely assimilated in the plant tissue. The level of non-extractable radioactivity was ranged from 26.2 to 66.0% of TRRs. From this study, five tentative major metabolites (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5) were observed in rice extracts. Among the metabolites, 2,6-diethylaniline assigned as M4 was identified in rice plant by comparing to retention time of reference standard. Un-metabolized butachlor was not detected in any fractions. In soil extracts, N-(butoxymethyl)-N-(2,6-diethyl phenyl)acetamide, 2,6-diethylaniline, M2, M3 and M5 were observed. And the concentration of butachlor was low level (ca. 0.03 mg/kg).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.663-673
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• 2005

This study investigates the relationship between the geochemical maps and the gold-silver deposit locations. Geochemical maps of 21 elements, which are published by KIGAM, locations of gold-silver deposits, and 1:1,000,000 scale geological map of Korea are utilized far this investigation. Pixel size of the basic geochemical maps is 250m and these data are resampled in 1km spacing for the statistical analyses. Relationship between the mine location and the geochemical data are investigated using bayesian statistics and decision tree algorithms. For the bayesian statistics, each geochemical maps are reclassified by percentile divisions which divides the data by 5, 25, 50, 75, 95, and $100\%$ data groups. Number of mine locations in these divisions are counted and the probabilities are calculated. Posterior probabilities of each pixel are calculated using the probability of 21 geochemical maps and the geological map. A prediction map of the mining locations is made by plotting the posterior probability. The input parameters for the decision tree construction are 21 geochemical elements and lithology, and the output parameters are 5 types of mines (Ag/Au, Cu, Fe, Pb/Zn, W) and absence of the mine. The locations for the absence of the mine are selected by resampling the overall area by 1 km spacing and eliminating my resampled points, which is in 750m distance from mine locations. A prediction map of each mine area is produced by applying the decision tree to every pixels. The prediction by Bayesian method is slightly better than the decision tree. However both prediction maps show reasonable match with the input mine locations. We interpret that such match indicate the rules produced by both methods are reasonable and therefore the geochemical data has strong relations with the mine locations. This implies that the geochemical rules could be used as background values oi mine locations, therefore could be used for evaluation of mine contamination. Bayesian statistics indicated that the probability of Au/Ag deposit increases as CaO, Cu, MgO, MnO, Pb and Li increases, and Zr decreases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1988

One-year-old seedlings of Ginkgo biloba were treated with various simulated acid rains(pH 2.0, pH 3.0, pH 9.0 and pH 5.0) to examine the effects of simulated acid rain on the chemical properties of the tested soil. The seedlings were grown in a pot($4500cm^3$)containing one of three different soils(nursery soil, mixed soil and sandy soil). Simulated acid rain was made by diluting sulfuric and nitric acid solution($H^1SO^4$ : $HNO^3$ =3 : 1, V/V) with tap water and tap water(pH 6.4), and treated by 5mm each time for three minutes during the growing seasons(April to October 1985). Acid rain treatments were done three times per week to potted seedlings by spraying the solutions. The chemical properties of potting media were compared among three soil types as well as among the various pH levels. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium contents and base saturation of the soil decreased with decreasing pH levels of acid rain, and their decreasing rates were as follows : sandy soil was the highest, followed by mixed and nursery soils, However, exchangeable aluminum content rather increased as the pH levels decreased. 2. Available phosphate in the soil decreased as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. Its content increased in nursery soil, compared with those before acid gain treatment, Gut decreased in mined and sandy soils. 3. Soil sulfate and nitrate contents increased remarkably as the pH levels decreased, and the only significant difference in the sulfate was found among the pH levels. Soil sulfate content was the highest in nursery soil, followed by mixed and sandy soils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1472-1481
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• 2007

