• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 1978

Among the strains isolated form the various sources, the strain AC-12 producing a powerful pectinase was selected by the extensive screening test. The selected strain was indentified and its toxicity investigated. The conditions of the pectinase production, the characteristics of the purified enzyme and the clarification effect on the apple juice were studied. 1. The selected strain AC-12 was identified by the classification method of paper and fennel and named as Aspergillus sp. AC-12. 2. As a result of the breeding test of the white mouse, no toxicity was found from this enzyme. 3. The yield of pectinase in the medium of defatted rice bran was much better than that in the medium of wheat bran. 4. The optimum conditions for the culture of the strain in the medium of defatted rice bran were that the cultural time was 72hrs, the amount of water to be added about 80%, temperature $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$ and pH $3.0{\sim}5.0$. 5. The yield of pectinase was slightly increased by the addition of pectin to the medium of defatted rice bran and by the addition of pectin, $NaNO_3$ and $K_2HPO_4$ to the medium of wheat bran, respectively. 6. The optimum conditions for the enzyme activity were pH $3.0{\sim}4.0$ and temperature $40{\sim}50^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was stable below $40^{\circ}C$ and pH $2.0{\sim}8.0$, respectively. But above $50^{\circ}C,$ this enzyme was abruptly inactivated. The activity was slightly increased by the addition of $MnSO_4\;and\;CuSO_4.$ 7. It was regarded that the opimum temperature for the clarification of the apple juice was $40{\sim}50^{\circ}C$, the optimum pH 3.0 and the optimun concentration of the enzyme 0.1%, and the apple juice was almost clarified by the reaction at $45^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.465-477
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• 1997

The purpose of this article is to know the effects on bowel function of the kind of fiber and the amount of fiber in SD-rats. To do this experiment, we select of $\alpha$-cellulose as n insoluble cellulose source and alginic acid and pectin as soluble cellulose source. The rats diets contained callolose camcentrations of 1.0%, 3.6%, 6.0% and 10.0%. After that, we raised the SD-rats for 4weeks and measured the amount of food intake, body weight, the food effciency ratio, the length of liver and stomach the weight of the intestines, the transit time through the intestines, pH in feces, and the amount of bile acid and Ca, Mg, pp. 1) The amount of food intake was 15.75-31.00g/day. It was highest in the 10.0% cellulose group and the lowest in the 3.6% and 6.0% alginic acid group (p<0.05). The body weights of rats were 277.50-349.809. It was highest in the 1.0% pectin group and lowest in the 3.6% alginic acid group, 6.0% cellulose group, and 10.0% pectin group. It had differences according to the content fiber and the kind of dietary(p<0.01). The food efficiency ratio was (p<0.01). The higher the content of dietary fiber, the lower the calory and the food efficiency ratio. 2) Transit time was 446.0-775.0 minutes and it showed signidicant ifferences according to the content and kind of dietary fiber(p<0.01). It was long in the 1.0% cellulose group and 1.0% pectin group but short in the 10.0% alginic acid group. As the content of dietary fiber increased, the transit time through the intestines was shortened. The length of small intestine was 101.03-120.40cm and there were no difference cegardloss of the content and kind of fiber. The length of the large intestine was 20.92-25.42cm and there were significant differences according to the content and kind of the fiber. High-fiber diets resulted in increases in the length of the large intestine. 3) The weight of the liver was 8.68-10.96g and there were no differences according to the content and kind of fiber. The weight of stomach was 1.28-1.74g and there were no differences resulting from the kind of dietary fiber, but it was highest in the 10.0% alginic acid group. The weight of the small intestine was 5.52-8.04g with no difference resulting from to the kind of fiber. It was highest in the 10.0% the alginic acid group and lowest in the 1.0% alginic acid group(p<0.05). The weight of large intestine was 2.50-3.30g with no differences related to the kind of dietary fiber. It was heaviest in the 6.0% and 10.0% alginic acid groups and in the 10.0% pectin group with differences related to the content of fiber(p<0.05). 4) The pH of the feces was 5.82-6.86 according to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was high at 6.66, the cellulose group was 6.26. but the pectin group was low at 6.30. There were difference according to the content of fiber, but no consistency. The content of bile acid was 6.25-34.77umol per 1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, the alginic acid group was low at 12.91umol, cellulose group was 18.64umol and, the pectin group was the highest at 27.78umol(p<0.001). Based on the content of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was low at 1.0%, but high at 3.6% pectin group(p<0.001). 5) The amount of feces was 1.00-5.10g/day. The weight of rat feces was 2.23g/day in the alginic acid goup, 2.75g/day in the cellulose group, and 1.82g/day in the pectin group. According to the content of fiber, cellulose group was high at 10.0% but alginic acid group was 1.0%, and there were significant difference according to the dietary fiber. The more the content of fiber, the more increase the content of feces in alginic acid, cellulose and pectin group. The content of Ca in the feces was 80.10-207.82mg/1g of dry feces. In the dietary fiber, alginic acid group was 193.08mg, cellulose group was 87.5mg, pectin group was 138.16mg. In the content of fiber, alginic acid group was high at 1.0% and 3.6% but low at 10.0% of Pectin group. The content of Mg was 19.15-44.72mg/1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group was 35.33mg, cellulose group was 23.60mg, and pectin was 36.93mg. According to the content of fiber, pectin group was high at 1.0% and low at 10.0% of cellulose group. The content of P was 1.65-4.65mg/1g of dry feces. According to the kind of dietary fiber, alginic acid group 2.23mg/g dry feces, cellulose group was 2.29mg/g, pectin group wa 4.08mg/g dry feces. In the content of fiber, pectin group was high at 6.0% and low at 6.0% alginic acid group, but there were significant difference among the analysis value. The conetnt of Ca and MG was higher in soluble alginic acid group and pectin group than in insoluble cellulose group. The high the content of the dietary fiber, the lower the food efficiency ratio and the short the transit time through intestine with the increase of the length of large intestin as well as the higher level of the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine. According to the content of the dietary fiber, the amount of the feces, Ca, Mg and P was increased but the length the small intestin, the weight of liver, pH of the feces and the amount of bile acid showed no differences and consistency.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.185-191
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• 1997

