• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.49-53
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• 1985

The effects of pre-treatments, the hot water extraction of wood meal and the addition of chemical ($CaCl_2$) to wood-cement water system on the properties of wood-cement composite such as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water sorption ratio and swelling ratio of resulting boards were studied in this experiment. The wood meals through 0.83mm(20 mesh) and retained on 0.42mm(35 mesh) screen were prepared from Pinus densiflora S. at Z. and Larix leptolepsis G. For hot water extraction, 500 grams of wood meal for each species were heated to boiling with 1,500ml of distilled water in 2-liter beaker for 6 hours. Every 2 hours, the wood meals were washed with boiling distil1ed water and reheated to boiling again. After 6 hours boiling, the boiled wood particles were collected by pouring this particles on 200 mesh screen. The collected particles then washed twice with hot distilled water and dried for 24 hours in an oven at $109{\pm}20^{\circ}C$. A mixture of 663.4 grams of cement with 331.7 grams of wood meal based on oven-dry weight were dry-mixed in a plastic vessel. The mixture was kneaded with 497.6ml of distilled water in the ratio of 1.5ml of water to a gram of wood meal. To add calcium chloride to the mixture as an accelerator, $CaCl_2$ 4% solution by weight per volume, was added to pine-or larch-cement board in the ratio of 3% to cement weight. To set wood-cement board, this mixture was clamped at 30cm ${\times}$ 30cm, in thickness of 1.5cm for 3 days at room temperature, declamped and then placed at open condition for 17 days. The target density was 1.0. The four specimens sized to 5cm in width and 28cm in length were used for MOR and MOE test for each treatment. After MOR test, the tested specimens were cut to the size of 5cm ${\times}$ 5cm for water sorption and swelling test. The twenty specimens used to measure the water sorption ratio (soaking 24 hours) and ten of these were used for swelling ratio measurement The results obtained were as follows: 1) Larch was not suitable for wood-cement boards because larch-cement board developed no strength, but pine showed 97.9kg/$cm^2$ by hot water extraction. 2) To increase MOR, hot water extraction was more effective than the addition of $CaCl_2$ in pine and larch because the $CaCl_2$ addition was seemed to speed up the ratio of cement hydration without reacting with the wood substances. 3) The water sorption ratio was lowered by the addition of $CaCl_2$ to wood-cement system because the chemical additive accelerated the rate of cement hydration. 4) In pine-cement board, the swelling ratio from 0.37 to 0.42 percent was observed in length and the swelling ratio from 0.88 to 2.0 percent in thickness. As a rule, the swelling ratio of wood-cement board was very low and the swelling ratio in thickness was higher than in length.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2011

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is ATPase-directed molecular chaperon and affects survival of cancer cell. Inhibitory effect of Hsp90 by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the cancer cell was reported. However, its role during oocyte maturation and early embryo development is very insufficient. In this study, we traced the effects of Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), on meiotic maturation and early embryonic development in pigs. We also investigated several indicators of developmental potential, including structural integrity, gene expression (Hsp90-, cell cycle-, and apoptosis-related genes), and apoptosis, which are affected by 17-AAG. Then, we examined the roles of Hsp90 inhibitor on viability of primary cells in pigs. Porcine oocytes were cultured