Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Korean solar salts reduce obesity and alter its related markers in diet-induced obese mice

  • Ju, Jaehyun (Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University) ;
  • Song, Jia-Le (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University) ;
  • Park, Eui-Seong (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University) ;
  • Do, Myoung-Sool (School of Life Science, Handong Global University) ;
  • Park, Kun-Young (Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University)
  • Received : 2016.06.23
  • Accepted : 2016.08.23
  • Published : 2016.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: SS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T ($30.30{\pm}0.59%$), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.

Keywords

References

  1. Ha JO, Park KY. Comparison of mineral contents and external structure of various salts. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 1998;27:413-8.
  2. Lee HM, Lee WK, Jin JH, Kim IC. Physicochemical properties and microbial analysis of Korean solar salt and flower of salt. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2013;42:1115-24. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.7.1115
  3. Lee SM, Chang HC. Growth-inhibitory effect of the solar saltdoenjang on cancer cells, AGS and HT-29. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2009;38:1664-71. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.12.1664
  4. Park JW, Kim SJ, Kim SH, Kim BH, Kang SG, Nam SH, Jung ST. Determination of mineral and heavy metal contents of various salts. Korean J Food Sci Technol 2000;32:1442-5.
  5. Seo JH, Kim HJ, Lee SP. Evaluation of the chemical compositions of solar salts produced in Korea. Korean J Food Preserv 2012;19: 554-9. https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.4.554
  6. Zhao X, Kim SH, Qi Y, Kim SY, Park KY. Effects of different kinds of salt in the comutagenicity and growth of cancer cells. J Korean Soc Sci Nutr 2012;41:26-32. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.1.026
  7. Jung KO, Lee KY, Rhee SK, Park KY. Effects of various kinds of salt on the tumor formation, NK cell activity and lipid peroxidation in Sarcoma-180 cell transplanted mice. J Korean Assoc Cancer Prev 2002;7:134-42.
  8. Ha JO, Park KY. Comparison of autooxidation rate and comutagenic effect of different kinds of salt. J Korean Assoc Cancer Prev 1999;4: 44-51.
  9. Lee KD, Gao TC, Bang MA, Cho JY, Ham KS. Effects of a mineral-rich solar salt on blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Congress of Korean Society of Food Preservation; 2008 Nov 7; Gwangju, Korea. Daegu: The Korean Society of Food Preservation; 2008. p.325-6.
  10. Hida K, Wada J, Eguchi J, Zhang H, Baba M, Seida A, Hashimoto I, Okada T, Yasuhara A, Nakatsuka A, Shikata K, Hourai S, Futami J, Watanabe E, Matsuki Y, Hiramatsu R, Akagi S, Makino H, Kanwar YS. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: a unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:10610-5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504703102
  11. Kunitomi M, Wada J, Takahashi K, Tsuchiyama Y, Mimura Y, Hida K, Miyatake N, Fujii M, Kira S, Shikata K, Maknio H. Relationship between reduced serum IGF-I levels and accumulation of visceral fat in Japanese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:361-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801899
  12. Mitchell M, Armstrong DT, Robker RL, Norman RJ. Adipokines: implications for female fertility and obesity. Reproduction 2005;130: 583-97. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00521
  13. Ju J, Song JL, Park KY. Antiobesity effects of bamboo salt in C57BL/6 mice. J Med Food 2015;18:706-10. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.3271
  14. Qi YC. Effect of bamboo salt on anti-skin aging and antitumor activities transplanted with sarcoma-180 cells in mice [master's thesis]. Busan: Pusan National University; 2013.
  15. Barnard TW, Crockett MI, Ivaldi JC, Lundberg PL, Yates DA, Levine PA, Sauer DJ. Solid-state detector for ICP-OES. Anal Chem 1993;65: 1231-9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00057a021
  16. Choi HK, Won EK, Jang YP, Choung SY. Antiobesity effect of Codonopsis lanceolata in high-calorie/high-fat-diet-induced obese rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:210297.
  17. Horton JD, Bashmakov Y, Shimomura I, Shimano H. Regulation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins in livers of fasted and refed mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:5987-92. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.11.5987
  18. Choi BH, Ahn IS, Kim YH, Park JW, Lee SY, Hyun CK, Do MS. Berberine reduces the expression of adipogenic enzymes and inflammatory molecules of 3T3-L1 adipocyte. Exp Mol Med 2006;38:599-605. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2006.71
  19. Baudrand R, Campino C, Carvajal CA, Olivieri O, Guidi G, Faccini G, Vohringer PA, Cerda J, Owen G, Kalergis AM, Fardella CE. High sodium intake is associated with increased glucocorticoid production, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014;80:677-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12225
  20. Winzell MS, Ahren B. The high-fat diet-fed mouse: a model for studying mechanisms and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004;53 Suppl 3:S215-9. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.53.suppl_3.S215
  21. Gregoire FM, Smas CM, Sul HS. Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Rev 1998;78:783-809. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1998.78.3.783
  22. Shao D, Lazar MA. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, and cell cycle status regulate the commitment to adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 1997;272:21473-8. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.34.21473
  23. Song S, Attia RR, Connaughton S, Niesen MI, Ness GC, Elam MB, Hori RT, Cook GA, Park EA. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha ($PPAR{\alpha}$) and PPAR gamma coactivator (PGC-$1{\alpha}$) induce carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT-1A) via independent gene elements. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;325:54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.05.019
  24. Jain N, Minhajuddin AT, Neeland IJ, Elsayed EF, Vega GL, Hedayati SS. Association of urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio with obesity in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:992-8. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.077362
  25. Zhou MS, Nishida Y, Yoneyama H, Chen QH, Kosaka H. Potassium supplementation increases sodium excretion and nitric oxide production in hypertensive Dahl rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999;21: 1397-411. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641969909070856
  26. Weidemann BJ, Voong S, Morales-Santiago FI, Kahn MZ, Ni J, Littlejohn NK, Claflin KE, Burnett CM, Pearson NA, Lutter ML, Grobe JL. Dietary sodium suppresses digestive efficiency via the reninangiotensin system. Sci Rep 2015;5:11123. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11123

Cited by

  1. Korean Solar Salt Ameliorates Colon Carcinogenesis in an AOM/DSS-Induced C57BL/6 Mouse Model vol.22, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.149
  2. 닭고기와 잘 어울리는 췌장라이페이즈 억제능을 가진 한약재의 비교평가 vol.32, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.6116/kjh.2017.32.4.9
  3. Feasibility of Quantitative Analysis of Magnesium and Calcium in Edible Salts Using a Simple Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Device vol.73, pp.10, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702819861552
  4. Lower Mg and S contents in solar salt used in kimchi enhances the taste and anticancer effects on HT-29 colon carcinoma cells vol.10, pp.9, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09032k
  5. Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes vol.10, pp.None, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60462-z
  6. Shinan Sea Salt Intake Ameliorates Colorectal Cancer in AOM/DSS with High Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6N Mice vol.24, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2020.4836
  7. Improving Analytical Performance of LASER‐INDUCED Breakdown Spectroscopy for Strontium, the Minor Impurity Element, in Salts Using Multiple FILTER‐PAPER Sam vol.42, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.12259