• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1998

본(本) 실험(實驗)은 자생지(自生地)의 야생(野生)더덕이 가지는 고방향성(高芳香性)의 특성(特性)을 노지재배시(露地栽培時) 재배(栽培)더덕에서도 고방향성(高芳香性)을 갖는 재배기술(栽培技術)을 확립(確立)하기 위하여 몇가지 유기물(有機物)을 시용(施用)하여 더덕의 주요성분(主要成分), 유리(遊離)아미노산(酸) 및 식물정유(植物精油), 향기성분(香氣成分)의 변화(變化)를 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 위장(萎長)은 자생지토양(自生地土壤)보다 볏짚퇴비(堆肥)와 활엽수퇴비(闊葉樹堆肥) 시용구(施用區)에서 가장 길었고 엽장(葉長), 엽폭(葉幅) 등(等)은 침엽수(針葉樹)/이끼 堆肥(퇴비) 시용구(施用區)에서 가장 컸다. 2. 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 함량(含量)은 자생지(自生地) 토양(土壤)보다 침엽수(針葉樹) 이끼퇴비(堆肥)와 계분(鷄糞)톱밥 퇴비(堆肥) 시용구(施用區)에서는 낮은 반면에 산야초(山野草) 퇴비(堆肥), 활엽수(闊葉樹) 퇴비(堆肥) 및 볏집 퇴비(堆肥)에서는 높은 함량(含量)을 나타내었고 무기성분(無機成分)인 K와 Mg은 전반적으 볏짚 퇴비(堆肥)와 침엽수(針葉樹) 이끼퇴비(堆肥) 시용구(施用區)에서 높은 함량(含量)을 보였으나, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu 등(等) 미량원소(微量元素)는 유기물(有機物) 종류간(種類間)에 일정(一定)한 경향(傾向)이 없었다. 3. 유리(遊離) 아미노산(酸) 함량(含量)에서 arginine은 다른 유리(遊離) 아미노산(酸)보다 매우 높았고 활엽수(開葉樹) 퇴비(堆肥) 시용구(施用區)에서 18.99mg으로 가장 높은 함량(含量)을 보였다. 4. 유기물(有機物) 종류(種類)에 따른 식물정유(植物精油) 함량(含量)은 침엽수(針葉樹)/이끼 퇴비(堆肥) 시용구(施用區)에서 는 0.008%로 가장 높은 수율(收率)을 나타내어 자생지(自生地) 유기물(有機物) 자원(資源)과 가장 유사(類似)한 것으로 판단(判斷) 되었다. 5. 더덕 뿌리의 향기성분(香氣成分)을 GC/MS에 의해 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 총 48종이 확인(確認)되었고 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexenol, trans-2-hexanol 등(等)이 높은 함양(含量)을 보였다. 유기물(有機物) 종류간(種類間)에는 침엽수(針葉樹)/이끼 퇴비(堆肥)에서 주요(主要) 향기성분(香氣成分)인 1-hexanol이 78.62, cis-3-hexenol이 36.65. trans-2-hexanol이 120.41 peak area%를 나타내었으며 이는 향기(香氣)가 높은 자생지(自生地) 토양(土壤)의 1-hexanol이 74.47, cis-3-hexenol이 44.21, trans-2-hexanol이 147.33 peak area%인 것과 유사(類似)하게 높았다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.11-21
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• 1977

Many in nursing look back on Nursing Research history and proudly point to the fact that emphasis in nursing research has changed from studying the nurse to studying nursing practice. In recent years, much emphasis has been placed on seeking a method of evaluating the quality of nursing care. In spite of these attempts, however, an instrument for evaluating the quality of nursing care that is actually applicable in the clinical area has not been found. The Purposes of this study are as follows: 1) To develop the instrument to be used in evaluating the quality of nursing care provided in the Neuro - Surgery Constant Care Unit of Severance Hospital 2) To evaluate the quality of nursing care in the clinical area. 3) To provide the necessary information for improvement of quality of nursing care. The instrument for evaluating the quality of nursing care, developed by the investigator, was composed of 7 nursing goals and divided into 65 standards of nursing performance. The 7 nursing goal are as follows : 1) Maintenance of airway 2) Maintenance of fluid at electrolyte balance 3) Maintenance of elimination 4) Personal hygiene 5) Optimum activity 6) Prevention of accidents 7) Emotional care The study population defined was composed of all the case (51) who were admitted in the Neuro- Surgery Constant Care Unit of Severance Hospital from May 7-13, 1976. The observation method was used and the data was subjected to the %, X²-test, T-test, F-test and Correlation. The results of tile study were as follows : 1. Levels of nursing performance regarding nursing goals. Seven different nursing care indices were constructed in terms of nursing goals. The index scores were grouped arbitrarily into ,j categories such as "excellent", "good", "moderate", "incomplete", and "poor"based upon the investigator′s personal judgement. a. The nursing index of maintaining airway showed that 78% of the patients fell within the "excellent" and 22% of the patients, fell within the "good" category. b. The nursing