in the NCSU-23 medium with or without 17-AAG for 44 h. The proportion of GV arrested oocytes was significantly different between the 17-AAG treated and untreated group (78.2 vs 34.8%, p<0.05). After completion of meiotic maturation, the proportion of MII oocytes was lower in the 17-AAG treated group than in the control group (27.9 vs 71.0%, p<0.05). After IVF, the percentage of penetrated oocytes was significantly lower in the 17-AAG treated group (25.2%), resulting in lower normal pronucleus formation (2PN of 14.6%). Therefore, the inhibition of meiotic progression by Hsp90 inhibitor played a critical role in fertilization status. Porcine embryo were cultured in the PZM-3 medium with or without 17-AAG for 6 days. In result, significant differences in developmental potential were detected between the embryos that were cultured with or without 17-AAG. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed that the number of containing fragmented DNA at the blastocyst stage increased in the 17-AAG treated group compared with control (7.5 vs 4.4, respectively). Blastocysts that developed in the 17-AAG treated group had low structural integrity and high apoptotic nuclei than those of the untreated control, resulting in decrease the embryonic qualities of preimplantation porcine blastocysts. The mRNA expressions of cell cycle-related genes were down-regulated in the 17-AAG treated group compared with control. Also, the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased in 17-AAG treated group, whereas expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bel-XL decreased. However, the expression of ER stress-related genes did not changed by 17-AAG. Cultured pESF cells were treated with or without 17-AAG and used for MIT assay. The results showed that viability of pESF cells were decreased by treatment of 17-AAG ($2{\mu}M$) for 24 hr. These results indicated that 17-AAG decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death. Expression patterns Hsp90 complex genes (Hsp70 and p23), cell cycle-related genes (cdc2 and cdc25c) and apoptosis-related genes (Bax and Bcl-XL) were significantly changed by using RT-PCR analysis. The spliced form of pXbp-1 product (pXbp-1s) was detected in the tunicamycin (TM) treated cells, but it is not detected in 17-AAG treated cells. In conclusion, Hsp90 appears to play a direct role in porcine early embryo developmental competence including structural integrity of blastocysts. Also, these results indicate that Hsp90 is closely associated with cell cycle- and apoptosis-related genes expression in developing porcine embryos.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.61-95
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• 2007

Small-and-medium sized enterprises(SMEs) represent quite a large proportion of the industry as a whole in terms of the number of enterprises or employees. However researches on information system so far have focused on large companies, probably because SMEs were not so active in introducing information systems as larger enterprises. SMEs are now increasingly bringing in information systems such as ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning Systems) and some of the companies already entered the stage of ongoing use. Accordingly, researches should deal with the use of information systems by SME s operating under different conditions from large companies. This study examined factors and mechanism inducing faithful appropriation of information systems, in particular integrative systems such as ERP, in view of individuals` active feedback-seeking behavior. There are three factors expected to affect end users` feedback-seeking behavior for faithful appropriation of information systems. They are management support, peer IT champ support, and IT staff support. The main focus of the study is