• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2019

참삿갓사초는 전국에 분포하는 여러해살이풀로 사료용, 사방용 소재로 사용되며 조경용, 관상용 지피식물로 사용되기도 한다. 참삿갓사초의 대량증식을 위해 가장 효과적인 파종 시기를 추정하기 위해 생장상을 이용해 인공적인 온도조건을 주고 참삿갓사초 종자의 발아율을 조사하였다. 실험을 위해 온도를 항온조건(30, 25, 20, 15, $5^{\circ}C$)과 변온조건(15/30, 20/10, $25/15^{\circ}C$) 총 8가지 조건으로 설정하여 발아율을 매일 측정하였다. 광조건은 명/암을 매일 12시간씩 반복하였다. 항온조건에서 발아율은 $20^{\circ}C$가 $17{\pm}7%$로 가장 우수하였고, $25^{\circ}C$ ($12{\pm}2.8%$), $30^{\circ}C$ ($3{\pm}1.9%$) 순으로 나타났으며, $15^{\circ}C$, $5^{\circ}C$에서는 발아하지 않았다. 그러나 $20^{\circ}C$와 $25^{\circ}C$조건에서 통계적인 유의차는 발생되지 않았다. 한편, 변온조건에서의 발아율은 $15/30^{\circ}C$가 $91{\pm}3.8%$로 가장 우수하였고, $25/15^{\circ}C$ ($89{\pm}4.1%$), $20/10^{\circ}C$ ($69{\pm}3.4%$) 순으로 나타났다. 그러나 $15/30^{\circ}C$와 $25/15^{\circ}C$조건에서 통계적인 유의차는 발생되지 않았다. 따라서 참삿갓사초의 종자발아를 위해서는 변온이 필요하며, $25^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도가 필요하다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 가장 효과적인 파종 시기를 추정할 때, 낮-밤 $10^{\circ}C$ 이상의 기온차가 있는 초여름~늦여름 사이가 가장 적절할 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1986

The effect of powdery mildew infection on the $^{14}CO_2$ assimilation and metabolism of $^{14}C-$assimilates was studied with spring barley cultivars, susceptible Peruvian and adult-plant resistant Asse at the four-leaf stage. No consistent differences between Peruvian and Asse were revealed in $^{14}CO_2$ assimilation and metabolism of $^{14}C-$assimilates in healthy whole plants. In the two cultivars, $^{14}CO_2$ assimilation and translocation of assimilates decreased as the number of infected leaves increased. Despite the same infection intensity, $^{14}CO_2$ assimilation was less inhibited in Asse than Peruvian. Infection reduced the fixation of $^{14}CO_2$ in noninfected fourth leaves of Peruvian more severely than that of Asse. Infection of the lower 3 leaves also inhibited the incorporation of 14 C into carbohydrates such as fructose and glucose in noninfected fourth leaves and their translocation into leaf sheathes, the inhibitions being greater in Peruvian than Asse. In the infected third leaves, there was a reduction of 14 C-activity in carbohydrates, more $^{14}C-$labeled fructose and glucose being retained in Peruvian. The stimulation of $^{14}C-$organic acid synthesis in all plant organs was more pronounced in Peruvian than Asse. Powdery mildew markedly increased the incorporation of $^{14}C$ into amino acids in infected third and noninfected fourth leaves, but reduced their translocation to the leaf sheathes. A greater rise of $^{14}C-$ activity in some amino acids in the two leaves was found in Peruvian than Asse.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.457-462
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate seed dormancy type and germination characteristics of Lonicera chrysantha. In imbibition test, the seeds imbibed water readily. Therefore, the seeds did not have physical dormancy (PY). The seeds have undeveloped embryo at seed dispersal and, then the E:S ratio (embryo/seed ratio) increased more than about 46% just before germination. In temperature experiments (5, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$), the seeds did not germinate during incubation at $5^{\circ}C$. At $20^{\circ}C$, the seeds started to germinate from a week after sowing and the final germination was 86.7% at 2 weeks after sowing. At $15^{\circ}C$, the seeds started to germinate at 2 weeks and the final germination rate was 75.0% at 4 weeks after sowing. At $25^{\circ}C$, the seeds started to germinate at a week and the final germination rate was 48.3% at 19 weeks after sowing. Consequently, Optimum temperature of germination is $20^{\circ}C$ that shown highest final germination rate and shortest mean germination time. The seeds germinated all temperature treatments within 4 weeks except to $5^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it is concluded that seeds of L. chrysantha have only morphological dormancy (MD).

