• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.538-543
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• 2011

쇠비름 에탄올 추출물의 고지혈증 개선 효과를 알아보기 위하여 C57BL/6J mice에게 9주 동안 고지방식이를 섭취시켰다. 마지막 4주 동안은 고지방식이에 쇠비름 에탄올 저농도투여군(HFD+POE 75) 및 쇠비름 에탄올 고농도투여군(HFD+POE 125)으로 나누어 하루에 한 번씩 경구투여 하였으며 고지방식이군(HFD)은 증류수를 투여하였다. HFD+POE 75군 및 HFD+POE 125군의 체중변화량은 유의적인 차이를 나타나지는 않았으나 식이효율은 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈중 ALT 함량은 HFD군에 비해 HFD+POE 125군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으나 AST 함량은 그룹 간 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 실험식이 4주 때에 혈청 중 총콜레스테롤, 중성지질 및 LDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 쇠비름 에탄올 추출물 경구투여로 유의적으로 감소하였으나 HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 심순환기 질환의 위험성을 나타내는 지표로 알려진 동맥경화지수와 심혈관위험지수는 고농도의 쇠비름 에탄올 추출물 경구투여로 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 이상의 결과 고지방식이에 쇠비름 에탄올 추출물 경구투여로 혈중 및 간장 중의 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지질이 저하되었는데 이는 쇠비름 에탄올 추출물이 고지혈증 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 사료되나 쇠비름 에탄올 추출물의 어떤 성분에 의한 지질 저하효과를 나타내는지와 어떠한 기전에 의해 지질 저하효과를 나타내는지 보다 자세한 연구가 요구된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis is associated with increased inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Vitamin D has been reported to modulate the inflammatory responses of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and adipocytes in adipose tissue, but the role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis biology is unclear. This study examined the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25[OH]₂D₃) treatment on the inflammatory responses of SVCs and adipocytes from atherosclerotic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided randomly into 2 groups and fed a 10% kcal fat control diet (control group, CON) or 41% kcal fat, 0.21% cholesterol (high fat + cholesterol, HFC) diet (obese group, OB), and B6.129S7-Ldlr^tm1Her/J (Ldlr^-/-) mice were fed a HFC diet (obese with atherosclerosis group, OBA) for 16 weeks. SVCs and adipocytes isolated from VAT were pre-incubated with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 24 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccarides for the next 24 h. Proinflammatory cytokine production by adipocytes and SVCs, the immune cell population in SVCs, and the expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway in SVCs were determined. RESULTS: The numbers of total macrophages and SVCs per mouse were higher in OB and OBA groups than the CON group. The in vitro 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced macrophages/SVCs (%) in the OBA group. Consistent with this change, the production of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by SVCs from the OBA group was decreased by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment. The 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced the toll-like receptor 4 and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1) mRNA levels in SVCs and MCP-1 production by adipocytes from all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vitamin D can attribute to the inhibition of the inflammatory response in VAT from atherosclerotic mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1084-1098
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Previous research has shown maternal betaine supplementation alleviates fetal-derived hepatic steatosis. Therefore, this study examined the anti-inflammatory effect of maternal betaine intake in offspring mice and its mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice and their offspring were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the treatment received during gestation and lactation: control diet (CD), fatty liver disease (FLD), and fatty liver disease + 1% betaine (FLD-BET). The FLD group was given a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (HFD + STZ), and the FLD-BET group was treated with HFD + STZ + 1% betaine. After weaning, the offspring mice were given a normal diet for 5 weeks and then dissected to measure the relevant indexes. RESULTS: Compared to the CD group, the offspring mice in the FLD group revealed obvious hepatic steatosis and increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; maternal betaine supplementation reversed these changes. The hepatic mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-18, and Caspase-1 were significantly higher in the FLD group than in the CD group. Maternal betaine supplementation reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC). Maternal betaine supplementation also reversed the increasing protein expressions of nitric oxide dioxygenase-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in offspring mice exposed to HFD + STZ. Maternal betaine supplementation decreased the homocysteine (Hcy) and s-adenosine homocysteine (SAH) levels significantly in the livers. Furthermore, the hepatic Hcy concentrations showed significant inverse relationships with the mRNA expression of TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, and IL-18. The hepatic SAH concentration was inversely associated with the IL-1β mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: The lipotropic and anti-inflammatory effect of maternal betaine supplementation may be associated with the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in the livers of the offspring mice.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2017

