• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1988

Two kinds of honey, acacia and buckwheat, supplied by the producer have been stored at $5^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C,\;and\;35^{\circ}C$ for one year to study storage qualities. Titratable acidity of the honey-increased with time specially at the elevated temperatures: the acidity of bukwheat increased 1.7 times at the end of storage at $35^{\circ}C$. Viscosity decreased with time and elevated temperatures. Viscosity of acacia honey at $35^{\circ}C$ was 1/12 the value at $5^{\circ}C$ and that of buckwheat was 1/3. Hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) content increased slowly with time at $20^{\circ}C$, whereas. fast increase was observed at $35^{\circ}C$. HMF content of acacia honey after four months of storage exceeded the HMF limit of Codex, 40mg/kg. Buckwheat honey showed the same level after six months. It was noticeable fact that HMF content decreased significantly with time at $5^{\circ}C$. Diastase activity decreased with time and elevated temperature, and that of acacia honey was below 8 which is the Codex limit after six months of storage at $35^{\circ}C$. Buckwheat honey showed the same level of the activity after eight months. Fructose and glucose content decreased significantly with increased temperature. The ratio of fructose to glucose increased with temperature and maltose was detected in the sample stored at $35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.398-403
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• 2007

This study was carried out to enhance germination of the seed by different immersion temperatures(15, 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$) and times(1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 hours) in Cryptomeria japonica that is a major plantation species in the southern Korea. Optimum germination temperature was between $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, and the lowest germination was observed at $35^{\circ}C$ Moisture absorption increased with increasing immersion time as a whole and was high at $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. Initial moisture absorption rate was highest at $30^{\circ}C$ whereas was lowest at $15^{\circ}C$ Moisture absorption rate constant was also high at $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, however, it was relatively low at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ Germination was the highest when the seeds were immersed for 48 hours at $30^{\circ}C$. In mean germination time(MGT) the seeds immersed for 48 hours at $30^{\circ}C$ did not differ from non-treatment, while the others showed higher values than non-treatment. Consequently, germination could be enhanced and MGT was kept by optimum immersion temperature and time.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 1979

Histological changes of yellow sea bream, Branchiostegus japonicus japonicus, were observed under microscope during freezing storage for 6 months at $65^{\circ}C$ and $-35^{\circ}C$, and the results were compared with the muscle structure of fresh muscle. The freezing storage of yellow sea bream at $-^{\circ}C$ showed more changes in muscle structure than that stored at $-35^{\circ}C$. In the view point of the changes of the muscle structure, the yellow sea bream can be stored up to 1 month at $65^{\circ}C$ and 3 months at $-35^{\circ}C$. The freezing of yellow sea bream at $-5^{\circ}C$ showed higher extracellular freezing than that at $-35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.343-348
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• 2012

Developmental period, mummification, pupal mortality, and sex ratio of Korean strain of Aphelinus varipes F$\ddot{o}$rster parasitizing the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae were studied at 20, 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$ in controlled climate cabinets. The plastic container with a leaf disc of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was used as experimental units. Green peach aphids at different developmental stages were reared in four different temperatures and presented to A. varipes for 12 hours. A female adult of A. varipes was allowed to parasitize for 12 hours in each plastic petri dish. The periods from egg to adult of A. varipes were 18.3 days, 14.7 days, 10.4 days, and 9.3 days at $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The pupal mortalities of A. varipes were 0%, 1.5%, 2.8%, and 10.2% at $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The mummifications of A. varipes were significantly different in all developmental stages of the aphid. The mummification of A. varipes parasitizing green peach aphid was the highest at 1st and 2nd in $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, but the highest at 3rd (84.4-85.0%) in $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. The host feedings of A. varipes were $20^{\circ}C$ (12.5%), $25^{\circ}C$ (17.3%), $30^{\circ}C$ (16%), and $35^{\circ}C$ (10.9%), respectively. The sex ratios of A. varipes female were $20^{\circ}C$ (49%), $25^{\circ}C$ (46%), $30^{\circ}C$ (69%), and $35^{\circ}C$ (60%), respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.565-571
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• 2000

Mixed primers based on the high sequence homology of selected regions of known connexins (Cxs) was used for PCR reaction. A full-length connexin cDNA of sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA 5'and (5'RACE) and 3'RACE method. When compared to other known Cx sequences, homology of sweetfish Cx cDNA to Atlantic croaker, Mycropogonias undulatus Cx32.7, bovine, Bos taurus Cx44 and Atlantic croaker Cx32.2 were $63.8{\%},\;61.6{\%}\;and\;56.7{\%}$, respectively. This cDNA encoded 308 amino acids (35,028 dalton) and named as sweetfish Cx35. Hydropathicity analysis of predicted amino acid sequences indicated that sweetfish Cx35 have four major hydrophobic regions and four major hydrophilic regions, suggesting its topology is similar to that of known Cxs. The presence of a tfical Cx consensus sequences were identified in each of the extracellular loops (first loop and second loop).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-3
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• 1976

