• 대한화학회지
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.139-142
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• 2017

Ethene ($C_2H_4$), which is produced in plants as they mature, was used to study its photoacoustic properties using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Detection of trace amounts, with $N_2$ gas, of $C_2H_4$ gas was also applied. The gas was tested in various conditions-temperature, concentration of the gas, gas cell length, and power of the laser- to determine their effect on the photoacoustic signal, the ideal conditions to detect trace gas amounts, and concentration of $C_2H_4$ produced by an avocado and a banana. A detection limit of 10 ppm was determined for pure $C_2H_4$. A detection of 5% and 13% (by volume) concentration of $C_2H_4$ was produced for a ripening avocado and banana, respectively, in closed space.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.69-83
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• 2005

This paper discusses the distribution of a null complementizer C, as opposed to an overt counterpart 'that', presenting empirical support both for and against the PF-merge analysis of C proposed by Boscovic and Lasnik (2003, henceafter B&L) who in turn attribute to the proposal in Pesetsky (1992) and Halle & Marantz (1993). In Section I, as a background, I discuss B&L's proposal that a null complementizer C is a PF-affix which undergoes a PF-merger operation at the PF component. In Section 2, after a brief sketch of the distribution of a null C mostly in bare-relatives, I explore the possibility of extending B&L's analysis to accomodate the null C's in the bare-relative constructions. In Section 3, I argue that despite some empirical difficulties, B&L's analysis of a null C as a PF-affix can still be maintained, if Adverb Fronting is an operation to Spec-C position. Furthermore, I propose a rule - PF Spell-Out Constraint - to account for the C-trace (i.e. that-trace) effect in relative constructions. With the PF Spell-Out Constraint and B&L's PF-merge account, the distribution of a null C can better be analyzed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of concentrates containing different levels of a vitamin-trace elements premix on milk yield and composition of dairy cows. The trial, which lasted 14 weeks, was conducted from January to March and used 45 multiparous Brown cows in the early phase of lactation. Cows (n = 15 per treatment) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: the first group (control, C-0) was fed pelleted concentrate containing background vitamins and trace elements that supplied 1.0 times cows' daily requirements; the second group were fed the same concentrate, but containing 2.5 g/kg of vitamin and trace mineral premix per kg of concentrate (C-2.5); the third group were fed the same concentrate, but containing 5 g/kg of vitamin and trace mineral premix per kg of concentrate (C-5). The daily ration included ad libitum chopped oat hay, and the cows also had 8 h/d grazing on a ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture. During the performance trial, cow milk yield was daily recorded and individual milk samples were analysed for milk composition and to determine milk renneting properties. Cows fed the intermediate premix level (C-2.5) in diet showed the highest fat-corrected milk production (p<0.05) compared to other groups. None of the milk quality parameters studied were influenced by dietary treatment, except for milk rheological parameters (rennet clotting time and curd firmness) that were positively improved in cows fed the C-2.5 diet (p<0.05). The findings from this study show that intermediate level of vitamin-trace elements premix in concentrate can be advantageously used in grazing dairy cows without negative effects on yield and quality of milk produced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.677-679
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• 2001

Effect of Growell a herbomineral premix was evaluated on performance, organ weight, humoral immune response, tissue and serum trace element profile of boilers. Day old 50 Babcock broiler chicks were randomly divided in two groups (C and T) and reared on deep litter system for 6 weeks of age. Chicks from group C were given basal diet while chicks from T group were fed basal diet supplemented with Growell at the rate 0.35 g/Kg. The chicks were vaccinated with Lasota strain of NCDV at $4^{th}$ and $28^{th}$ day of age. The birds receiving Growell treatment had higher body weight with better feed conversion ratio as compare to that of control chicks. Growell treatment had significantly reduced per cent weight of spleen and kidney, whereas that of bursa was increased. There was no effect of treatment on relative weight of thymus. HI antibody titer against NCDV in Growell treated chicks were higher as compare to untreated chicks indicating better humoral immune status. Growell treatment had no effect on serum Fe and Zn concentration. Dietary supplementation of Growell had significantly increased iron content of liver, kidney and muscle; zinc content of kidney and muscle; copper content of kidney and muscle and Mn content of kidney. Growell treatment improved the body weight, FCR and humoral immune status of broilers. Similarly, deposition of trace minerals in various organs was also increased in comparison to control.

• 분석과학
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.240-251
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• 2017

1,1,1,2-수소불화탄소(HFC-134a)는 에어컨에 주로 사용되는 냉매로, 최근 온실가스로 규제되어 정제를 통한 재사용 방법이 권장되고 있다. 폐냉매의 재사용 기준 평가를 위해서는 폐냉매에 존재하는 미량 성분의 정량분석이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 표준 물질이 없어서 정량화하기 어려웠던 C, H, Cl, F가 포함된 미량 성분들을 GC/AED (gas chromatograph-atomic emission detector)를 이용하여 정량분석하였다. 이를 위하여 GC/MSD (mass selective detector)를 통한 정성분석을 선행하였다. 또한 성분의 원자 수와 비례하여 반응하는 AED의 특성을 조사하기 위하여, 탄화수소 혼합 표준물질을 이용하여 선형성을 확인하였다. 시료 중 C, H, Cl, F가 포함된 미량 성분의 정성 분석 결과, 주성분인 HFC-134a와 유사 냉매류들을 포함한 총 15 개의 성분이 검출되었다. MSD 결과를 토대로 AED를 이용한 미량 성분들을 정량 분석한 결과, 한 시료는 $CHClF_2$ 성분($45438.38{\mu}mol/mol$), 또 다른 시료는 $C_2H_2ClF_3$ 성분($1311.47{\mu}mol/mol$)이 가장 높은 몰분율을 나타냈다. 본 연구에서는 이 분석법을 기반으로 하여, 표준 물질이 존재하지 않아 정량화하기 어려운 복합 성분들의 정성 및 정량 분석의 확장 적용이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