index of maintaining fluid & electrolyte balance showed that 95% of the patients fell within the "excellent" and 5 % of the patients fell within the "good" category. c. The nursing index of maintaining elimination showed that 100% of the patients fell within the "excellent" category. d. The nursing index of personal hygiene revealed that 49% of the patients fell within the "excellent" and 51% of the patients fell within the "good" category. e. The nursing index of optimum activity showed that 63% of the patients fell within the "excellent" and 32% of the patients fell within tile "good" and 5% of patients fell within the "moderate" category. f. The nursing index of prevention of accidents showed that 100% of the patients foil within the "excellent" category. g. The nursing index of emotional cart revealed that 27% of the patients fell within the "excellent", 24 % of the patients fell within tile "good", 29 % of the patients fell within the "incomplete" category. From these findings it is disclosed that the quality of nursing care provided in the Neuro- Surgery Constant Care Unit of Severance Hospital was excellent. h. There were statistically significant differences between the nursing index of physical care and emotional care. (t=8.73, D. F. =100. p<0.01) It is revealed that more physical care then emotional care was carried out by nurses. 2. Levels of nursing performance regarding general characteristics of the patients. No significant differences were observed statistically with the nursing indices of nursing goals according to the sex (t=0.084, D. F. =12, p>0.05). Age (F=0.1251, D. F. : 3.18. p 〉0.05), absence or presence of operating experiences (t=0.6032, D. F. =12, p〉0.05, levels of consciousness (F=0.31, D. F. :3. 18, p >0.05) 3. Relationship between the levels of consciousness and the nursing index of each nursing goal. There was negative correlation between the levels of consciousness and the nursing index of maintaining airway (r=-0. 5449, p<0.01) and personal hygiene (r= -0.4075, p<0.01) There was positive correlation between the levels of consciousness and the nursing index of optimum activity (r=0.3936, p <0.01) and emotional care (r=0.7819, p〈0.01). There was slight correlation between the levels of consciousness and the nursing index of maintaining fluid & electrolyte balance (r=-0.3418, 0.010.05) and preventing accidents (r=0.1441, p>0.05.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.60-82
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• 1977

The purpose of this study is first, to analyse the present nursing education and the curriculum in Korea in view of the changes and the new tendency of nursing education and second, to compare our curriculum with that of America, where nursing activities are actively earring on and, third, to try to find out what we should reconsider and improve in our nursing education. The object of this study is the educational program and the curriculum from 1973 to 1976 by selecting each five from colleges and department of nursing in Korea and America. The results of the study were as fellows : . 1. The aim of nursing education puts impassion the role of leader, knowledge and technology of nursing, welfare of society and service of community in both the America and Korea. In Korea nursing is mainly restricted to the treatment of diseases, while in the America the items of the aim of nursing are mainly extended to the capacity for Self- realization of nurse, in Korea they are restricted to the treatment of diseases. 