• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.866-871
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• 2012

A novel cholesterol-based cationic lipid containing a tri-2-hydroxyethylamine head group and ether linker (Chol-THEA) was synthesized and examined as a potent gene delivery vehicle. In the preparation of cationic liposome, the addition of DOPE as helper lipid significantly increased the transfection efficiency. To find the optimum transfection efficiency, we screened various weight ratios of DOPE and liposome/DNA (N/P). The best transfection efficiency was found at the Chol-THEA:DOPE weight ratio of 1:1 and N/P weight ratio of 10~15. Most of the plasmid DNA was retarded by this liposome at the optimum N/P weight ratio of 10. The transfection efficiency of Chol-THEA liposome was compared with DOTAP, Lipofectamine, and DMRIE-C using the luciferase assay and GFP expression. Chol-THEA liposome with low toxicity had better or similar potency of gene delivery compared with commercial liposomes in COS-7, Huh-7, and MCF-7 cells. Therefore, Chol-THEA could be a useful non-viral vector for gene delivery.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2020

Organic waste used as a feedstock in the anaerobic digestion (AD), it includes carbon and nitrogen. Carbon and nitrogen have an effect on the various digestive characteristics during AD, however, the study is rare about those of the interaction. This study investigates the influence of carbon type and carbon to nitrogens (C/N ratios) on the AD characteristics of organic waste. Experimental treatments involved a combination of three carbon types with three C/N ratios. The AD tests were carried out using a 125-mL serum bottle at a constant temperature of 37℃ and moisture 95% for 18 days. Degradation pattern shows the difference among three-carbon treatments, the starch group was faster than other groups. Maximum methane production date was similar between starch (9.96 ± 0.05 day) and xylan group (10.0 ± 0.52 day), those of the cellulose group (14.6 ± 1.80 day) was slower than other groups (p < 0.05). The lag phase was only affected by the carbon type (p < 0.05). Ammonia nitrogen was mainly affected by nitrogen concentration regardless of carbon type (p < 0.05). This study showed that xylan is useful as feedstock in order to decrease the lag phase, and it showed that ammonia was independently affected by the nitrogen concentration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.572-584
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of male college student according to smoking groups. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the smoking, which included non-smoker (n = 100), light-smoker (n = 78; packyear < 5), and heavy-smoker (n = 76; packyear ${\geq}$ 5). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire, 24-hour recall method for dietary intake and diet quality. The average age of the subjects were 22.7 years for non-smoker, 23.5 years for light-smoker, and 23.4 years for heavy-smoker. Also the results showed that the heavy-smoker was significantly more often to drink coffee and alcohol compared with the other two groups (p<0.001, p<0.05). The mean daily energy intake was 2278.1 kcal in non-smoker, 2148.3 kcal in light-smoker, and 2144.4 kcal in heavy-smoker. The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of vitamin C (p<0.001), calcium (p<0.01), animal calcium (p<0.01), and potassium (p<0.05) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. Also NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), ND (Nutrient Density), and INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) of these nutrients in heavy-smoker were lower than the other two groups. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.78 in non-smoker, 0.78 in light-smoker, and 0.74 in heavy smoker (p<0.05). The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of fruits (p<0.001) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. The DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of heavy-smoker (26.8) was significantly lower than that 30.4 of non-smoker and 31.5 of light-smoker (p<0.01). In conclusion, heavy-smoker man have low intake status of vitamin C, calcium and potassium, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diet to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in heavy- smoker.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2005