The purposes of the study were to find refined taste of ancestor through historical research about traditional cooking method and ingredient for the purpose of enriching today#s dietary life and to hand down a particular style of regional dish and excellence of nutritional aspect by providing a standard recipe and nutrition analysis data on #Dong-rae Pajeon#. To collect data about traditional ingredients and cooking method, researcher interviewed seven local natives who have kept a traditional food costumes, visited four restaurants, and reviewed ten cookbooks. The interviewees recalled and demonstrated the cooking procedure. The standard recipe of #Dong-rae Pajeon# was created after three experimental cookings, based on the recipes of the natives, restaurants, and cookbooks. According to the natives# statements, #Dong-rae Pajeon# was a special dish that was offered to the king at #Samzi-nal# (March 3rd of the lunar calendar). It was also a seasonal (before cherry blooming time) and memorial service dish of the province#s high society. The main ingredients were small green onion, dropwort, beef, seafood (large clam, mussel, clam meat, oyster, shrimp, fresh water conch), waxy rice powder, non-wax rice powder, and sesame oil which were abundant in Busan and Kijang region. Energy per 100 g of #Dong-rae Pajeon# was 148 kcal. Protein, lipid, fiber, Ca, and Fe contents were 8.8 g, 2.0 g, 8.6 g, 57.7 mg, and 1.8 mg respectively. Contents of cystine, lysine, leucine, valine, isoleucine which are essential amino acids were high in #Dong-rae Pajeon#. Fatty acids contents are oleic acid (20.5%), linoleic acid (20.1%) and linolenic acid (10.4%) while P/M/S ratio was 0.73/0.67/1.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

This research was designed to evaluate the nutritional an microbiol quality assessment of Chungmukimbab purchased from market in Tongyeoung area. Contents of calories, calcium, iron, thiamin and riboflavin in ordinary kimbab and Chungmukimbab were lower than the recommended levels of Korean adult men. So, We suggested that a fruit, beverage and ffod stuff were supplemented to maintain nutritional balance. Total aerobic bacteria and coliform group of just prepared ordinary kimbab and Chungmukimbab samples from market were not significantly different, showing approximately $5.50{\pm}0.38 log_{10} CFU/g,\;2.10{\pm}0.47log_{10}MPN/100g$ in ordinary kimbab, $5.61{\pm}0.42log_{10}CFU/g,\;1.75{\pm}0.34 log_{10} MPN/100g$ in Chungmukimbab, respectively. Total aerobic bacteria of law ingredients of chungmukimbab sample were 3 to $4 log_{10}CFU/g$ in kimbab, seasoning squid and radish roots kimchi, 4 to $5 log_{10}CFU/g$ in boiled fish paste. The coliform groups were 1 to $2 log_{10}$ MPN/100 g in kimbab, seasoning squid and radish roots kimchi, 2 to $3 log_{10}$ MPN/100g in boiled fish paste. Detection rate of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts were 10.0, 12.5% in Chungmu-kimbab, 15.0, 10.0% in seasoning squid, 0, 10.0% in radish roots kimchi respectively, not detected in boiled fish paste samples. During storage at $15^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, total aerobic counts and coliform groups in ordinary kimbab and Chungmukimbab were increased by the 1.94, $0.97log_{10}CFU/g$, 0.60, 0.72 log10 MPN/100g respectively. Total aerobic counts of Chungmukimbab ingredients increased $0.83{\sim}l.33 log_{10}CFU/g$ at different time

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1998

Algal meal (cell) was produced from the solution of dairy cow wastes by fermentation of ulothrix. sp. and chlorella sp. Raw wastes mainly feces were diluted with ground water to give dry matter concentration of 0.5 w/v of wastes in 20 l amounts of ten plastic containers. Each containers were covered with plastic nets and vinyl films to protect from the insects and rain. Algea cells were harvested every 3 to 5 days and dried by sunlight and artifitial heat. Dried cells were ground by a feed meal, and analyzed and tested for the chemical composition of dry cell, in vitro DM and protein digestibility and the safty of algae. Protein contents in algae meals, ulothrix (29.37%) and chlorella (29.24%) were similar. However, chlorella contained lower Neutral detergent fiber (5.92%) than ulothrix(20,76%), and higher ash (32.86%) and calcium (12.62%) than ulothrix (28.66% and 6.09%) (P<.01). Ulothrix protein had higher for essential amino acids; valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine, than chlorella (P<.05). Algal fats contained high saturated fatty acids, C16:0 and C18:0, for ulothrix and high unsaturated fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2, for chlorella (P<.01). In vitro digestibility of. ulothrix tended to be higher for DM, but lower for protein than chlorella. The weight gain and survival percentage were higher for pond fishes (loaches, Misgurnus sp. ) fed diet added chlorella meal than diets added ulothrix meal and control diet (P<.05).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 1994