2. In Korea the rate of credit of the curriculum of nursing education is the highest in professional education, next in general education, next in supporting science and educational subject, while in America the rate of the credit is the highest in general education, next professional education and then supporting Science and educational subject isn′t included in the curriculum. 3. In both Korea and America the role of the animal credit allotment in general education, is the highest in the first year and the rate in supporting science is the highest in the second year. In Korea professional subjects are concentrated in the third year while in America there is a tendency that they are increasing in number in the grade order. 4. There is a tendency that the rate of the credit allotment of the main professional subjects in curriculum is higher in Korea than in America : that is, in Korea the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in medical - surgical nursing, next maternal - child nursing, next community - health nursing and the psychiatric nursing and there in a great difference in the rate of the allotment of each credit. While in America the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in community - health nursing, next in medical- surgical nursing, next in maternal - child nursing, and then in psychiatric nursing and there is little difference in the rate of tile allotment of each credit. 5. From general education, supporting science and professional education, they have considered the continuity and sequence in the structure of nursing curriculum of Korea and America. While in Korea we have partly made integration in tile content of the subjects. Most of the school in America, they have made integration in the content of subjects especially in all subjects, but in Korea we haven't made it in all subjects. 6. In the system and form of nursing education Problem solving method, Dialectical method and operational method are introduced in some America schools and in others there is a tendency that the whole nursing education has the system based on Preventive frame - work or Health -illness frame work ; while only one college has an attempt for Health - Illness continue in Korea. 7. In Korea nursing education, as the importance of health- nursing and team nursing, the aim which is also comparatively emphasized is about health management and service of collective community. The subject pertaining to the aim is the studies of community health nursing, which are more in number in America. 8. When we consider the association between the social, general aims ?f the nursing education and the formation of the curriculum in Korean nursing school the courses of study concerning "the role of leadership and cooperative personal relation": "nursing care for the group": dynamic nursing care": and "the system of the public health nursing associated with the understanding of the regional community" are insufficient as compared with those of America. Especially, the lack of the behavioral science including the nursing care connected with the care for the group, the basic science on the clinical and developmental psychology, anthropology in known to be a prominent issue.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

포항 저온 지열개발 지역에서 지하구조 규명 및 파쇄대 탐지를 목적으로 3 차원 자기지전류 (MT)탐사를 실시하였다. 현장에서 약 480 km 떨어진 일본 큐슈 지역에 원거리 기준점을 설치하여 양질의 자료를 획득하였다. 대상지역이 바다에 인접한 관계로 바다의 효과를 고려한 3 차원 모델링과 역산을 수행하여 측정된 MT 탐사자료에 포함된 바다효과를 고찰하였다. 그 결과 포항지역에 인접한 바다는 해안선으로부터의 거리에 따라 $1\;Hz{\sim}0.2\;Hz$ 이하의 주파수대에 주로 영향을 미치며, 특히 영일만에 인접한 남동쪽의 측점들이 바다의 영향을 가장 크게 받은 것으로 나타났다. 약 2km 심도 이하의 천부에서는 인접한 바다를 3 차원 역산에 포함시킨 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우가 매우 비슷한 결과를 보였으나, 이보다 심부의 경우는 바다를 포함시키지 않은 3 차원 역산에서 대상지역의 남동쪽에 저비저항 구조가 나타나는데 이는 인접 바다의 영향이 투영되어 나타난 것으로 보인다. 시추 결과 및 역산에 의한 전기비저항 구조를 비교한 결과 대상지역의 지하를 크게 다섯 개의 층으로 구분할 수 있었다. 즉: 1) 10 ohm-m 이하의 전기비저항을 보이는 반고결이암층이 대상지역 북쪽에서는 지표로부터 약 300 m, 남쪽에서는 약 600 m 의 두께로 분포하고; 2) 이암층 내에 수십 ohm-m의 전기비저항을 보이는 화산력응회암 및 조면현무암이 교대로 나타나며; 3) 수백 ohm-m의 전기비저항을 갖는 유문암이 약 400 m 의 두께로; 4) 이후 약 1.5 km 까지는 약 100 ohm-m 의 전기비저항을 보이는 사암 및 이암층이 분포하며; 5) 약 3 km 심도에서 저비저항 구조가 나타나는데 이 층에 대해서는 추가적인 지질학적, 지구물리학적인 조사가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2006