For the development of feasible retinal prosthesis, one of the important elements is acquiring proper judging tool if electrical stimulus leads to patient's visual perception. If evoked potential to electrical stimulus is recorded in primary visual (V1) cortex, it means that the stimulus effectively evokes visual perception. Therefore, in this study, we established VEP recording system on V1 cortex using BioPAC modules as the judging tool. And the measuring system was evaluated by recording VEP of mice. After anesthesia, normal mice (C57BL/6J strain; n = 6) were secured to stereotaxic apparatus (Harvard Apparatus, USA). For the recording of VEP, the stainless steel needle electrode (impedance: $2-5k{\Omega}$) was positioned on the surface of the cortex through the burr hole at 2.5 mm lateral and 4.6 mm caudal to bregma. DA 100C and EEG 100C BioPAC modules were used for the trigger signal and VEP recording, respectively. When left eye was blocked by black cover and right eye was stimulated by flash light using HMsERG (RetVet Corp, USA), VEP response at left V1 cortex was detected, but there was no response at right V1 cortex. Amplitudes and latencies of P2, N3 peaks of VEP recording varied according to the depths of the electrodes on V1 cortex. From the surface upto $600{\mu}m$ depth, amplitudes of P2 and N3 increased, while deeper than $600{\mu}m$, those amplitudes decreased. The deeper the insertion depth of the electrode, the latency of N1 peaks tends to be delayed. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the latencies of P2 and N3 peaks (P > 0.05, ANOVA). Our VEP recording data such as the insertion depth and the latency and amplitudes of peaks might be used as guidelines for electrically-evoked potential (EEP) recording experiment in near future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.16-26
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• 2024

토종보리수 열매의 항당뇨 효과를 규명하기 위하여, 마우스를 네 군으로 나누어, 기본 식이, 고지방·고단순당 식이, 토종보리수 열매 추출물을 저농도 (0.5%) 및 고농도 (1.0%)로 첨가한 고지방·고단순당 식이를 12주간 제공하였다. 고지방·고단순당 식이를 섭취한 군은 대조군에 비해 체중 및 체중 증가량, 부고환 지방무게가 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 고농도 보리수 열매 추출물의 급여는 부고환 지방무게를 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 고지방·고단순당군은 대조군에 비해 혈당, 인슐린, HOMA-IR값이 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 고농도 보리수 열매 추출물은 인슐린 농도를 감소시켰고, 저농도 및 고농도 추출물은 혈당 및 HOMA-IR값을 감소시켰다. 고지방·고단순당군은 대조군에 비해 IRS-2 및 AMPK 단백질 발현도가 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 고농도 보리수 열매 추출물의 급여는 IRS-2 발현도를 증가시켰고, 저농도 및 고농도 보리수 열매 추출물의 급여는 AMPK 발현도를 증가시켰다. 따라서, 토종보리수 열매는 제2형 당뇨병 동물에서 인슐린 저항성을 개선시켜 고혈당 개선효과를 나타낸 것으로 나타났다. 고지방·고단순당 식이를 섭취한 마우스에서 저농도 및 고농도 토종보리수 열매 추출물의 급여는 혈청 중성지방 농도 및 간조직의 총 지질과 중성지방 함량을 감소시켰고, 고농도추출물의 급여는 혈청 콜레스테롤 농도를 감소시켜, 토종보리수 열매는 지방간과 이상지질혈증 개선효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.2044-2051
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• 2017

The main pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the deposition of amyloid-beta ($A{\beta}$) peptides in the brain. $A{\beta}$ has been widely used to mimic several aspects of Alzheimer's disease. However, several characteristics of amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease pathology are not well established, especially in mice. The present study aimed to develop a new Alzheimer's disease model by investigating how $A{\beta}$ can be effectively aggregated using prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To express the $A{\beta}42$ complex in HEK293 cells, we cloned the $A{\beta}42$ region in a tandem repeat and incorporated the resulting construct into a eukaryotic expression vector. Following transfection into HEK293 cells via lipofection, cell viability assay and western blotting analysis revealed that exogenous $A{\beta}42$ can induce cell death and apoptosis. In addition, recombinant His-tagged $A{\beta}42$ was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and not only readily formed $A{\beta}$ complexes, but also inhibited the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells and E. coli. For in vivo testing, recombinant His-tagged $A{\beta}42$ solution ($3{\mu}g/{\mu}l$ in $1{\times}PBS$ containing $1mM\;Ni^{2+}$) was injected stereotaxically into the left and right lateral ventricles of the brains of C57BL/6J mice (n = 8). Control mice were injected with $1{\times}PBS$ containing $1mM\;Ni^{2+}$ following the same procedure. Ten days after the sample injection, the Morris water maze test confirmed that exogenous $A{\beta}$ caused an increase in memory loss. These findings demonstrated that $Ni^{2+}$ is capable of complexing the 50-kDa amyloid and that intracerebroventricular injection of $A{\beta}42$ can lead to cognitive impairment, thereby providing improved Alzheimer's disease models.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2017