on how these factors affect feedback-seeking behavior and whether the feedback-seeking behavior plays the role of mediator for realizing faithful appropriation of information systems by end users. To examine the research model and the hypotheses, this study employed an empirical method based on a field survey. The survey used measurements mostly employed and verified by previous researches, while some of the measurements had gone through minor modifications for the purpose of the study. The survey respondents are individual employees of SMEs that have been using ERP for one year or longer. To prevent common method bias, Task-Technology Fit items used as the control variable were made to be answered by different respondents. In total, 127 pairs of valid questionnaires were collected and used for the analysis. The PLS(Partial Least Squares) approach to structural equation modeling(PLS-Graph v.3.0) was used as our data analysis strategy because of its ability to model both formative and reflective latent constructs under small-and medium-size samples. The analysis shows Reliability, Construct Validity and Discriminant Validity are appropriate. The path analysis results are as follows; first, the more there is peer IT champ support, the more the end user is likely to show feedback-seeking behavior(path-coefficient=0.230, t=2.28, p<0.05). In other words, if colleagues proficient in information system use recognize the importance of their help, pass on what they have found to be an effective way of using the system or correct others' misuse, ordinary end users will be able to seek feedback on the faithfulness of their appropriation of information system without hesitation, because they know the convenience of getting help. Second, management support encourages ordinary end users to seek more feedback(path-coefficient=0.271, t=3.06, p<0.01) by affecting the end users' perceived value of feedback(path-coefficient=0.401, t=6.01, p<0.01). Management support is far more influential than other factors that when the management of an SME well understands the benefit of ERP, promotes its faithful appropriation and pays attention to employees' satisfaction with the system, employees will make deliberate efforts for faithful appropriation of the system. However, the third factor, IT staff support was found not to be conducive to feedback-seeking behavior from end users(path-coefficient=0.174, t=1.83). This is partly attributable to the fundamental reason that there is little support for end users from IT staff in SMEs. Even when IT staff provides support, end users may find it less important than that from coworkers more familiar with the end users' job. Meanwhile, the more end users seek feedback and attempt to find ways of faithful appropriation of information systems, the more likely the users will be able to deploy the system according to the purpose the system was originally meant for(path-coefficient=0.35, t=2.88, p<0.01). Finally, the mediation effect analysis confirmed the mediation effect of feedback-seeking behavior. By confirming the mediation effect of feedback-seeking behavior, this study draws attention to the importance of feedback-seeking behavior that has long been overlooked in research about information system use. This study also explores the factors that promote feedback-seeking behavior which in result could affect end user`s faithful appropriation of information systems. In addition, this study provides insight about which inducements or resources SMEs should offer to promote individual users' feedback-seeking behavior when formal and sufficient support from IT staff or an outside information system provider is hardly expected. As the study results show, under the business environment of SMEs, help from skilled colleagues and the management plays a critical role. Therefore, SMEs should seriously consider how to utilize skilled peer information system users, while the management should pay keen attention to end users and support them to make the most of information systems.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.36-46