In order to obtain the basic information needed to utilize poultry by-products as feed resources, the yielding ratio, chemical composition and nutrient bioavailability of 5 offal components such as autoclaved head, feet, viscera, blood and feathers were investigated. Yielding ratios of head, feet, viscera, blood and feathers were 2.93％ 4.78％, 10.98％, 3.91％ and 4.83％, respectively. The crude protein contents of feathers (86.71％) and blood (82.99％) were higher than those of viscera (64.67％), feet (58.76％) and head (49.51％) , Inversely, the crude fat contents of blood (6.96％) and feathers (2.96％) were lower than those of head (26.19％), viscera (23.96％) and feet (13.73％). The crude ash contents of feet (21.69％) and head (20.38％) were higher than those of other by-products (0.96∼8.62％). The macro-mineral contents of head and feet were higher than those of other components, and the iron content of blood was higher than the other by-products. The total amino acid contents of poultry by-products showed the same trend as the crude protein contents. In addition, the Iysine content of feathers was very low compared to its high protein content. The essential amino acid contents of feathers were poorer than those of other offal components. Among the 5 offal components, the feathers showed the poorest amino acid availabilities. The ME contents were highest in viscera, and head, blood, feathers and feet. in decreasing order.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2003

Tailings of Dukum mine in the vadose and saturated zone were investigated to reveal the mobility of metal elements and the condition of mineralogical solubility according to redox environments throughout the geochemical analysis, thermodynamic modelling, and mineralogical study for solid-samples and water samples(vadose zone; distilled water: tailings=5 : 1 reacted, saturated zone; pore-water extracted). In the vadose zone, sulfide oxidation has generated low-pH(2.72∼6.91) condition and high concentration levels of S $O_4$$^{2-}$(561∼1430mg/L) and other metals(Zn : 0.12∼l57 mg/L, Pb : 0.06∼0.83 mg/L, Cd : 0.06∼l.35 mg/L). Jarosite$(KFe_3(SO_4)_2(OH)_6)$ and gypsum$(CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$) were identified on XRD patterns and thermodynamics modelling. In the saturated zone, concentration of metal ions decreased because pH values were neutral(7.25∼8.10). But Fe and Mn susceptible to redox potential increased by low-pe values(7.40∼3.40) as the depth increased. Rhodochrosite$(MnCO_3)$ identified by XRD and thermodynamics modelling suggested that $Mn^{4+}$ or $Mn^{3+}$ was reduced to $Mn^{2+}$. Along pH conditions, concentrations of dissolved metal ions has been most abundant in vadose zone throughout borehole samples. It was observed that pH had more effect on metal solubilities than redox potential. How-ever, the release of co-precipitated heavy metals following the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides could be the mechanism by which reduced condition affected heavy metal solubility considering the decrease of pe as depth increased in tile saturated zone.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.387-394
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• 2008