본 연구는 먼저 새송이버섯 추출물인 PEE가 활성화된 면역세포에서 항염증 효과가 있는지 알아보았다. 그 결과 LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포에 PEE를 처리했을 때 5과 15 mg/mL 등 높은 농도에서 NO를 효과적으로 억제하였다. 그리고 LPS가 유도하는 $IL-1{\beta}$와 IL-6는 5 mg/mL 농도에서는 억제 없었으나, 15 mg/mL 농도에서 현저히 억제하는 효과가 있었다. 다음은 UVB가 유도하는 C57BL/6 마우스 피부손상에 대한 PEE의 개선 효과에 대해서 알아보았다. PEE를 7일간 경구투여한 후 7일, 10, 13일 등 3일 간격으로 하루에 1회씩 UVB ($250mJ/cm^2$)로 마우스 등 피부에 조사하여 피부손상을 유발하였다. UVB 조사 후부터는 PEE를 경구투여와 함께 피부에 도포하여 PEE가 피부 손상에 대한 개선 효과를 조사하였다. 그 결과 PEE 투여군은 UVB로 유도되는 표피두께, 홍반지수 및 멜라닌 지수가 참고약물로 사용한 비타민 C(AA) 투여군과 유사한 개선되는 효과가 있었다. 또한 PEE 투여군은 UVB가 유도하는 비만세포를 비롯한 염중세포 침윤이 현저히 억제되는 효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때 PEE는 항염증 효과와 더불어 UVB가 유도하는 피부손상을 개선하는 우수한 효과가 있어 기능성 식품소재 및 화장품 소재로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to examine the qualitative variation of human fetal-cord sera (HCS) and to accept the sera in human lVF-ET program. One hundred and sixteenth RCS were tested with 1772 2-cell embryos of F1 (C57BL x CBA) virgin mice, Ten to sixteenth embryos were cultured in m-KRB medium with a aliquot of each serum (10%, v/v) or with bovine serum albumin(O.4%, w/v) as a control medium. Embryonic development were recorded at every 24hr for 4 days by such events as cellular compaction, cavitation, and hatching. In the control groups of eight assays, 98.1%(106/ 108) of 2-ce1l embryos developed above expanded blastocyst and the embryonic development was unified through the tests. But the developmental pattern in medium with each serum was various. Namely, the sera that supported development of 100% 2-cell embryos to above morula, early blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and hatching blastocyst was 45,7%(53/116) , 35.3%(41/116), 15.5%08/116.) and 6.9-%(8/116), respectively. And the sera that supported development of above 80% 2-cell embryos to the each embryonic stage was 92.2% (107/116), 83.6%(97/116), 63.8%(74/116) and 36.2%(42/116), respectively. Meanwhile two kinds of toxic pattern to the embryonic development were observed in some sera. The first pattern is that some sera arrested development of most embryos in pre- or post-stage of morula or blastocyst. The second pattern is that some sera promoted or arrested a part of embryos in the same dish. The ability of serum was depended on the batch of serum. Finally we could accept 69%(80/116) of the tested sera for human IVF-ET program. The base line for acceptance was the ability that supported above 80% 2-ce1l embryos to blastocyst. But some deterious sera were contained in this range. We cut off about 10% of the sera (83.6% , 97/116) that passed the baseline. This final percent of sera was similar to that of grade N of this study.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.629-634
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: SS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T ($30.30{\pm}0.59%$), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.583-590
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• 2021

Background: Gintonin, isolated from ginseng, acts as a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand and elicits the [Ca²⁺]_i transient through six LPA receptor subtypes (LPARSs). However, the long-term effects of gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on the gene expression of six LPARSs remain unknown. We examined changes in the gene expression of six LPA receptors in the mouse whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, small intestine, colon, and testis after long-term oral GEF administration. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: control vehicle and GEF (100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 21-day saline or GEF treatment, total RNA was extracted from nine mouse organs. Quantitative-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were performed to quantify changes in the gene and protein expression of the six LPARSs, respectively. Results: qRT-PCR analysis before GEF treatment revealed that the LPA6 RS was predominant in all organs except the small intestine. The LPA2 RS was most abundant in the small intestine. Long-term GEF administration differentially regulated the six LPARSs. Upon GEF treatment, the LPA6 RS significantly increased in the liver, small intestine, colon, and testis but decreased in the whole brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys. Western blot analysis of the LPA6 RS confirmed the differential effects of GEF on LPA6 receptor protein levels in the whole brain, liver, small intestine, and testis. Conclusion: The LPA6 receptor was predominantly expressed in all nine organs examined; long-term oral GEF administration differentially regulated LPA3, LPA4, and LPA6 receptors in the whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and testis.