• Plant Resources
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the morphological characteristics of the plants and seeds of Ainsliaea acerifolia and to determine the optimum condition for producing sprouts from the seeds. Plant height, flower stalk length, and pod number were higher in natural habitat than in campus farm. Average 1.2 seeds per pod was set but only 0 to 2 seeds per plant was set in plants with the enveloped flower stalks, indicating that this is an outcrossing species. Most of seeds were 9-11mm long and 1.1-1.4mm wide. Fresh weight of seeds was ranged from 10mg to 17mg. Seeds germinated well at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 2$0^{\circ}C$. Mean germination period was 11.5 day at 15 to $25^{\circ}C$. Sprouts grown at 15$^{\circ}C$ was longest(5.4cm) and heaviest(738mg/10 sprouts). Chlorophyll content was 333mg per fresh weight 110g. Protein, Fe, vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, and vitamin C were respectively 23.7mg, 6.4mg, 1.82mg, 0.49mg, and 10..7mg.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.123-139
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• 2011

It is expected that identification and lists of $C_4$ plants in specific regions are useful not only for the ecological researches that are related to vegetation phenology and succession but also as an index of climate change. In this review, $C_4$ plants growing in South Korea were listed and their life forms were investigated. In addition, we discussed the influences that climatic change and the $C_4$ plants exerted on plant ecosystem. Photosynthetic pathway types ($C_3$ and $C_4$) for the plant species in South Korea were determined by reviewing the scientific literatures published between 1971 and 2010. Of the total 4476 species in 1123 genera and 197 families, 206 species (4.6%) in 84 genera (7.5%) and 21 families (10.7%) were identified as $C_4$ plants (including $C_3$-$C_4$ intermediate plants). Among the identified $C_4$ species, 53 species (25.7%) in 26 genera and 15 families were classified as Dicotyledoneae, while 153 species (74.3%) in 58 genera and 6 families were classified as Monocotyledoneae. The majority of the $C_4$ species belong to four families: Chenopodiaceae (15 species), Amaranthaceae (13 species), Gramineae (102 speceis) and Cyperaceae (45 species). With respect to life form composition of 206 $C_4$ species, Th-$R_5$-$D_4$-t was most dominant: 95 species (46.1%) were included in Th, 123 species (59.7%) in $R_5$, 179 species (86.9%) in $D_4$, and 122 species (59.2%) in t. The projected increase in temperature due to climate change may provide better conditions for the growth of $C_4$ plants. Such a result will have considerable impacts on the interspecific competition between $C_3$ and $C_4$ plants, the distribution of $C_4$ plants, plant phenology, and plant diversity.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.10-24
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• 2014

Genetic diversity and differentiation of 50 Colletotrichum spp. isolates from legume crops studied through multigene loci, RAPD and ISSR analysis. DNA sequence comparisons by six genes (ITS, ACT, Tub2, CHS-1, GAPDH, and HIS3) verified species identity of C. truncatum, C. dematium and C. gloeosporiodes and identity C. capsici as a synonym of C. truncatum. Based on the matrix distance analysis of multigene sequences, the Colletotrichum species showed diverse degrees of intera and interspecific divergence (0.0 to 1.4%) and (15.5-19.9), respectively. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis clustered Colletotrichum spp. isolates into 3 well-defined clades, representing three distinct species; C. truncatum, C. dematium and C. gloeosporioides. The ISSR and RAPD and cluster analysis exhibited a high degree of variability among different isolates and permitted the grouping of isolates of Colletotrichum spp. into three distinct clusters. Distinct populations of Colletotrichum spp. isolates were genetically in accordance with host specificity and inconsistent with geographical origins. The large population of C. truncatum showed greater amounts of genetic diversity than smaller populations of C. dematium and C. gloeosporioides species. Results of ISSR and RAPD markers were congruent, but the effective maker ratio and the number of private alleles were greater in ISSR markers.

• Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 2002

In this study, plant regeneration through in vitro culture from plantlet stems of Yooja (C. junos Sieb.) and trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata Rafin.) was attempted to make mass-production system of virus-free plants having the same genotype with mother plant. In order to investigate physiological change depending on the developmental stage of plant regeneration, the changes of total protein, peroxidase and esterase activity and their isozyme patterns as well were examined in 1/2 MS medium. The results are as follows : 1. The MS medium for the optimal callus induction and shoot formation was utilized. The medium was supplemented either with 2,4-D and Kinetin or with BA and NAA. The optimal concentrations were the combination of 1.0mg/ 2,4-D +0.3mg/ Kinetin and 1.0mg BA +0.3mg NAA in callus induction and shoot formation, respectively. 2. For the plant regeneration from somatic embryos, 1/2 MS medium was used with supplements of growth regulators (free, 1.0mg/ IBA +1.0mg/ BA ,0.5mg/ IBA +0.5mg/ BA). Shooting and rooting were the best in the treatment of 0.5mg/ IBA and 0.5mg/ BA combination. 3. The total protein content has a tendency of increase with the developmental stage of embryo, but it was decreased at the plantlet. Also it was the highest at 8 and 6 weeks stage in C. junos Sieb. and P. trioliata Rafin, respectively. In the SDS-PAGE pattern of protein, C. junos Sieb. showed bands of 29.0 and 40kDa at 10 weeks. The 45,66 and 97.4 kDa bands at 10 weeks of culture were shown in P. trifoliata Rafin. 4. The highest esterase activity was shown at the 6 and 8 weeks of culture in C.junos Sieb. and P. trifoliata Rafin.., respectively. 5. Esterase isozyme patterns were shown difference according to the developmental stage. In C. junos Sieb. a new band was observed at pl 7.7 following 4 weeks culture. On the other hand, new bands in P. trifoliata Rafin. were observed at pl 7.5~6.5 following 4 and 6 weeks culture, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.19.1-19.6
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• 2022