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• 1976

This study was projected to provide basic data on prenatal care for future direction in maternity and child care, and also to investigate the diet of women during pregnancy and the period directly afterwards in order to offer to mothers appropriate advice for the improvement of nutritional standards. A clinical study on prenatal care was based on 1054 delivery cases. A nutritional survey was performed on 174 mothers admitted to the department of obstetrics at St. Mary's Hospital during the period of March, 1975 to February, 1976. The results obtained are summarized as follows; I. Clinical study on prenatal care 1) The age distribution showed 59.4% of the mothers were between the ages of 25 to 29 years old. 2) The gestational period was highest between the 37th and 40th gestational weeks. 33.7% of the mothers were primigravidae and 31.8% of them primiparae. 3) 41.3% of the mothers had not received prenatal care or had only received it once before. 4) Induced deliveries were 61.8% and spontantaneous deliveries 38.2%. 61.9% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while those without prenatal care accounted for 61.6% of the total induced deliveries. 5) Low birth weights were 7.7% and 5.0% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while 11.5% had no prenatal care. 6) There were 1.13% of still births, 0.32% of the mothers had prenatal care and the remainder did not have prenatal care. 7) Of those receiving prenatal care, 2.1% showed in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 6.3% in the $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group, and 91.6% in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. Among the non-prenatally cared for group 5.0% of the newborns were in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 9.7% were in $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group and 85.3% were in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. 8) Obstetrical complications were developed in 11.86% of the pregnant women when they were hospitalized. Among the group receiving the prenatal care 8.1% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. In the group without prenatal care 17.16% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. The most common obstetrical complication was malpresentation. 9) The first prenatal care was received between the 37th and 40th gestationl weeks. II. Food intake during pregnancy The following are the results from the questionnaires of the mothers concerning diets during pregnancy; 1) Main meals and snacks In 32.2% of the cases, their main meals during the diet amounted to more than was usually eaten at other times. In 67.8% of the cases, their main meals during the diet were the same as that usually eaten. In 22.4% of the cases, snacks during the diet amounted to more than usually eaten at other times. In 77.6% of the cases, snacks during the diet were the same as usually eaten. 2) Itemized list The mothers made a special effort to include certain items in their diets, the following is a breakdown of those items; a. egg, meat, fish 33.3% b. fruit, vegetables 32.2%. c. milk, fruit juice 18.4% d. cake, bread 2.9% e. nothing special 13.2% 3) Milk 44.8% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk everyday. 33.4% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk on occasion. 15.5% of the mothers did not have any milk. 4) Vitamins 39.7% of the mothers had vitamins everyday. 24.7% of the mothers had vitamins occasionally. 