목 적 : 폐암치료에 가장 널리 사용되는 cisplatin은 DNA와 결합하여 DNA 복제를 방해한다. 이렇게 손상된 부위를 복구하는 과정에 excision repair cross complementing gene 1 (ERCC1)이 작용한다. ERCC1이 활성화 되면, 정상세포는 DNA 손상을 줄일 수 있지만 종양세포의 경우 cisplatin의 효과는 감소하게 된다. 비소세포 폐암(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 환자에서 cisplatin을 포함하는 화학치료를 할 경우 예후인자로서 객담 ERCC1 정량측정의 의의를 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2001년 4월부터 2003년 8월 사이에 NSCLC로 진단되어 cisplatin과 taxane계(33명) 혹은 cisplatin과 gemcitabine(34명) 복합 화학치료를 받은 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 기관지 내시경검사를 실시한 후에 즉각 채취한 객담을 처리하여 c-DNA를 분리한 후, 객담속의 종양특이 유전자인 melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) 발현 여부는 RT-PCR로, ERCC1의 상대적 정량적 측정은 real-time PCR로 하였다. 환자의 치료반응 및 생존기간과 MAGE 발현여부 및 ERCC1의 발현정도와의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 결 과 : 객담에서 MAGE는 40.2%, ERCC1은 74.6%에서 발현되었다. ERCC1이 중앙값 이상인 경우와 미만인 군으로 나눠서 비교한 결과 ERCC1이 증가된 군의 중앙생존기간이 84주로 미만인 군의 44주보다 길었다(P=0.017). Taxane계를 사용한 군의 중앙생존기간이 79주로 gemcitabine 사용군의 47주에 비해 길었다(P=0.03). MAGE의 발현 여부는 생존기간과 유의한 관계는 없었으나, MAGE 발현군에서 ERCC1이 유의하게 증가되어 있었다(P=0.003). MAGE가 발현되지 않고 ERCC1이 증가된 군의 중앙생존기간은 103주로 그렇지 않은 군의 43주보다 길었고(P=0.008), MAGE가 발현된 경우는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다(각각 62주 및 44주, P=0.348). 결 론 : NSCLC 환자의 객담에서 ERCC1을 정량 측정하는 것이 화학치료를 받는 환자의 생존기간을 예측하는 한 인자로 유용할 것으로 추정된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제67권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2009

Background: The pathophysiologic mechanisms of early acute lung injury (ALI) differ according to the type of primary insult. It is important to differentiate between direct and indirect pathophysiologic pathways, and this may influence the approach to treatment strategies. NF-$\kappa$B decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is a useful tool for the blockade of the expression of NF-$\kappa$B-dependent proinflammatory mediators and has been reported to be effective in indirect ALI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced direct ALI model. Methods: Five-week-old specific pathogen-free male BALB/c mice were used for the experiment. In the preliminary studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukine (IL)-6 and NF-$\kappa$B activity peaked at 6 hours after LPS administration. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ALI score were highest at 36 and 48 hours, respectively. Therefore, it was decided to measure each parameter at the time of its highest level. The study mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups: (1) control group which was administered 50 ${\mu}L$ of saline and treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) vector (n=24); (2) LPS group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only HVJ vector (n=24); (3) LPS+ODN group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing 160 ${\mu}g$ of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN and HVJ vector (n=24). Each group was subdivided into four experimental subgroups: (1) tissue subgroup for histopathological examination for ALI at 48 hours (n=6); (2) 6-hour bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) subgroup for measurement of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in BAL fluid (BALF) (n=6); (3) 36-hour BAL subgroup for MPO activity assays in BALF (n=6); and (4) tissue homogenate