This research was performed to determine the proximate compositions, mineral contents, alginic acid, antioxidative activities and amino acids of sea mustards (Miyeok: Undaria pinnatifida) collected from Gijang and Wando area. Ash content was higher in Gijang samples, whereas carbohydrate and moisture were higher in Wando Sil Miyeok. General compositions of dried sea mustard showed different contents as manufacture's company and places. The major free amino acids were hydroxyproline, alanine, glutamic acid and asparagine in Gijang samples. Both Gijang and Wando Sil Miyeok showed lower contents comparing with Gijang Gadak Miyeok. Major mineral content was Na, K, Ca, Mg and P, and especially, Na and K were the most abundant in both Gijang and Wando sea mustards. Alginic acid content was almost similar in both sea mustards. Antioxidative activity of methanol extract of sea mustards was measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity was 45.5% $(40\;{\mu}g/ml)$ in Gijang Gadak Miyeok and 37.0% and 26.0% $(40\;{\mu}g/ml)$ in Gijang and Wando Sil Miyok, respectively. SOD-like activity of Gijang and Wando Sil Miyok was 63% and 71% $(10\;{\mu}g/ml)$, respectively. These results show that biological activities depend on Miyeok manufacture's process. When stimulated macrophages RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibition of NO production in Gijang Sil Miyeok (44.2%) was 9% high comparing with that of Wando Sil Miyeok (35.7%).

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate health status and nutritional status based on dietary intake and food habit of elderly women in rural area of Keyonggi Province. The subject of this study were 133 elderly women aged 60 and over and interviewed with a questionaire. Main result was as follows : 1) Health score based on modified Cornell Medical Index, CMI(45 out of 195 items) was the average $29.1\pm6.8$ and was not significantly different with family size educational level and farmwork participation. In age, 44.0% of the subject in 60~65 years old was low score of CMI(11~25), but 50% of the subject in older than 80 years old was high score(33~44). The subject with disease was 82% and disease of musculoskeletal system was main type. 2) Dietary intake data obtained by a semiquantitative food frequency questionaire showed the average daily intake of energy, protein, Ca, retinol and riboflavin was lower than RDA Daily energy, protein and Ca intake was individually 84%, 67% and 55.1%. It was retinol that was the least sufficient as 49.1% of RDA. 3) The relation between CMI score(divided into three level : low, middle and high) showed low level was significantly different with others according to daily intake of energy, protein, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid. The correlation between CMI score and all nutrient intake were highly significant (p＜0.001), thus we knew that health status was affected importantly by nutrient intake. 4) Family size, educational level and age showed not significant correlation with all nutrient intake. 5) In food habit, 84.8% of the subject had regular mealtime and 14.4% were skip meal sometimes. The main reason of skip meal was a poor appetite. Preference for salty taste of subject was insufficiently salty of somewhat salty. Preference for fishes and meats showed the subject consumed fishes more than meats, but 23.5% of the subject didn't consume both. The subject eaten supplement was 38.3%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2006

Objective of this research was to remove the accumulated salts in the plastic film house soils by installing the perforated PVC (${\phi}10cm$) underdrainage pipes at 50 cm depth of soils with cultivating vegetables. Efficiency of the underdrainage pipes was assessed based on the changes of soil chemical properties such as pH, EC, and cations, and growth and yield parameters of the vegetables between the two treatments; the control and the underdrainage pipe treatments. The EC of the underdrainage pipes installed soils after two growing seasons were in the ranges of $1.42-2.88dS\;m^{-1}$ but those of the control were in the ranges of $3.86-4.53dS\;m^{-1}$, indication the underdrainage pipes effectively removed the accumulated salts in soils. The pHs of the control soils and the underdrainage pipe installed soil were in the ranges of 7.2-7.5 and 6.9-7.3, respectively. There was a significant correlation between pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils ($CEC=17.107{\times}pH-106.2$, $r^2=0.759$, P < 0.05). The ECs of the soils at different depths were compared between the two treatments after cultivating vegetables with lettuce-lettuce-garland chrysanthemum rotation systems. The ECs of the control soils at depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50 cm were 3.45, 3.47, 3.03, 2.03, and $2.28dS\;m^{-1}$, respectively, with decreasing with soil depths. On the other hand, the respective ECs of the underdrainage pipes installed soils were 2.43, 2.52, 2.28, 4.00, and $4.23dS\;m^{-1}$ with increasing with soil depths. This might be derived from the salts moved downward with the draining water into the subsoil. The order of cations moved downward was Mg > Ca > K, based on the ratios of cations at specific depth over those at the surface soil. The survival rates of lettuce after 15 days of transplanting in the underdrainage pipe installed soils were 98.2% as compared to 86.6% of the control. The underdrainage pipe treatment also increased the diameter of the lettuce stalk from 12.9mm of the control to 13.7mm. Overall results demonstrated that the installment of the underdrainage pipes in the subsoils of the salt accumulated plastic film house soil effectively removed the salts by leaching downward,resulting in lowering soil EC and enhancing the growth and yield of vegetables.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2000