35.6% of the mothers did not have any vitamins. 5) Anemic symptoms 9.2% of the mothers very often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 39.1% of the mothers often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 51.7% of the mothers did not have anemic symptoms at all. 6) Taboos on food 23% of the mothers recognized 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 27% of the mothers displayed on uncertainty about the 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 50% of the mothers displayed indifference toward the taboos. III. Nutritional survey on the new mothers diet. 1) The diets for new mothers can be divided into four categories, such as general diet, low sodium diet, soft diet and liquid diet. 2) Cooked rice and seaweed soup were the main foods for the new mothers as has been the traditional diet for Korean mothers. 3) The average diet contained 1,783g. And the average consumption of the basic food groups per capita per day was 1,265g for cereals and grains, 456g for meats and legumes, 58g for fruits and vegetables, 0g for milk and fish and 4g for fats and oils. 4) In addition to the 1,783g of food in the main diet there was also 142.8g of food taken as snacks. 5) The average daily consumption of calories and nutrients was 2,697 Kcal and 123.4g for proteins, 44.9g for fats, 718.2mg for calcium, 14mg for iron, 2,101.4 I.U. for vitamin A, 0.43mg for thiamine, 1.02mg for riboflavin, 15.88mg for niacin, 5.26mg for ascorbic acid. When these figures are compared with the recommended allowances for new mothers in Korea, the calories and nutrients taken in were satisfactory. But the intake of minerals and vitamins was below the recommended allowance.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-73
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• 1995

An Effect of Muscle Strength Training Program on Muscle Strength, Muscle Endurance, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Quality of Life in the Institutionalized Elderly Recent statistics shows that the aged are the fastest growing segment of our population by increasing life span. The age group of over 60 shows multiple health problems and the most serious handicapping problem of these. are related to the changes in muscular skeletal system. With aging, people lose. their muscle mass and muscle strength resulting from biological changes and physical inactivity. Studies documented a 30-50% loss of muscle mass in an advanced age and thus, ordinary life activities can be seriously affected due to weakened muscle strength. Preservation of muscle strength of lower limb is especially important in the aged. Since it is readily affected from reduced physical activity in old age, sometimes to the detriment of moving or walking. So muscle strength exercise program designed for the elderly to improve leg muscle strength and leg muscle endurance. The research design used was nonequivalent control group pretest - protest design. The purposes of this study were to test the effect of muscle strength exercise program utilizing Leg Press on muscle strength, muscle endurance, instrumental activities of daily living(IADL), cognitive perceptual variables and quality of life. Forty nine subjects participating in this study consisted of twenty four male and twenty five female. Twenty four experimental group subjects were selected from C-institution in Chung Buk province, and twenty five control group subjects were selected from O-institution in Chung Nam province. The mean age of subjects was 72.8 years. Muscle strength training program utilizing Leg Press for the experimental group was carried out three times a week for 9 weeks. The data was collected from August, 1993 to October, 1993. Data were analyzed with $X^2-test$, t-test, ANCOVA test, Kruskal Wallis 1-Way ANOVA test using SPSS PC program. Results were obtained as follows : 1) The experimental group showed significantly higher scores on muscle strength (leg lift strength, back lift strength and grip strength) and muscle endurance than control group after the experiment $\ulcorner$F=52.35(p=.001), F=54.07(p=.001), F=6.97(p=.011), F=18.17(p=.001)$\lrcorner$ 2) Experimental group were significantly higher scores on IADL than control group(F=7.51, p=.009). 