토양 시료로부터 n-hexadecane 대사능을 가지며 배양액의 표면장력을 감소시키고, 탄화수소를 가장 잘 유화시키는 세균을 oil-film collapsing 방법을 통해 선별하였다. 세균은 Bacillus sp.로 부분동정되었으며, BJS-51로 명명하였다. 생물계면활성제의 최적 생산에는 n-hexadecane이 가장 효과적인 탄소원이었으며, 3%의 농도일 때 표면장력이 76 dyne/cm에서 31 dyne/cm로 감소하였다. 이 때, CMD(critical micelle dilution)가 5.7로 가장 높았다. 질소원으로는 $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$가 가장 효과적이었으며, C/N ratio가 60인 경우 표면장력이 29 dyne/cm, CMD가 9.2로 가장 활성이 좋았다. 생산 최적 pH는 7.2였으며, 최적 온도는 $30^{\circ}C$였다. Bacillus sp. BJS-51에 의해 생산된 생물계면활성제를 유기용매추출법과 preparative HPLC systems을 통해 추출, 정제하였다. 각종 발색 시약으로 정제된 생물계면활성제의 생화학적 성질을 조사한 결과, 지질다당임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 생산된 생물계면활성제의 표면장력은 27 dyne/cm까지 감소하였으며, CMC(critical micelle concentration)는 0.08 g/l였다. 상기의 최적조건에서 생물계면활성제의 생산량은 CMD값이 9.2이었으므로 약 0.74 g/l이었다. 생산된 생물계면활성제는 $pH\;2{\sim}12$ 사이에서 표면장력 $29{\sim}31\;dyne/cm$로 안정하였으며, $100^{\circ}C$에서 60분간 열을 가한 후에도 표면장력 $29{\sim}30\;dyne/cm$로 안정하였다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.65.2-66
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• 2021

Observational studies of supernova (SN) feedback are limited. In our galaxy, most supernova remnants (SNRs) are located in the Galactic plane, so there is contamination from foreground/background sources. SNRs located in other galaxies are too far, so we cannot study them in detail. The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a unique place to study the SN feedback due to their proximity, which makes possible to study the structure of individual SNRs in some detail together with their environment. Recently, we carried out a systematic study of 13 LMC SNRs using [P II] (1.189 ㎛) and [Fe II] (1.257 ㎛) narrowband imaging with SIRIUS/IRSF, four SNRs (SN 1987A, N158A, N157B and N206), show [P II]/[Fe II] ratio much higher than the cosmic abundance. While the high ratio of SN 1987A could be due to enhanced abundance in SN ejecta, we do not have a clear explanation for the other cases. We investigate the [P II] knots found in SNRs N206, N157B and N158A, using optical spectra obtained last November with GMOS-S mounted on Gemini-South telescope. We detected several emission lines (e.g., H I, [O I], He I, [O III], [N II] and [S II]) that are present in all three SNRs, among other lines that are only found in some of them (e.g., [Ne III], [Fe III] and [Fe II]). Various line ratios are measured from the three SNRs, which indicate that the ratios of N157B tend to differ from those of other two SNRs. We will use the abundances of He and N (from the detection of [N II] and He I emission lines), together with velocity measurements to tell whether the origin of the [P II] knots are SN ejecta or CSM/ISM. For this purpose we have built a family of radiative shock with self-consistent pre-ionization using MAPPINGS 5.1.18, with shock velocities in the range of 100 to 475 km/s. We will compare the observed and modeled line fluxes for different depletion factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1624-1628
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• 2015

Rigorously standardized laboratory protocols are essential for meaningful comparison of data from multiple sites. Considering that interactions of minerals with organic matrices may vary depending on the material nature, there could be peculiar demands for each material with respect to digestion procedure. Acid digestion procedures were evaluated using different nitric to perchloric acid ratios and one- or two-step digestion to estimate the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in samples of carcass, bone, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Six procedures were evaluated: ratio of nitric to perchloric acid at 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 v/v in a one- or two-step digestion. There were no direct or interaction effects (p>0.01) of nitric to perchloric acid ratio or number of digestion steps on magnesium and zinc contents. Calcium and phosphorus contents presented a significant (p<0.01) interaction between sample type and nitric to perchloric acid ratio. Digestion solution of 2:1 v/v provided greater (p<0.01) recovery of calcium and phosphorus from bone samples than 3:1 and 4:1 v/v ratio. Different acid ratios did not affect (p>0.01) calcium or phosphorus contents in carcass, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Number of digestion steps did not affect mineral content (p>0.01). Estimated concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in carcass, excreta, concentrated, forage, and feces samples can be performed using digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 4:1 v/v in a one-step digestion. However, samples of bones demand a stronger digestion solution to analyze the mineral contents, which is represented by an increased proportion of perchloric acid, being recommended a digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 2:1 v/v in a one-step digestion.

• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2005

Background and purpose: Bell‘s Palsy is a condition that causes the facial muscles to weaken or become paralyzed. It's caused by trauma to the 7th cranial nerve, and is not permanent. The aim of this study is to be convinced of differences between facial electrodermal activities of paralyzed side and those of normal side in acute stage of Bell's Palsy patients Methods: Electrodermal activity (EDA) was performed within 1 week after the onset of facial palsy and facial nerve electromyography (EMG) at 2 weeks after the onset. The recovery of facial nerve function was documented by House and Brackmann grading. All the patients were followed up weekly until recovery or up to 6 weeks. Results: There was significant differences (conductivity A: t=3.319, p=0.002; conductivity C: t=2.699, p=0.010) between facial electrodermal conductivities of paralyzed side and those of normal side in acute stage of Bell's Palsy patients (N=45). And the result showed that logarithmic scale of electrodermal conductivity A value ratio obviousely decreased with logarithmic scale of EMG zygomatic branch amplitude ratio (r=-0.472, p=0.143); logarithmic scale of capacitance B, logarithmic scale of EMG temporal branch amplitude ratio (r=-0.422, p=0.133); logarithmic scale of conductivity C, logarithmic scale of EMG buccal branch amplitude ratio (r=-0.545, p=0.083) (N=12). Conclusion: Electrodermal conductivities increased in paralyzed facial side in acute stage of Bell's Palsy patients.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.322-322
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• 2010

For boron doping on n-type silicon wafer, around $1,000^{\circ}C$ doping temperature is required, because of the relatively low solubility of boron in a crystalline silicon comparing to the phosphorus case. Boron doping by fiber laser annealing and lamp furnace heat treatment were carried out for the uniformly deposited p-a-Si:H layer. Since the uniformly deposited p-a-Si:H layer by cluster is highly needed to be doped with high temperature heat treatment. Amorphous silicon layer absorption range for fiber laser did not match well to be directly annealed. To improve the annealing effect, we introduce additional lamp furnace heat treatment. For p-a-Si:H layer with the ratio of $SiH_4:B_2H_6:H_2$=30:30:120, at $200^{\circ}C$, 50 W power, 0.2 Torr for 30 min. $20\;mm\;{\times}\;20\;mm$ size fiber laser cut wafers were activated by Q-switched fiber laser (1,064 nm) with different sets of power levels and periods, and for the lamp furnace annealing, $980^{\circ}C$ for 30 min heat treatment were implemented. To make the sheet resistance expectable and uniform as important processes for the $p^+$ layer on a polished n-type silicon wafer of (100) plane, the Q-switched fiber laser used. In consequence of comparing the results of lifetime measurement and sheet resistance relation, the fiber laser treatment showed the trade-offs between the lifetime and the sheet resistance as $100\;{\omega}/sq.$ and $11.8\;{\mu}s$ vs. $17\;{\omega}/sq.$ and $8.2\;{\mu}s$. Diode level device was made to confirm the electrical properties of these experimental results by measuring C-V(-F), I-V(-T) characteristics. Uniform and expectable boron heavy doped layers by fiber laser and lamp furnace are not only basic and essential conditions for the n-type crystalline silicon solar cell fabrication processes, but also the controllable doping concentration and depth can be established according to the deposition conditions of layers.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제31A권8호
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• pp.80-90
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• 1994