The flora, vegetation structure and physico-chemical characteristics of surface sediment were investigated in Paksil-nup wetland of Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 1990~1998. Ranges of the surface sediment characteristics such as pH, conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, and exchangeable Na were 4.36~4.34, $19.0{\sim}1260.0\;{\mu}mho\;cm^{-1}$, 0.01~6.35%, 0.001~0.14%, 0.01~0.31 mg/l00g, 1.01~13.98 ppm, 16.75~143.80 ppm, 0.93~14.85 ppm and 0.21~3.86 ppm, respectively. Percentages of the particle size such as sand, silt, and clay were 13.0~93.3%, 5.4~71.7%, and 0.5~37.5%, respectively. The flora of the study area was composed of 72 families, 182 genera, 223 species, 36 varieties and 2 form or total 261 kinds, and those were 45 kinds of vascular hydrophytes and 216 kinds of vascular hygrophytes. The life form of vascular hydrophytes was classified as 27 kinds (60%) of emergent plants, 8 kinds (18%) of submerged plants, 6 kinds (13%) of free-floating plants and 4 kinds (9%) of floating-leaved plants, respectively. The importance value of Salix nipponica was highest as 123.78 in the shrub and tree layers, and that of Trapa japonica was highest as 16.69 in the herb layer. The vegetation type was divided into two groups according to the association analysis. The vegetation of the littoral zone was classified into 7 associations according to the cluster analysis based on the coverage data. These results showed significant differences with those of stand ordination by correspondence analysis based on the species composition and by PCA based on the sediment properties. Factors affecting the distribution of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes were the gradient of particle size, altitude, and water depth.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1973

In order to obtain the basic informations on the production of single cell protein from ethanol, 145 yeast strains utilizing ethanol as a sole carbon source were isolated from 32 soil samples in Korea. A yeast strain showing the highest cell yield among the isolated strains was selected and identified. The optimum culture condition, utilization of other carbon sources and the cultural characteristics for the selected yeast, and the chemical analysis of the yeast cell composition, and utilization of ethanol by the selected yeast were investigated. All the culture was carried out in the shaking flasks. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The selected yeast strain was identified as Debaryomyces nicotianae-SNU 72. 2. The optimum composition of the medium for the selected yeast is : Ethanol 40 ml, Urea 0.5 g, Potassium phosphate (dibasic) 0.5 g, Ammoium phosphate (monobasic) 0.15 g, Magnesium sulfate 0.05 g, Calcium chloride 0.01g, Yeast extract 0.005 g, Tap water 1000 ml. 3. The optimum pH was 5.0-5.5, the optimum temperature $30-33^{\circ}C$ and the aerobic state was unimportant. 4. Utilization of methanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, tert-amyl alcohol and acetic acid by the selected yeast was very weak. So substitution of the subtrate was thought to be impossible. 5. Studies on the propagation of the yeast cells showed that the lag phase of the yeast cells lasted 16 hours, and the logarithmic growth phase extended 16 to 28 hours. The specific growth rate was about $0.19\;hr^{-1}$ and the doubling time was 3.6 hours during the logarithmic growth phase. 6. As the result of the chemical analysis of the dry yeast cells, the content rate of the crude protein was 55.19 %, the content of others was similar to the average content of the yeast component. 7. After 34 hours cultivation, under the optimum culture condition investigated, the dry cell yield against the amount of the added ethanol was 53.4 % (W/V%), the dry cell yield against the amount of the utilized ethanol was 73.6 % (W/V%), the evaporation rate of ethanol was about 19.1 %.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.605-611
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of foliar application of ethychlozate and ethyclozate mixed with different calcium formulae (clef-non, suical, cell-bine, and calcium acetate monohydrate) on the fruit quality and peel puffing of 'Miyagawa Wase' satsuma mandarin cultivated in a plastic film house. Foliar application of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non or suical showed a result that the 'a' value of peel chromaticity was increased, which are supposed to accelerate peel coloration without peel puffing. The reducing sugar levels of fruits in control, ethychlozate, ethychlozate+celef-non, ethychlozate+suical, ethychlozate+cell-bine, and ethychlozate+calcium acetate monohydrate treatment were 4.98, 5.30, 5.59, 5.00, 5.20, and 4.27%, respectively. Especially, in the case of ethychlozate mixed with clef-non, the reducing sugar level was 0.61% higher than that of control. Sucrose and total sugar content also had a similar trend as that in the reducing sugar contents. The sugar contents of fruits in various ethychlozate treatments mixed with different calcium formulae except those in ethychlozate treatment or ethychlozate treatment mixed with calcium acetate monohydrate were higher than $12^{\circ}Brix$. Especially, the treatment of ethychlozate treatment mixed with clef-non showed the highest sugar content with $12.7^{\circ}Brix$. The ratio of soluble solids to acidity also showed the similar tendency, but there was no significant difference in acidity among the treatments.