subgroup for measurement of NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissue homogenates at 6 hours (n=6). Results: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN treatment significantly decreased NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissues. However, it failed to improve the parameters of LPS-induced direct ALI, including the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ and interleukin-6 in BALF, myeloperoxidase activity in BALF and histopathologic changes measured by the ALI score. Conclusion: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN, which has been proven to be effective in indirect models, had no effect in the direct ALI model.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.211-224
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to find a solution to effectively nurse elderly people in the aging society of next generation by analyzing relationship among the social problem of elderly people in the future society, their preferred life style, and their understanding level of an asylum for the aged. Data for this study were collected by questioning 316 persons(257 visitors at C University hospital and 59 residents in Chun - Ra Nam Do) from December 1996 to March 1997. The results were as follows: The assumption that an individual's preferred life style at old age depends on his /her understanding level of the social problem of elderly people was verified ($X^2=9.75$, p<0.00). The assumption that one's understanding of an asylum for the aged depends on his /her understanding level of the social problem of elderly people was verified ($X^2=4.40$, p<0.05). The assumption that one's understanding of an asylum for the aged depends on his/her pre-ferred life style at old age was verified($X^2=34.51$, p<0.01). Among those who want to live together with children when they get old, the following differences in their conception were noted: Elderly people who has lost his /her wife /husband should marry again(p<0.01). Children should take care of their parents(p<0.01). Children should live with their parents(p<0.01), A desirable living style for an elderly people. An undesirable living style for an elderly people. Among those who want to live alone when they get old, the following differences were observed: It is okay for children to live separately from their parents as long as they provide financial support(p<0.01). Any child, regardless of the distinction of sex or the order of birth among siblings, can take care of his/her parents(p<0.05), It is desirable for an elderly people to live alone (p<0.01). It is undesirable for an elderly people to live in an asylum for the aged(p<0.05). It was verified that those who view an asylum for the aged in a negative way believe that children should take care of their parents. Also, it was verified that those who view an asylum for the aged in a positive way believe that children should provide financial support to their parents even though they do not live together(p<0.01). Regardless of the subjects' opinions on seriousness of the social problem of elderly people, the assumption that any child, regardless of the distinction of sex or the order of birth among siblings, can take care of his/her parents was verified(p<0.01) (p<0.05). Regardless of the subjects' view on asylum for the aged, the assumption that it is undesirable place for an elderly people to live was verified (p<0.01). The assumption that one's understanding of an asylum for the aged depends on the distinction of sex among general characteristics such as sex, age, educational background, occupation, and religion was verified(t=-2.82, p<0.01). The assumption that an individual's preferred life style at old age depends on the distinction of sex among general characteristics such as sex, age, educational background, occupation, and religion was verified(t=l.68, p<0.l).