To investigate differences in Cd and Zn contents in paddy soils and rice plants polluted by aerial emissions from the Janghang smelter, soil samples in the different directions and at the surface (0-15cm) and subsurface (15-30cm) in 1982 and 1990, and rice plants at the corresponding sampling sites in 1990 were collected from the Janghang Smelter Area. Soil samples were extracted with $4M-HNO_3$ and plant samples were digested with a mixture of $HNO_3$ and $HClO_4$for analyzing by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Cd and Zn contents in soils ranged from 0.09 to 4.42 and from 16.0 to 959.5mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The average contents of Cd and Zn in 1990 were higher than those in 1982. The Cd and Zn contents of soils near the center of the smelter were higher than those of soils farther from the center and also decreased in the order of east > north-north east > north east > north. The Cd and Zn levels in surface soils were higher than those in subsurface soils. The contaminated areas of Cd and Zn were within 4km in the east, and within 3km in the north-north east and the north east. Metal contents in brawn rice were the lowest in rice plants. The Cd content of brown rice was one sixth of that in leaf blade and in leaf sheath. The Cd content of leaf blade, stem and panicle axis were significantly correlated with the levels of Zn, Cu and Pb in soils, and Zn content of stem was significantly correlated with the levels of Cu and Pb. The Cd and Zn content in brown rice ranged from 0.05 to 0.25mg $kg^{-1}$ and from 10.5 to 30.9㎎ $kg^{-1}$ in the smelter area, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics and ordination of Bletilla striata population in South Korea. The $Bletilla$ $striata$ population was classified into $Juniperus$ $rigida$ dominant population, $Rhododendron$ $yedoense$ var. $poukhanense$ dominant population, $Rhus$ $javanica$ dominant population, $Bletilla$ $striata$ typical population. $Bletilla$ $striata$ were mainly distributed along the coast of south-western regions of the Korean penninsula and it's population was located at an elevation of 4m to 40m. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were 2.38-6.70%, 0.09-0.27%, 1.81-6.85mg/kg, 1.08-1.72$cmol^+/kg$, 3.56-7.71$cmol^+/kg$, 1.52-3.21$cmol^+/kg$, 5.28-16.95$cmol^+/kg$ and 4.60-6.01 respectively. $Rhododendron$ $yedoense$ var. $poukhanense$ dominant population was found in the steep sloped area that has high percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and pH than other populations. $Rhus$ $javanica$ dominant population was found in the gentle sloped area that has less percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and pH. $Juniperus$ $rigida$ dominant population and $Bletilla$ $striata$ typical population were found in the medium sloped area that has medium percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and pH. Current status of $Bletilla$ $striata$ habitats is very vulnerable with local development constantly threatening the species' survival. Thus, concrete conservation plans to protect natural habitats should be set up as soon as possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1142-1149
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• 2002

This study was designed to standardize recipe and analyze the nutrients of Aguyjjim (stewed angler), a kind of native local foods in Busan. The results of this study are summarized as follows. The form of angler and its way to catch for a bait were recorded in Jasanobo, but the recipe was not written. While angler was used as manure or feed once, it was boomed for Aguyjjim since 80's, accredited as high-quality fish and protein-rich food. The standard recipe of Aguyjjim was prepared (through 3 times experimental cooking), being based on the recipe of cookbooks and restaurants. Then standard recipe was subjected to sensory evaluation. All sensory properties (appearance, smell, texture etc.) of Aguyiiim were evaluated as “like slight S, moderately”in hedonic scale. Energy per 100 g of the Aguyjjim was 89 kcal. It contained protein (10.7 g), fat (1.3 g), fiber (2.6 g), Ca (45 mg), Fe (1.3 mg) and so on. Amino acid is mainly comprised glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Free amino acid contents such as asparagine, glutamic acid, taurine were high. Fatty acid primarily consisted of unsaturated fatty acid like oleic acid, linoleic acid. Traditional foods are based on that of local foods. However, there has been little study looking into the recipes and nutritional value of local foods. Aiming at development of traditional food, the present study offered the standard cuisine of Aguyiiim that is a kind of local foods in Busan. In addition, it presented the composition of nutrients, amino acids and fatty acids. This data would be helpful for houses, restaurants and food service facilities to revive the local foods.