The ultra shallow junction was formed by 2-step RTP. Phosphorus solid source(P$_{2}O_{5}$) was transfered on wafer surface during RTG(Rapid Thermal Glass Transfer) of which process condition was 80$0^{\circ}C$ and 60sec. The process temperature and time of the RTD(Rapid Thermal Diffusion) were 950~105$0^{\circ}C$ during 5~15sec respectively sheet resistances were measured as 175~320$\Omega$/m and junction depth and dopth and dopant surface concentration were measured as 0.075~0.18$\mu$m and 5${\times}10^{19}cm^{4}$ respectively. Ti-silicide was formed by 2-step RTA after 300$\AA$ Titanium was deposited. The 1st RTA (2nd RTA) was carried out at the temperature of $600^{\circ}C$(700~80$0^{\circ}C$) for 30 seconds (10~60 seconds) under N$_2$ ambient. Sheet resistances after 2nd RTA were measured as 46~63$\Omega$/D. Si/Ti component ratio was evaulated as 1.6~1.9 from Auger depth profile. Ti-Silicided n-p junction diode (pattern size : 400$\times$400$\mu$m) was fabricated under the RTD(the process was carried out at the temperature of 100$0^{\circ}C$ for 10seconds) and 2nd RTA(theprocess was carried out at the temperature of 750$^{\circ}C$ for 60 seconds). Leakage current was measured 1.8${\times}10^{7}A/mm^{2}$ at 5V reverse voltage. Whent the RTD process condition is at the temperature of 100$0^{\circ}C$ for 10seconds and the 2nd RTA process condition is at the temperature of 75$0^{\circ}C$ for 60 seconds leakage current was 29.15${\times}10^{9}A$(at 5V).

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1973

인산(燐酸), 가리(加里) 및 규산시용(珪酸施用)과 출수후(出穗後)의 생육온도(生育溫度)가 벼의 수량(收量) 및 양분흡수(養分吸收)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 실시(實施)한 Pot시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수량(收量)은 출수후(出穗後) 생육온도(生育溫度)에 크게 영향(影響)을 받아 $25^{\circ}C$ 수량(收量) 100에 대(對)하여 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 62.3%, $15^{\circ}C$에서는 37.2%로 감수(減收)되였으며 출수후(出穗後) 생육온도(生育溫度)가 낮은 $15^{\circ}C$에서는 인산(燐酸), 가리(加里) 및 규산(珪酸)의 시용(施用)이 수량(收量)을 크게 증가(增加)시켰다. 2. 등숙율(登熟率)과 천립중(千粒重)도 출수후(出穗後) 생육온도(生育溫度)가 낮을수록 떨어지며 저온(低溫)인 $15^{\circ}C$에서는 인산(燐酸), 가리(加里) 및 규산(珪酸)의 시용(施用)은 등숙율(登熟率)과 천립중(千粒重)을 크게 증가(增加)시켰다. 3. 출수후(出穗後) 생육온도(生育溫度)가 높아짐에 따라 립중증가(粒重增加)의 속도(速度)가 빠르고 그 정지(停止)도 빠르며 저온(低溫)인 $15^{\circ}C$에서는 이와 반대(反對)로 그 속도(速度)가 완만하고 등숙후기(登熟後期)로 갈수록 빠르다. 저온(低溫)에 의(依)한 등숙장해(登熟障害)는 등숙초기(登熟初期)에 크다. 4. 출수후(出穗後) 생육온도(生育溫度)가 낮을수록 립중(粒中)의 탄수화물(炭水化物) 축적(蓄積)이 적고 인산(憐酸), 가리(加里) 및 규산(珪酸)을 시용(施用)함으로서 그 함량(含量)을 크게 증가(增加)시켰다. 5. 수확기(收穫期) 식물체중(植物體中)의 T-N 및 $P_2O_5$ 함량(含量)은 출수후(出穗後) 생육온도(生育溫度)가 낮을수록 높고 $K_2O$와 $SiO_2$는 이와 반대(反對)로 적으며 가리(加里)나 규산(珪酸)이 시용(施用)됨에 따라 그 함량(含量)도 증가(增加)되었다. 6. 수량(收量)과 등숙율(登熟率), 천립중(千粒重) 및 수확기(收穫期) 식물체중(植物體中)의 $K_2O$, $SiO_2$, $K_2O/N$ 및 $SiO_2/N$ 비율(比率)과는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었고 T-N 및 $P_2O_5$와 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 있었다. 7. 등숙율(登熟率)과 천립중(千粒重)은 수확기(收穫期) 식물체중(植物體中)의 $K_2O$, $SiO_2$, $K_2O/N$ 및 $SiO_2/N$ 비율(比率)과 유의성(有意性) 있는 정상관(正相關)을 보여 주었고 T-N 및 $P_2O_5$는 등숙율(登熟率)과는 부(負), 천립중(千粒重)과는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었다.