By the trends of electronic package to be more integrative, the fine Cu trace pitch of organic PCB is required to be a robust design. In this study, the short circuit failure mechanism of PCB with a Cl element under the Temperature humidity bias test ($85^{\circ}C$/85%RH/3.5V) was examined by micro-structural study. A focused ion beam (FIB) and an electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) were used to polish the cross sections to reveal details of the microstructure of the failure mode. It is found that $CuCl_x$ were formed and grown on Cu trace during the $170^{\circ}C$/3hrs and that $CuCl_x$ was decomposed into Cu dendrite and $Cl_2$ gas during the $85^{\circ}C$/85%RH/3.5V. It is suggested that Cu dendrites formed on Cu trace lead to a short circuit failure between a pair of Cu traces.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1440-1444
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• 2000

Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion levels of dietary vitamin and trace mineral (VTM) premixes on growth and nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. A total of 112 pigs ($24.82{\pm}3.22kg$) were employed for 49 days (exp. 1), and 168 pigs ($21.64{\pm}1.41kg$) for 40 days (exp. 2) in completely randomized block designs. Treatments were: 1) 100%, 2) 150%, 3) 200% and 4) 250% NRC (1998) requirement of VTM in exp. 1, and the ratio of vitamins to trace minerals at 1) 100:100%, 2) 100:150%, 3) 150:100% and 4) 150:150% of NRC (1998) requirement in exp. 2. Basal diets for feeding trials were formulated to contain 3,310 kcal ME/kg and 18% crude protein, and contained 0.25% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker for digestibility trials. Increasing dietary VTM premix in growing pigs had linear and quadratic effects (p<0.05) on ADG, and feed conversion ratio was also improved (p<0.05) as VTM premix was increased by 150-250% of NRC (1998) requirements in exp. 1. Adding vitamin to trace mineral premixes at 150% NRC (1998) over the control improved (p<0.05) ADG and feed efficiency in growing pigs, but performances were not improved by vitamin nor by trace mineral premixes alone (p>0.15) (exp. 2). There were no differences (p>0.05) in the digestibilities of energy, crude protein and fat among dietary treatments. However, increasing dietary VTM premix in growing pigs had a linear effect (p<0.05) on the digestibilities of calcium and phosphorus. The 200 or 250% fed group showed improved (p<0.05) calcium digestibility, and 250% fed group also showed improved (p<0.05) phosphorus digestibility as compared to 100% or 150% fed group (exp. 1). The digestibilities of Ca and P were higher (p<0.05) in 150% addition of vitamins than in 150% addition of trace minerals in the diet (exp. 2).

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to investigate the method of trace gas technique by G.C and the effects of the type of blouse on ventilation. The experimental system employed a trace gas technique in which ventilation was monitored to determine oxigen exchange rate. The experimental variables were tested with three types of blouse depending on the sizes of neckline, armhole and waist line. Exercise conditions include standing and walking position. The results and discussion forcused on the construct validity of the apparatus/testing protocol. the effect of experimental variables on ventilation was also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.490-497
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• 2011

본 연구는 옥살산으로 전처리를 수행한 후 얻어진 옥수숫대를 이용하여 동시당화발효를 위한 최적조건을 탐색하였다. Pichia stipitis CBS 6054를 이용한 동시당화발효에서 독립변수인 반응온도($25.8{\sim}34.2^{\circ}C$)와 교반속도(80~220 rpm)에 대한 에탄올 생산량은 각각 99% 신뢰구간을 가졌다. 종속변수로 에탄올 생산량을 적용하였을 때 $30^{\circ}C$, 170 rpm에서 최대의 에탄올 생산을 예측할 수 있었다(22.5 g/L). 최적의 온도 및 교반속도에서 최적 질소원을 조사한 결과 yeast extract (1.25 g/L)와 urea (1.25 g/L)를 혼합하여 사용하였을 경우 에탄올 생산량은 증가하였으며 trace metal 성분과 비타민은 첨가하지 않았을 때 에탄올 생산이 촉진되었다. 동시당화 발효를 위한 $KH_2PO_4$, $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$의 최적 농도는 각각 1 g/L, 0.25 g/L로 나타났다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1992년도 제2회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.17-18
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• 1992

SIMS는 뛰어난 원소검찰감도의 깊이분해능을 가지고 있어서 깊이에 따른 미량불순물 분석에 필수적인 장비이지만, 시료와 불순물의 변화에 따라 이온화율과 깎이는 속도가 달라서 일어나는 matrix effect 때문에 표준시료없이 정량분석을 할 수 없는 문제점이 있다. 이런 SIMS의 단점을 보완하기 위한 방법으로 개발된 여러 가지 SNMS기술중 SIMS에 아무런 기계장치를 덧붙이지 않고도 정량화개선효과를 가져오는 CsX+ SNMS에 대한 연구를 진행하여, 지금까지 밝혀진 실리콘 산화막등에서의 주성분원소 조성비분석을 통해 SNMS기능을 확인하고 SIMS의 주 분석대상인 불순물농도분석에의 적용가능성을 실험해 보았다. 이를 위해 실리콘에 BF2 이온주입후 붕소분포분석시 강한 matrix effect를 나타내는 불소의 효과를 SNMS와 SIMS로 비교하였으며, 검출한계와 dynamic range도 조사하였다. 실험결과 CsX+ SNMS기술은 matrix effect 때문에 실제 분포와 다른 값으로 검출되는 불순물 시료 분석에 적용할 수 있음을 알았다.