• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.225-229
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with soybean or canola oil on milk production and the composition of long chain fatty acids as well as weight changes in the goats and their kids. Methods: Thirty nine mulitparous crossed Alpine${\times}$Nubian goats (initial body weight [BW] $43.5{\pm}1.7kg$) from the day of parturition were assigned to the treatments: grazing control (n = 15); grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental soybean oil (n = 12); and grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental canola oil (n = 12) from November 26, 2014 to March 7, 2015. The planned contrasts were: CI (control vs supplemented with oils); CII (soybean vs canola oil) to compare the treatment effects. Results: The vegetable oil supplementation reduced weight losses in lactating goats (CI: -0.060 vs 0.090 kg/d; p = 0.03) but did not improve milk production or affect kids' growth. The content of C4, C6, C8, C10, C11, C14, and C18:1n9t in the milk was increased (p<0.05) with respect to control. However, C12, C14, C16, C18, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C18:3n3 were reduced (p<0.05) in supplemented goats. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with oils compared to the control group. Conclusion: Supplementation with 20 mL/d of soybean or canola oil did not affect milk production or kids' performance; however, it increased CLA concentration and reduced the reduced weight losses in lactating goats.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.128-131
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• 2009

Silicon carbide (SiC) has attracted significant attention for high frequency, high temperature and high power devices due to its superior properties such as the large band gap, high breakdown electric field, high saturation velocity and high thermal conductivity. We performed Al ion implantation processes on n-type 4H-SiC substrate using a SILVACO ATHENA numerical simulator. The ion implantation model used Monte-Carlo method. We simulated the effect of channeling by Al implantation in both 0 off-axis and 8 off-axis n-type 4H-SiC substrate. We have investigated the effect of varying the implantation energies and the corresponding doses on the distribution of Al in 4H-SiC. The controlled implantation energies were 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 keV and the implantation doses varied from $2{\times}10^{14}$ to $1{\times}10^{15}\;cm^{-2}$. The Al ion distribution was deeper with increasing implantation energy, whereas the doping level increased with increasing dose. The effect of post-implantation annealing on the electrical properties of Al-implanted p-n junction diode were also investigated.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.272-278
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• 2001

To investigate of C and N metabolisms in response to phosphorus-deficient stress during regrowth of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), C and N metabolites were analyzed at 0, 6, 12 and 24 days after defoliation. P-sufficient (control, +P) and P-absent (-P) nutrient solutions were applied from 7 days before defoliation, and continued for one cycle of 24 day-regrowth period. During 24 days of regrowth, dry matter of regrowing shoots and remaining tissues were not significantly different between +P and -P treatment. In remaining stubble, 70% to 91 % decline of the initial level (at day 0) in all C compounds occurred during the first 6 days of regrowth. Initial amounts of nitrate and amino acids in roots were significantly higher in the +P medium. Nitrate contents in stubble in the +P medium significantly decreased for the first 12 days and then rapidly recovered, while that of the -P medium continuously decreased until day 24. Amino acids in stubble in the P medium were continuously increased during the whole regrowth period. Soluble proteins in stubble in the +P medium also largely fell down (46.0% of the initial) for only the first 6 days, however the decline in the -P medium continued until day 12. In regrowing shoots, the accumulation of C compounds was significantly higher, while that of N compounds except amino acids was largely lower in the -P medium. These results showed a stimulation of carbohydrate synthesis and a compensatory utilization of organic reserves occurred to support regrowth under P-deficient condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 1989