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Akabane virus (AKAV) are mosquito-borne viruses that cause encephalitis and reproductive disorders in horses and cattle, respectively. There is no treatment for JEV or AKAV infections in animals. Therefore, we evaluated the antiviral activity of 18-mer amphipathic peptides in the 1b-4/21-C series on JEV and AKAV using Vero cells in vitro and evaluated their effects on JEV in mice. Of 6 peptides, 1b-4/21-C12 had the lowest IC₅₀ of 0.313 against JEV and its use as an antiviral against JEV and AKAV was examined. The IC₅₀ of 1b-4/21-C12 against JEV and AKAV was 0.78 and 1.14 µM, respectively. Mice treated with 5 or 2 mg/kg of 1b-4/21-C12 had 32% and 16% survival rates, respectively, and the surviving mice treated with 1b-4/21-C12 began to gain weight beginning 8 days post challenge with the virulent Nakayama strain. Moreover, 20 µM 1b-4/21-C peptide had no cytotoxic effects on Vero cells. Our in vitro and in vivo results indicate that 1b-4/21-C12 has antiviral activity against enveloped JEV and AKAV and might be useful as a therapeutic substance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.77.1-77
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• 2003

We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone, CaCDPK4 encoding a typical calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) from hot pepper cDNA library. Genomic southern blot analysis showed that it belongs to a multigene family, but represents a single copy gone in hot pepper genome. RNA expression pattern of this gene revealed that it is induced by infiltration of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines Bra into hot pepper leaves but not by water deficit stress. However, high salt treatment of NaCl (0.4 M) solution to hot pepper plants strongly induced CaCDPK4 gene. In addition, this gene is weakly responsive to the exogenous application of salicylic acid or ethephon. Biochemical study of the GST-CaCDPK4 recominant protein showed that it autophosphorylates in vitro and the presence of EGTA, a calcium chelater, eliminates the kinase activity of the recombinant protein. As a way to identify the in vivo function of CaCDPK4 in plants, VIGS (Virus-Induced Gene Silencing) was employed. Agrobacterium-mediated TRV silencing construct containing the kinase and calmodulin domain of CaCDPK4 resulted in cell death of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. A highly homologous H benthamiana CDPK gene, NbCDPK5, to CaCDPK4 was cloned from N. benthamiana cDNA library. VIGS of NbCDPK5 also resulted in cell death. The molecular characterization of this cell death phenotype is being under investigation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2009

To evaluate the involvement of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIFiso4E in Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) infection in pepper, we conducted a genetic analysis using a segregating population derived from a cross between Capsicum annuum 'Dempsey' containing an elF4E mutation ($pvr1^2$) and C. annuum 'Perennial' containing an elFiso4E mutation (pvr6). C. annuum 'Dempsey' was susceptible and C. annuum 'Perennial' was resistant to ChiVMV. All $F_1$ plants showed resistance, and $F_2$ individuals segregated in a resistant-susceptible ratio of 166:21, indicating that many resistance loci were involved. Seventy-five $F_2$ and 329 $F_3$ plants of 17 families were genotyped with $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 allele-specific markers, and the genotype data were compared with observed resistance to viral infection. All plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 were resistant to ChiVMV, demonstrating that simultaneous mutations in elF4E and eIFiso4E confer resistance to ChiVMV in pepper. Genotype analysis of $F_2$ plants revealed that all plants containing homozygous genotypes of both $pvr1^2$ and pvr6 showed resistance to ChiVMV. In protein-protein interaction experiments, ChiVMV viral genome-linked protein (VPg) interacted with both eIF4E and eIFiso4E. Silencing of elF4E and eIFiso4E in the VIGS experiment showed reduction in ChiVMV accumulation. These results demonstrated that ChiVMV can use both eIF4E and eIFiso4E for replication, making simultaneous mutations in eIF4E and eIFiso4E necessary to prevent ChiVMV infection in pepper.