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2006

목적: 조기위암 치료에 있어서 복강경 위암 수술이 새로운 패러다임으로 정착하고 있다. 기존에 시행하고 있던 개복에 의한 위절제술에 익숙한 경험 많은 외과의사들은 복강경 위암 수술은 시간이 많이 소요되며 기술적으로 습득하는데 많은 제약이 있음을 느끼며 복강경 수술에 소극적 자세를 취하는 경향이 있다. 이에 저자 등은 개복 위절제술에 경험이 풍부한 외과의사에 의한 복강경 위절제술의 learning curve를 결정하고, 이에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2005년 4월부터 2006년 3월까지 한 명의 술자에 의하여 수술전 조기 위암(cT1N0)으로 진단 받고 복강경 보조하 원위부 위절제술(LADG) 및 $D1+{\beta}$ 림프절 곽청을 시행 받은 62명을 대상으로 하였으며 복강경 위절제술 시행을 위하여 전문팀을 구성하였다. 대상 환자를 6명씩 한 그룹으로 총 10그룹(마지막 그룹은 8명으로 구성함)으로 나누어 각 그룹의 평균 수술시간을 비교하여 learning curve 극복 전후의 나이, 성별, 수술 후 합병증, 절개창의 길이, 수혈유무, 적출된 림프절 개수, 수술 전 후 혈색소 변화 등을 분석하였다. 결과: 평균 수술 시간을 분석한 결과 여섯 번째 그룹 (31st case)부터 수술 시간의 Plateau를 보였다. 이에 저자들은 learning curve 극복시점을 30th case (7개월)로 간주하였으며 극복 전후 집단 간의 평균 수술시간을 분석하였을 때 각각 $239.0{\pm}69.7$분과 $170.0{\pm}32.6$분으로 유의하게 나타났다(P<0.05), 양 군 간 평균나이, 성별, BMI, 수술 전후의 혈색소 수치변화, 적출된 림프절 개수 등은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 절개창의 길이, 수혈유무, 수술 후 합병증 유무도 양 군 간에 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결론: 저자들의 LADG learning curve 극복은 30예(7개월)로 다른 보고보다 일찍 도달할 수 있었다. 이는 개복 수술의 풍부한 경험, 전문 수술팀 구성, 그리고 단기간 집중적인 시술에 의한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-34
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• 1978

1977년(年) 7월(月) 8일(日) 호우(豪雨)로 인(因)하여 수재(水災)가 우심(尤甚)한 안양천(安養川) 상류유역(上流流域)(약(約) 12,600ha)에서 산사태(山沙汰) 및 토석류(土石流)의 발생기구(發生機構) 및 피해특징(被害特徵)을 조사분석(調査分析)하고, 만성적(慢性的) 수해상습지대(水害常習地帶)인 안양천(安養川) 유역(流域) 저지대(低地帶)에 대(對)한 수방대책(水防對策) 및 유역보전기술개발(流域保全技術開發)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究)를 수행(遂行)하였다. 안양천(安養川) 상류(上流) 조사지역(調査地域)은 관악산(冠岳山), 청계산(淸溪山), 국은봉(國恩峰), 백운산(百雲山), 모락산(帽落山), 수리산(修理山) 및 수암봉(秀岩峰)과 같은 높은 산(山)으로 둘러 쌓인 분지(盆地)로서 전(全) 유역(流域)에 내린 강수(降水)가 모두 안양천(安養川)을 통(通)하여 배출(排出)되므로 호우시(豪雨時)에는 하천범람(河川氾濫)과 침수(浸水)로 인(因)한 수재(水災)를 당하게 된다. 근래(近來) 정부(政府)에서는 안양천(安養川) 하류유역(下流流域) 및 저지대(低地帶)의 수방대책(水防對策)에 관(關)해서는 다방면(多方面)으로 계획(計劃)을 수립(樹立)하고 있지만 상류수원지(上流水源地), 즉 재해(災害)의 원천지대(源泉地帶) (토사력(土砂礫)의 생산지대(生產地帶))인 산지(山地) 및 계곡(溪谷)에서의 산사태(山沙汰) 및 토석류(土石流)의 발생(發生)을 방지(防止)하기 위한 예방치산계획(豫防治山計劃) 및 산지방재기술(山地防災技術)에 대(對)해서는 아직 검토(檢討)되고 있지 않으므로, 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 이 점(點)에 보다 역점(力點)을 두고 조사분석(調査分析)하였다. 조사유역(調査流域) 면적(面積)은 약(約) 12,600ha이며, 호우(豪雨)로 인하여 이 지역내(地域內)에서 1,876개소(個所)의 산사태(山沙汰)가 발생(發生)(산사태(山沙汰) 사면적합계(斜面積合計 96.47ha)되고 이로 인(因)한 토석류(土石流)와 하천범람(河川氾濫) 및 침수(浸水) 등으로 피해액(被害額)은 약(約) 170억(億)원에 달하였고, 사망실종(死亡失踪) 122명(名)의 인명손실(人命損失)을 초래하였다. 이와 같이 큰 피해(被害)의 근본원인(根本原因)은 7월(月) 8일(日) 하루 동안에 절대적(絶對的)으로 많은 강우량(降雨量)(432mm)에 있으며, 특(特)히 18시(時)부터 23시(時)까지 5시간(時間) 동안에 약(約) 324mm의 집중호우(集中豪雨)가 내렸기 때문이다. 안양천(安養川) 유역(流域)에 대(對)한 수방문제(水防問題)를 계획(計劃)할 때에는 하류(下流) 하천(河川)에 대(對)한 홍수방어(洪水防禦)를 위한 직강공사(直江工事)및 축제공사(築堤工事)와 같은 한천개수문제(河川改修問題)뿐만 아니라 토사력생산지대(土砂礫生產地帶)인 상류수원지대(上流水源地帶)의 안정(安定)과 보전(保全)에 관(關)한 문제(問題)도 총합(總合)해서 하나의 유역단위(流域單位)로 종합적(綜合的)인 계획(計劃)이 수립(樹立)되어야 할 것이다. 상류유역보전면(上流流域保全面)에서의 효과적(効果的)인 홍수조절(洪水調節)을 위해서는 본(本) 유역(流域)에 최소한(最小限) 5개소(個所)의 저수지(貯水池)와 4개소(個所)의 소류지(小溜池), 그리고 21개소(個所)의 큰 규모(規模)의 사방(砂防)댐(주로 concrete dam)을 축설(築設)해야 될 것이다. 산사태(山沙汰)에 대(對)한 재해대책(災害對策)은 재해발생후(災害發生後)에 복구공사(復舊工事)도 중요(重要)하지만 그보다도 산사태(山沙汰)가 발생(發生)하기 쉬운 위험지대(危險地帶)를 미리 조사(調査)하여 그 예방대책(豫防對策)을 강구하는 예방치산기술(豫防治山技術)의 개발(開發)이 더욱 중요(重要)한 것이다. 수재해(水災害)의 예방(豫防)과 복구대책(復舊對策)뿐만 아니라 재해원(災害源)으로부터 피(避)하는 대책(對策), 즉 경계피난체제(警戒避難體制)를 확립(確立)하고, 주택(住宅)을 이주(移住)하며, 건물(建物)을 특별(特別)히 설계(設計)하는 것과 같은 정책적(政策的) 대책(對策)도 강구되어야 한다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2009