Twenty-four Hereford steers, 22 months old and a mean liveweight (${\pm}\;s.e.$) of $250\;{\pm}\;7\;kg$ were used in an experiment to evaluate over 42 days two rates of copra meal supplementation to cattle on a low N ($8.6\;{\pm}\;0.9$ g N/kg dry matter (DM)), low digestible ($45\;{\pm}\;5.2%$ DM) native pasture hay. Steers given the two rates (500, 1000 g/steer/day; i.e. 500C, 1000C) were compared to steers on a non-supplemental diet and to the effects on steers of supplemental urea (30g/steer/day; 30U) or with copra meal (500 g/steer/day; 500C.U), or of cottonseed meal (500 g/steer/day; 500S). Liveweight change was increased (P<0.01) by all of the supplements except by supplemental urea. The most effective treatment, 1000C, increased significantly (P<0.01) liveweight change (946 g/day) in steers above all supplements except those steers given 500C.U (718 g/day). Hay intake per unit liveweight was increased (P<0.05) by 7% by the 30U and 500C.U treatment, and by 9% by 500C; this group having the highest supplements, being greatest (P<0.05) for the 1000C group (6.0 g feed intake/g gain) and least for the 500S supplemented group (11.5 g/g gain). Efficiency was lowest (18.6 g/g gain) for the non-supplemented steers on the basal hay diet. Copra meal N was less degradable (i.e. 29%) in nylon bags over 15 hours in the rumen than was cottonseed meal N (37%), and rumen ammonia concentrations were lower (P<0.05) in cattle supplemented with copra meal (25, 27 mg N/L) than in cattle given urea (36 mg N/L) or cottonseed meal (39 mg N/L). It is concluded that copra meal at a daily rate of 500 g/head, and with rumen soluble nitrogen from urea, is an effective supplement for improving growth of cattle on a low quality forage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.195-196
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• 2009

This paper describes the fabrication and characteristics of polycrystalline 3C-SiC thin film diodes for extreme environment applications, in which the this thin film was deposited onto oxidized Si wafers by APCVD using HMDS In this work, the optimized growth temperature and HMDS flow rate were $1,100^{\circ}C$ and 8sccm, respectively. A Schottky diode with a Au, Al/poly 3C-SiC/$SiO_2$/Si(n-type) structure was fabricated and its threshold voltage ($V_d$), breakdown voltage, thickness of depletion layer, and doping concentration ($N_D$) values were measured as 0.84V, over 140V, 61nm, and $2.7{\times}10^{19}cm^2$, respectively. To produce good ohmic contact, Al/3C-SiC were annealed at 300, 400, and $500^{\circ}C$ for 30min under a vacuum of $5.0{\times}10^{-6}$Torr. The obtained p-n junction diode fabricated by poly 3C-SiC had similar characteristics to a single 3C-SiC p-n junction diode.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.317-326
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• 2012

We consider $N(k)$-quasi Einstein manifolds satisfying the conditions $C({\xi},\;X).S=0$, $\tilde{C}({\xi},\;X).S=0$, $\bar{P}({\xi},\;X).C=0$, $P({\xi},\;X).\tilde{C}=0$ and $\bar{P}({\xi},\;X).\tilde{C}=0$ where $C$, $\tilde{C}$, $P$ and $\bar{P}$ denote the conformal curvature tensor, the quasi-conformal curvature tensor, the projective curvature tensor and the pseudo projective curvature tensor, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.39-48
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• 2007