The authors studied the viability and pH of Lactobacillus casei which was isolated from the Yakult in terms of its storage temperature time(days). The following results have been obtained: (1) The viability test to Lactobacillus casei under storage in 4$\circ$C temperature condition in 35 days, has shown that the original population of $4.0\times 10^8$ organisms was decreased to $0.1\times 10^8$, under storage in 10$\circ$C temperature the organisms to $0.08\times 10^8$, in room temperature the organisms to $0.009\times 10^8$, and in 35$\circ$C temperature the organisms to $0.0009\times 10^8$. The correlation coefficient of storage period (days) and number of bacterial viability were significant as r=0.956(p<0.01) in 4$\circ$C, r=-0.999 (p<0.01) in 100C, r=0.975(p<0.01) in room temperature and r=-0.923(p<0.01) in 35$\circ$C. (2) The pH test to Lactobacillus casei unde.r storage in 4$\circ$C temperature condition for 35 days has shown that the original pH of 3.54 were acidified to 3.35, under storage in 10$\circ$C temperature the pH were acidified to 3.20, in room temperature the pH were acidified to 3.15, and in 35$\circ$C temperature the pH were acidified to 3.0. The correlation coefficient of variation of pH between storage period (days) and temperature were significant as r=-0.972(p<0.01) in 4$\circ$C, r=-0.922 (p<0.01) in 10$\circ$C, r=-0.963 (p<0.01) in room temperature and r=-0.953 in 35$\circ$C.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2004

The experiment was performed to investigate the effect of heating temperature and shaking time on viscosity change of whole egg, yolk, and albumen. Shaking water bath was used at 35, 45, and 50$^{\circ}C$ and the viscosity was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours. There were no significant differences in viscosity of whole egg between 35$^{\circ}C$ and 45$^{\circ}C$( over-all mean). However, the 50$^{\circ}C$ group showed significantly lower viscosity compared to 35 or 45$^{\circ}C$ groups(P < 0.05). Non-significant differences were noticed in yolk viscosity among temperature treatments, but there were significant differences among shaking times(P < 0.05). Heating temperature and shaking time did not show significant effect on the viscosity of albumen, but the lowest viscosity was shown at 0, 9, and 12 hours at 50$^{\circ}C$. The results suggest that whole egg, yolk, and albumen should be treated for more than 3 hours at 50$^{\circ}C$, more than 3 hours at 35$^{\circ}C$ and 45$^{\circ}C$ and 3～9 hours at 50$^{\circ}C$, and 0, 9, 12 hours at 50$^{\circ}C$, respectively and then can be used in the processing.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

For reducing planting distance in greenhouse grown watermelon(Citrullus vulgaris S.) this experiment was carried out to study the effect of DIF on stem elongation and growth. Day temperatures ranged from $25^{\circ}C$ to 35$^{\circ}C$ : night temperatures ranged from $25^{\circ}C$ to 35$^{\circ}C$ at 5$^{\circ}C$ interval. Stem elongation, leaf size, dry weight and flowering were influence by day and night temperatures. Stem elongation and length of internode decrease with increasing night temperature at same day temperature. The optimums for number of leaves categories was with day at 35$^{\circ}C$, and flower production was the lowest at $25^{\circ}C$. Total leaf area meter was maximized at 35/30(DT/NT), but for size pet one leave was the largest 25/25(DT/NT). Responses of leaf size per leaves were similar to that of internode length, with maximum day and night at $25^{\circ}C$. Total plant dry weight was the highest 35/30 (DT/NT) and minimum occurring at 25/30(DT/NT). The shoot/root ratios of dry weight Increased with day temperature up to 3$0^{\circ}C$ and were the highest with night at $25^{\circ}C$. Chlorophyll contents decreased with decreasing day and night temperature.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2016

Odor in pig manure affects the distribution of the manure over grass and crop fields as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of microbes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis and Rodobacter capsulata) and incubation temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$) on the levels of odorous compounds in pig manure. Pig manure was incubated with 0.03% microbes (v/v) at temperatures of $20^{\circ}C$ or $35^{\circ}C$. At incubation temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, the addition of Rodobacter capsulata significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of indoles and volatile fatty acid (VFA). At incubation temperature of $35^{\circ}C$, the addition of any microbes of the three used in this study did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the levels of odorous compounds. When incubation temperature was increased from $20^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$, levels of odorous compounds were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Taken together, these results suggest that Rodobacter capsulata could be utilized to reduce odor from pig manure in the spring and fall when the average temperature is around $20^{\circ}C$. However, alternative odor-reducing technology is needed to be developed to apply onto pig manure during the hot summer season ($35^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.380-386
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the root zone temperature on the changes in soil physicochemical environment and the growth of the apple trees. Root zone temperatures applied were 20. 25. 30. and $35^{\circ}C$. A pot experiment of 4-year-old fruit-bearing Fuji/M.26 apple trees was done from May 15. 1997 to August 15. 1997. Shoot length and shoot number of 4-year-old Fuji/M.26 was longest at $30^{\circ}C$ but decreased at $35^{\circ}C$. Oxygen concentrations in soil air were maintained from 17 to 18% at $20^{\circ}C$ but fluctuated from 10 to 14% at the end at $35^{\circ}C$. Carbon dioxide concentrations in soil air was highest at $35^{\circ}C$. Organic matter contents in soil decreased as root zone temperature and duration of treatment increased. Nitrate and ammonium contents in soil increased with rising root zone temperature in the beginning but nitrate contents decreased at $35^{\circ}C$ as time progressed. Nitrate content was higher in 10~15cm subsoil than in 25~30cm subsoil.