3) Experimental group showed significantly higher scores on economical state and self esteem aspects of the quality of life scale than control group $\ulcorner$F=10.59(p=.002), F=6.97(p=.011)$\lrcorner$. But there were no differences in emotional state, physical and functional state and relationship with reatives in the quality of life between groups. 4) Scores on IADL showed a significant difference with the level of muscle strength and muscle endurance $\ulcornerx^2=7.73(p=.025),\;x^2=8.86\;(p=.011)\lrcorner$ 5) Scores on self esteem and physical and functional state aspects of the quality of life scale showed a significant difference with the level of IADL $\ulcornerx^2=11.39(p=.003),\;x^2=9.02(p=.011)\lrcorner$. 6) Scores of experimental group after the experiment in cognitive perceptual variables (perceived benefit on exercise, perceived health status, self efficacy, emotion on exercise) were significantly higher than those of control group $\ulcorner$F=32.09(p=.001), F=5.07(p=.029), F=20.63 (p=.001), F=30.38(p=.001)$\lrcorner$. As a result of this study, the effect of strength training exercise program with Leg. Press had improved muscle strength, muscle endurance, IADL, and the perception of self esteem, physical and funtional state, and economical state. Thus strength training program could be beneficially applied for the prevention of disablity and promotion of health and wellbeing in the aged easily and safely. The subjects in the experimental group have maintained their exercises till six months after the cessation of the experiment. This seem to illustrate that changes in cognitive perceptual variables and the improvement in health status have reinforced motivation for the continuation of voluntary exercises. A further study is necessary to determine the factors affecting maintainance of muscle strength exercise and to assess the effect of weight training program on bone density.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제13호
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• pp.471-485
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 현재의 태권도 선수와 지도자들의 지도유형 및 응집력 관계에 대하여 알아볼 필요성이 절실하게 간구되는 바이다. 또한 현재의 선수 및 지도자를 대상으로 설문을 조사하여 태권도 지도자들의 지도유형이 응집력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴봄으로써 지도자의 지도력 향상을 도모하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 기존 자료수집은 2006년 5.18 광주민주화운동기념 시장기 남녀 중고대회 기간(2006. 5. 12 - 19)중에 조사원 5명과 연구자가 직접 방문하여 이루어졌다. 설문지를 배포 후 자기기입방식으로 기입하고 설문지 총 185부중에서 연구목적과 부합되지 않은 11명의 응답 자료를 제외한 174명의 자료를 최종 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 본 연구를 정리해 보면 다음과 같다. 즐거움이 많을수록 팀의 소속감, 팀웍, 결속력, 소속가치, 훈련적행동, 민주적행동, 사회적행동, 보상적행동이 높게 나타났으며, 팀의 소속감이 높으면 팀웍, 결속력, 소속가치, 훈련적행동, 민주적행동, 사회적행동, 보상적행동에 대하여 만족하였다. 팀웍이 좋을수록 결속력, 소속가치, 훈련적행동, 민주적행동, 사회적행동, 보상적행동에 대하여 만족하며, 결속력이 강할수록 소속가치, 훈련적행동, 민주적행동, 사회적행동, 보상적행동이 높게 나타났다. 소속가치가 높을수록 훈련적행동, 민주적행동, 사회적행동, 보상적행동에 대하여 만족하며, 훈련적행동이 강할수록 민주적행동, 사회적행동, 보상적행동에 대하여 만족하였다. 민주적행동이 높을수록 사회적행동, 보상적행동에 대하여 만족하였다. 권위적 행동에 대하여는 유의한(p>.01 , p>.05) 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 즐거움, 팀의 소속감, 팀웍, 결속력, 소속가치에서 사회적행동이 많을 수록 즐거움이 많다는 것을 알수가 있다. 또한, 결속력이 지도자 행동유형에서 민주적행동이 적을 수록 결속력이 강화 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다.하여야 한다. 또한, 장애인을 위해 구비된 목발이나 휠체어, 이동식 좌변기 등과 같은 장애인관련 시설물들을 잘 관리하고 보관할 필요가 있다. 대해서 고찰해 보았다.연락을 취할 수 있는 담당자의 연락처의 명기, 각종 비용이나 요금에 대한 상세한 설명 등이 신뢰성 판단의 주요 요인인 반면, 개인정보 보호 정책에 대해서는 상대적으로 덜 중요하게 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 명도 및 백색도를 보여 수리미로서의 품질 특성이 뛰어난 것으로 판단된다. 