The stimulus of accommodation A, the stimulus of convergence C and the prism diopter ${\Delta}$ are reviewed and redefined more obviously. How the A and C are managed in the practice are reviewed and summarized. As a result, the common practical process of the binocular vision findings is most suitable in the case of the $l_c=26.67mm$, where the near distance is measured from the test lens to the near target and its value is 40 cm and the average of the P.D equal to 64 mm. The $l_c$ is the distance between the test lens and the center of rotation. Those values were used at calculating the various values in this paper. The error of the stimulus of accommodation values which are evaluated by the practically used formula (5) are calculated. Where the distance between lens and the principle point of eye is 15.07 mm ($=l_H$). The incremental stimulus of convergence values P' caused by the addition prism $P_m$ are evaluated by the recursion computation method. The P' are varied with the $P_m$, the distance $p_c$ between the prism and the center of rotation, the initial convergence value (or inverse target distance) $C_o$ and the refractive index n of the prism material. The recursion computation method and the other formulas are described in detail. In this paper n=1.7 is used. The two factors by which the P' is increased are exist. The one which is major is the property by which the values of convergence whose unit is ${\Delta}$ are not added in the generally way. The other is the that the actual power of the prism is varied with the angle of incidence light. And the P' is decreased remarkably by an increase in the $p_c$ and $C_o$. The $P^{\prime}/P_m$ are calculated and graphed which are varied with the $p_c$ and $C_o$, where the $P_m=20{\Delta}$, P.D=64 mm and n=1.7. The index n dependence of the $P^{\prime}/P_m$ is negligible (refer to fig. 6). The $p_c$ are evaluated at which the P' equal to the $P_m$ for various $P_m$ (refer to table 1). The actual values of the stimulus of convergence and accommodation which are manipulated simply in the practice are calculated. Two graphical forms are suggested. The one is like as the commonly used one. But the stimulus of convergence and of accommodation values in the practice are positioned at the exact positions when the graphic is made (refer to fig. 9). The other is the form that the incremental stimulus of convergence values caused by the addition prisms are represented at actual positions (refer to fig. 11).

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 2003

Let N be a right near-ring. N is said to be strongly reduced if, for $a\inN$, $a^2 \in N_{c}$ implies $a\;\in\;N_{c}$, or equivalently, for $a\inN$ and any positive integer n, $a^{n} \in N_{c}$ implies $a\;\in\;N_{c}$, where $N_{c}$ denotes the constant part of N. We will show that strong reducedness is equivalent to condition (ⅱ) of Reddy and Murty's property $(^{\ast})$ (cf. [Reddy & Murty: On strongly regular near-rings. Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. (2) 27 (1984), no. 1, 61-64]), and that condition (ⅰ) of Reddy and Murty's property $(^{\ast})$ follows from strong reducedness. Also, we will investigate some characterizations of strongly reduced near-rings and their properties. Using strong reducedness, we characterize left strongly regular near-rings and ($P_{0}$)-near-rings.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 2009

The optimized structures and vibrational frequencies for $Ca^+-(CO)_n$ and $Ca^+-(CO_2)_n$ (n=1,2) complexes were calculated with MP2 and B3LYP methods employing 6-311++G(2d,p) basis sets. Also the binding energies were investigated for all complexes to compare the stabilities. For $Ca^+-(CO)_n$ C-bonded complexes are more stable than O-bonded complexes. Two stable conformations, linear and $C_{2v}$ form, are possible for $Ca^+-(CO)_2$ complexes and the $C_{2v}$ form is more stable than the linear form. $Ca^+-(CO_2)_2$ also has two possible conformations and linear form has slightly lower energy than $C_{2v}$ form.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.617-626
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• 2003

This experiment employed a rumen simulated continuous culture system to examine the possibility of improving the rumen bypass of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by using a high proportion of concentrate in the feed, and compared soya and linseed in terms of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. No effect of type of fat source was observed on ruminal fermentation. A high proportion of concentrate (80%) in the feed decreased (P<0.001) vessel pH but increased (P<0.01) ammonia nitrogen, total VFA, acetate, butyrate and valerate concentrations compared with a low proportion (40%). Fat sources (soya vs. linseed) and concentrate ratio in the feed did not affect digestibilities of organic matter (OM), total nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Soya increased the flows of trans C18:1, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 compared with linseed. The difference in fat source alone did not affect the flow of CLA but this was increased when high levels of soya and linseed were associated with a high proportion of concentrate in the feed. There was no effect of fat source on biohydrogenation of C18:1 n-9 and C18:2 n-6, but biohydrogenation of C18:3 n-3 and total C18 PUFA was higher with the linseed than with the soya treatment. A high proportion of concentrate decreased biohydrogenation of C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3 and total C18 PUFA compared with a low proportion.