Against the backdrop of the increasing trend towards economic globalisation, many international firms are indicating that decisions on how to enter foreign markets remains one of the key strategic challenges confronting them. Despite the rich body of literature on the topic, the fact that these challenges have continued to dominate global marketing strategy discourses point to someevident lacunae. Accordingly, this paper considers the variables, categorised in terms of firm contexts (standardisation, market research, competition, structure, competitive advantage) and host country-contexts (economic development, cultural differences, regulation and political risk), which influence the degree of involvement of UK companies in overseas markets. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The greater the level of competition, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H2: The more centralised the firm's organisation structure, the higher the degree of involvement in the overseas market. H3a: The adoption of a low cost-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3b: The adoption of an innovation-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3c: The adoption of a market research approach to competitive advantages will lead to a higher degree of involvement. H3d: The adoption of a breadth of strategic target-approach to competitive advantage will lead to a lower degree of involvement. H4: The higher the degree of standardisation of the international marketing mix the higher the degree of involvement. H5: The greater the degree of economic development in the host market, the higher the degree of involvement. H6: The greater the cultural differences between home and host countries, the lower the degree of involvement. H7: The greater the difference in regulations between the home country and the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. H8: The higher the political risk in the host country, the lower the degree of involvement. A questionnaire instrument was constructed using, wherever possible, validated measures of the concepts to serve the aims of this study. Following two sets of mailings, 112 usable completed questionnaires were returned. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze data. Statistically, the paper suggests that factors relating to the level of competition, competitive advantages and economic development are strong in influencing foreign market involvements. On the other hand, unexpectedly, cultural factors (especially individualism/collectivism and low and high power distance dimensions) proved to have weak moderating effects. The reason for this, in part, is due to the pervading forces of globalisation and the attendant effect on global marketing. This paper has contributed to the general literature in a way that point to two mainimplications. First, with respect to research on national systems, the study may hold out some important lessons especially for developing nations. Most of these nations are known to be actively seeking to understand what it takes to attract foreign direct investment, expand domestic market and move their economies from the margin to the mainstream global economy. Second, it should be realised that competitive conditions remain in constant flux (even in mature industries and mature economies). This implies that a range of home country factors may be as important as host country factors in explaining firms' strategic moves and the degree of foreign market involvement. Further research can consider the impact of the home country environment on foreign market involvement decisions. Such an investigation will potentially provide further perspectives not only on the influence of national origin but also how home country effects are confounded with industry effects.