또한 기호도 역시 높게 나타나 닭가슴살을 활용한 수리미 제조가 가능하며, 소금을 포함한 냉동변성방지제를 첨가한 T3가 수리미의 냉동 저장 중 물리 화학적 특성에 미치는 효과를 종합해 볼 때 품질저하방지에 가장 효과적이었다.보수력을 개선시켰다.나 냉동변성 방지제 첨가와 pH 조절한 수리미는 저장기간 동안 염용성단백질 함량이 높고 안정된 조직감을 나타내었다.su에서 60.0%, 15 psu 이하에서는 거의 잠입이 이루어 지지 않았다. 따라서, 적정 살포를 위한 잠입률은 치패의 크기와 상관없이 저질종류는 모래 (75%) + 뻘 (25%), 입자크기는 1 mm 모래에서 높게 나타났다. 공기 중 노출시간은 짧을수록, 수온은 $30^{\circ}C$ 이내에서 높을수록, 염분은 20-35 psu 이내에서 높을수록 잠입률이 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 교수학습모형에 관련된 지식을 묻는 내용으로 주로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 특정 교수학습모형의 이론적 토대가 되고 전체적인 교수설계를 하기 위한 기본 바탕이 될 수 있는 교수학습이론에 관한 내용, 또한 현재가정과교육에 있어서 유용한 교수학습법이라고 입증되고 있는 실천적 추론 가정과 수업에 관한 내용으로의 확대를 제안하였다. 가정과교육평가 문항의 출제는 대다수의 문항이 수행평가에 관한 문항내용으로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 문항의 변별도

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

본 연구는 생체 외 $^1H$ 고분해능 매직앵글스핀닝($^1H$ High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning; $^1H$ HR MAS) 기술을 이용하여 정상군 adult mice의 뇌에서의 부위별 뇌 신경화학 대사물질(brain neurochemical metabolites)을 정량적으로 분석하고, 이를 이용하여 정상군의 뇌 대사물질의 표준 data base를 정립하기 위함이다. 실험에 사용된 adult mice는 C57BL/6J 모델의 체중 25~28 g, 40주령 수컷 10마리를 사용하였으며, 연령과 성별을 일치시켰다. 또한 뇌의 전두엽(frontal cortex), 측두엽(temporal cortex), 해마(hippocampus), 시상(thalamus) 총 4개의 부위를 채취하여 생체 외 $^1H$ 고분해능 매직앵글 스핀닝 실험을 진행 하였다. 생체 조직의 뇌 대사물질의 절대농도를 획득하기 위하여 대표적인 대사물질(Ace, NAA, NAAG, tCr, Cr, tCho, Cho, mIns, GPC+PC, Lac, GABA, Glu, Gln, tau, Ala)을 각 피크의 면적과 대사물질의 프로톤 개수를 계산하였다. 결과적으로 정상 군에서의 mice 뇌의 신경화학 대사물질들을 Acet, NAA, NAAG, Cho, mIns가 부위별로 절대농도차의 유의성을 나타내었으며, 이 외의 대사물질에서는 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 $^1H$ HR-MAS을 이용한 생체조직 실험은 뇌조직 내 대사물질의 절대농도를 측정하고 기본적인 지표를 확보하는데 매우 정확하고 정량적인 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 더 나아가 mice를 이용한 인간질병 모델의 실험동물에서의 뇌 신경화학 대사물질의 표준 자료화 하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2005

목 적 : 급성 연구균 감염 후 사구체 신염은 A형 $\beta$-용혈성 연구균 중 신염을 일으키는 연구균에 의한 감염으로 발생하며 소아에서 급성 사구체 신염의 가장 흔한 원인이다. 이 질환의 예후는 대부분 좋은 것으로 알려져 왔으나 소수에서 만성신부전으로 진행하기도 한다. 이에 저자들은 한국인 소아에서 이 질환의 임상경과와 예후를 관찰하고자 연구를 실시하였다. 방 법 : 2000년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지 아주대학교병원 소아과에 내원하여 임상양상과 검사 소견 상 APSGN으로 진단 받고 추적 관찰이 가능하였던 48명의 환아를 대상으로 이들의 임상양상 및 소변과 혈청 검사소견에 대해 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환자 48명 중 남자는 35명, 여자는 13명이었다. 발병 당시 연령은 평균 5년 9개월이었다. 일년 중 7월(7명, 14.6$\%$)과 11월(6명, 12.5$\%$)에 가장 많이 발병하였다. 발현증상으로는 육안적 혈뇨가 48명(100$\%$) 모두에게 나타났고 단백뇨는 41명(85.4$\%$), ASO 상승은 47명(97.9$\%$), 저보체혈증(C3)은 45명(93.8$\%$)에서 나타났다. 혈청 크레아히닌은 6명(12.5$\%$)에서 1.0 mg/이 이상으로 상승되었다. 동반 증상으로 부종, 고혈압, 핍뇨가 각각 31명(64.6$\%$), 22명(45.8$\%$12명(25.0$\%$)에서 관찰되었다. 1개월에서 3개월마다 추적 관찰하였으며 혈뇨는 43명 중 34명(79$\%$)이 발현 6개월 이내에 혈뇨가 소실되었고 단백뇨는 39명 중 36명(97.5$\%$)이 3개월 이내에 소실되었으며, 혈청 보체는 28명 중 26명이 6-8주 이내에 정상화되었다. 진단 당시 혈청 크레아틴이 상승되었던 6명도 1개월 이내에 정상화되었다. 결 론 : 총 48명의 APSGN 환아 중 5명에서 신기능부전 또는 심한 단백뇨로 신조직 검사가 필요하였으나, 모두 치료 6개월 이내에 완전히 호전되었다. 대다수의 환자에서 보였던 급성기 증상은 특별한 합병증 없이 완전히 해소됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 대상인원이 적고 추적기간이 짧은 점은 있으나, 모든 환자에서 6개월 이상 지속되는 심각한 문제가 없음을 볼 때 소아기 APSGN은 매우 예후가 양호한 질환임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2010

무경운 논에서 유기농업에 적합한 녹비작물의 시용효과를 검토하기 위해 경남농업기술원 시험포장인 이현미 사질양토 (모래 9.1, 미사 73.0, 점토 17.9%)에서 일미벼를 시험품종으로 토양 검정 시비처방과 화학농약을 사용한 경운 처리 구 (관행)와 무경운 논에서 화학농자재를 사용하지 않고 유기물 피복으로 무처리, 볏짚, 헤어리베치, 유채, 호밀, 자운영을 처리하여 연구하였다. 벼 결주율은 무경운 처리인 무처리 5.3%, 볏짚 1.4%, 헤어리베치 2.8%, 유채 5.0%, 호밀 5.3%, 자운영 4.7%로 관행 처리 구 1.1% 보다 높았다. 벼 20주당 벼멸구 발생량은 관행 처리 구에서 65.3 마리, 무경운 처리 구는 3.4~9.6 마리였으며 잎집무늬마름병 발병진전율도 관행 처리 구가 10.5%로 무경운 처리 구 0.7~2.9%에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 발생 잡초는 물달개비, 사마귀풀, 여뀌바늘, 마디꽃이 우점하였고 총 건조량은 무경운 볏짚 처리 구가 35.9, 무경운 무처리 구가 33.2 g $m^{-2}$로서 높았으며 관행 처리 구는 14.5 g $m^{-2}$, 무경운 자운영 처리 구는 18.4 g $m^{-2}$로서 유의적으로 낮았다. 토양 pH와 유효인산 함량은 담수처리 후 무경운 처리 구에서 급격히 낮아지고 출수시에 높아졌다. 출수시의 토양 암모니아태질소 함량은 관행에 비해 무경운 피복작물 처리 구에서 유의적인 증가를 보였으며 담수이후 관행 처리 구와 무경운 무처리의 토양 미생물 생체량이 급격히 낮아졌다. 관행 처리 구의 수량은 주당 이삭수가 12.6개, 수당 입수가 68.2개, 등숙비율은 89.4%로 높아 수량이 4.30 Mg $ha^{-1}$로서 가장 많았다. 무경운에서는 자운영 처리 구가 주당 수수 11.0개, 수당 입수가 64.6개 및 천립중 20.4 g 등으로 전반적인 수량 구성 요소가 양호하여 수량이 2.69 Mg $ha^{-1}$로 다른 처리 구에 비해 높은 경향이었다. Toyo 식미치는 무경운 볏짚 처리 구가 79.9의 수치로 가장 높았고 무경운 헤어리베치 79.2, 무처리 78.0, 자운영 77.9, 호밀 77.2, 유채 77.1 및 관행 74.1의 순으로 나타났으며 단백질 함량은 관행 7.4%, 유채 7.2%, 호밀 7.0%, 헤어리베치 6.6%, 자운영 6.4% 및 무처리 6.3%의 순으로 낮아졌다. 수량과 쌀 품질 및 경제성을 고려할 때 유기농업을 위한 무경운 작부체계에서는 자운영이 가장 좋은 피복작물로 생각되었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.417-431
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• 1997

Characteristics of sedimentary rocks and enrichment of toxic elements in shale and coal from the Chungnam coal field were investigated based upon geochemistry of major, trace and rare earth elements. Shale and coal of the area are interbedded along the Traissic to the Jurassic Daedong Supergroup, which can be subdivided into grey shale, black shale and coal. The coal had been mined, however all the mines are abandonded due to the economic problems. The shale and coal are characterized by relatively low contents of $SiO_2$, and $Al_2O_3$ and high levels of loss-on-ignition (LOI), CaO and $Na_2O$ in comparison with the North American Shale Composite (NASC). Light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Yb and Lu) are highly enriched with the coal. Ratios of $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ in shale and coal range from 30.0 to 351.8 and from 4.2 to 106.8, which have partly negative correlations against $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ (1.24 to 6.06), respectively. Those are suggested that controls of mineral compositions in shale and coal can be due to substitution and migration of those elements by diagenesis and metamorphism. Shale and coal of the area may be deposited in terrestrial basin deduced from high C/S (39 to 895) and variable composition of organic carbon (0.39 to 18.40 wt.%) and low contents of reduced sulfur (0.01 to 0.05 wt.%). These shale and coal were originated from the high grade metamorphic and/or igneous rocks, and the rare earth elements of those rocks are slightly influenced with diagenesis and metamorphism on the basis of $Al_2O_3$ versus La, La against Ce, Zr versus Yb, the ratios of La/Ce (0.38 to 0.85) and Th/U (3.6 to 14.6). Characteristics of trace and rare earth elements as Co/Th (0.07 to 0.86), La/Sc (0.31 to 11.05), Se/Th (0.28 to 1.06), V/Ni (1.14 to 3.97), Cr/V (1.4 to 28.3), Ni/Co (2.12 to 8.00) and Zr/Hf (22.6~45.1) in the shale and coal argue for inefficient mixing of the simple source lithologies during sedimentation. These rocks also show much variation in $La_N/Yb_N$ (1.36 to 21.68), Th/Yb (3.5 to 20.0) and La/Th (0.31 to 7.89), and their origin is explained by derivation from a mixture of mainly acidic igneous and metamorphic rocks. Average concentrations in the shale and coal are As=7.2 and 7.5, Ba=913 and 974, Cr=500 and 145, Cu=20 and 26, Ni=38 and 35, Pb=30 and 36, and Zn=77 and 92 ppm, respectively, which are similar to those in the NASC. Average enrichment indices for major elements in the shale (0.79) and coal (0.77) are lower than those in the NASC. In addition, average enrichment index for rare earth elements in coal (2.39) is enriched rather than the shale (1.55). On the basis of the NASC, concentrations of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the shale and coal were depleted of all the elements examined, excepting Cr, Pb, Rb and Th. Average enrichment indices of trace and/or potentially toxic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, U and Zn) are 1.23 to 1.24 for shale and 1.06 to 1.22 for coal, respectively.