• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1977

$^{13}C-NMR$ behaviors of phenolic compounds such as phenol, catechol, pyrogallol, resorcine, phoroglucine and hydroquinone were studied. From the study on the effects of OH-substitution on benzene and its dervatives it was found that the additivity rule can be applied to the ortho-and para-effect but not to the meta-effect for the OH-function. The empirically calculated chemical shifts regarding the o-and p-effects coincide very well with the results of measurement. The chemical shifts of the phenolic compounds can be classified into three types. 1) Catechol-type C-1 and C-2 145 ppm C-3 and C-6 116-107 ppm 2) Pyrogallol-type C-1 132ppm C-2 and C-6 146ppm C-3 and C-5 106ppm 3) Resorcin-type C-1 and C-3 159ppm C-2 103-95ppm C-4 and C-6 107ppm

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1055-1063
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• 1990

The early hydration characteristics of the system $C_3S-C_3A-C_4AF$ according to the clinker composition variations, in order to establish the mutual interactionof clinker minerals during the portland cement hydration, have been studied. The early hydration rate of $C_3S$ was greatly effected by the change of $C_3S/C_3A$ ratio. The lower the $C_3S/C_3A$ ratio was, the faster the apex reaching time and the rate of heat liberation of the 2nd exothermic peak originating from the formation of $Ca(OH)_2$ were. The effect of $C_3S/C_3A$ ration on the amounts of $Ca(OH)_2$ formation was decreased, in process of hydration time, but the effect of $C_3S$ content was increased.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.345-362
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• 2023

Anthracnose, caused by the Colletotrichum genus, comprises a significant number of plant pathogens and poses a major threat to fruit production worldwide, including South Korea. Colletotrichum species were identified associated with anthracnose in fruits such as apple, persimmon, plum, peach, jujube, walnut, and grape. A polyphasic approach, including morphology, multigene phylogenetics, and pathogenicity testing, was used. Additionally, the in-vitro sensitivity of identified Colletotrichum species to common fungicides was also evaluated. A total of nine Colletotrichum species within two complexes, namely gloeosporioides and acutatum, have been identified as the causal agents of anthracnose in common fruits in South Korea. In the gloeosporioides complex, we found Colletotrichumaenigma, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. horii, C. siamense, and C. viniferum. Meanwhile, in the acutatum complex, C. fioriniae, C. nymphaeae, and C. orientalis were identified. Notably, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. fioriniae, and C. nymphaeae were reported for the first time from apple, C. siamense, C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae from plum, C. siamense, C. fructicola, and C. fioriniae frompeach, C. siamense and C. horii from persimmon, C. fioriniae from Omija (Schisandra), C. orientalis from walnut, C. nymphaeae from jujube, and C. aenigma, C. fructicola, and C. siamense fromgrape. Fungicide sensitivity tests revealed significant variation in the EC₅₀ values among specific Colletotrichum species when exposed to different fungicides. Moreover, the same Colletotrichum species isolated from different host plants displayed varying sensitivity to the same fungicide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1694-1699
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• 2011

The quality characteristics and physiological effects of chunggukjang fermented naturally (NF-c), with Bacillus subtilis-SKm (BS-c), with Bacillus subtilis HJ18-4 (BH-c), and with Bacillus subtilis KCCM 42923 (BK-c) were investigated. The characteristics of fermentation were determined by protease, ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\gamma}$-GTP activities, and additionally the amounts of amino-type and ammonia-type nitrogens. BS-c showed the highest protease, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and ${\gamma}$-GTP activities, and also amino-type nitrogen content among the four types of chunggukjang. The ammonia-type nitrogen content in BS-c was similar to that of BK-c and NF-c. BH-c showed the lowest enzyme activities and amino-type and ammonia-type nitrogen content. BS-c, BH-c, BK-c, and NF-c showed a similar overall acceptability during sensory evaluation. BS-c also showed the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging and anti-proliferative activities in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. These results suggested that B. subtilis-SKm was suitable to be used as a starter to enhance the quality and effects of chunggukjang.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2014

This feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different dietary cadmium levels on growth and tissue cadmium content in juvenile parrotfish, Oplegnathus fasciatus, using cadmium chloride ($CdCl_2$) as the cadmium source. Fifteen fish averaging $5.5{\pm}0.06$ g (mean${\pm}$SD) were randomly distributed into each of twenty one rectangular fiber tanks of 30 L capacity. Each tank was then randomly assigned to one of three replicates of seven diets containing 0.30 ($C_0$), 21.0 ($C_{21}$), 40.7 ($C_{41}$), 83.5 ($C_{83}$), 162 ($C_{162}$), 1,387 ($C_{1,387}$) and 2,743 ($C_{2,743}$) mg cadmium/kg diet. At the end of sixteen weeks of feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed $C_{21}$ were significantly higher than those of fish fed $C_{83}$, $C_{162}$, $C_{1,387}$ and $C_{2,743}$ (p<0.05). Weight gain, SGR and FE of fish fed $C_0$, $C_{21}$ and $C_{41}$ were significantly higher than those of fish fed $C_{162}$, $C_{1,387}$ and $C_{2,743}$. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed $C_0$, $C_{21}$ and $C_{41}$ were significantly higher than those of fish fed $C_{1,387}$ and $C_{2,743}$. Average survival of fish fed $C_0$, $C_{21}$, $C_{41}$ and $C_{162}$ were significantly higher than that of fish fed $C_{2,743}$. Tissue cadmium concentrations increased with cadmium content of diets. Cadmium accumulated the most in liver, followed by gill and then muscle. Muscle, gill and liver cadmium concentrations of fish fed $C_0$, $C_{21}$, $C_{41}$ and $C_{83}$ were significantly lower than those of fish fed $C_{162}$, $C_{1,387}$ and $C_{2,743}$. Based on the ANOVA results of growth performance and tissue cadmium concentrations the safe dietary cadmium level could be lower than 40.7 mg Cd/kg diet while the toxic level could be higher than 162 mg Cd/kg diet.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2006

Thirty-nine strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and 5 strains of C. acutatum stored in Korean Agricultural Culture Collection(KACC) were re-identified based on molecular characteristics of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and partial $\beta$-tubulin gene and cultural characteristics on potato dextrose agar(PDA) and Benomyl-added PDA. As the results, 19 strains were identified as C. acutatum with 13 strains of group A2, 5 strains of group A3, and 1 strain of group A4. In addition, 20 strains were identified as C. gloeosporioides with 18 strains of ribosomal DNA group(RG) 4 and 2 strains of RG6. The rest were identified as C. boninense RG5(2 strains), C. coccodes RG2(2 strains), and C. dematium RG12(1 strain). Out of domestic 31 strains, 12 strains were identified as C. acutatum A2, one strain as C. acutatum A3, 14 strains as C. gloeosporioides RG4, 2 strains as C. gloeosporioides RG6, one strains as C. boninense RG5 and one strain as C. dematium RG12. We also discussed taxonomy of C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum and composition of C. gloeosporioides/C. acutatum isolates from major crops in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.391-398
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• 1989

Triglyceride molecular species In some vegetable oils were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography and electron impact ionization mass spectrometry utilizing selected ion monitoring. Triglycerides were separated according to their molecular weights and their degrees of unsaturation on $25m{\times}0.25mm$ fused silica open tubular capillary column coated with a phenylmethylsilicone gum stationary phase and in an analysis time less than 13 min. Triglyceride molecular species were identified by analyzing the fragment ions having the same time on the selected ion monitoring profile . The major triglyceride molecular species in each oils were $C_{18:1}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(OLL:18.3%),\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(LLL;\;14.3%),\;C_{18:0}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(SLL;\;14.1%),\;C_{16:0}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(PLL;\;13.2%),\;C_{16:0}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:1}(PLO;\;11.6%)$ in corn oil, $C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(LLL;\;18.0%),\;C_{18:1}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(OLL;\;18.0%),\;C_{16:0}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(PLL;\;17.1%)$ in safflower oil, $C_{16:0}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(PLL;\;23.5%),\;C_{16:0}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:1}(PLO;\;13.8%),\;C_{18:0}.\;C_{18:1}.\;C_{18:1}(SOO;\;13.5%),\;C_{18:1}.\;C_{18:2}.\;C_{18:2}(OLL;\;10.6%)$ in cottonseed oil.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.427-435
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• 2008

In this paper, we give some extensions of Dunford integral and Pettis integral, C-Dunford integral and C-Pettis integral. We also discuss the relation among the C-Dunford integral, C-Pettis integral and C-integral.

• Proceedings of the Korean Ceranic Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.208.1-208
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• 2003

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.447-454
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• 1985

As a part of serial study for comparing lipid components in freshwater fishes, this work was undertaken to compare the lipid components among wild and cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus. The lipid components of cultured carp were analyzed and compared with those of wild and Israeli carp. In the content of total lipid, the lipid content in cultured carp was slightly lower than that in wild one, but similar to that in Israeli carp. The lipid contents in viscera of wild and cultured carp were 2 times higher than those in edible portion, but the lipid content in viscera of Israeli carp showed a similar trend to that in edible portion. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured carp wire higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{20:5}$ lower, and percentage of $C_{18:2}$ in Israeli carp was noticeably higher than that in wild and cultured carp. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3}\;and\;_C{22:6}$ in cultured carp were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:5}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) of neutral lipid in cultured carp was slightly higher than that in wild one, but slightly lower than that in Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the unsaturation showed a similar trend to that of neutral lipid. The essential fatty acid content(TEFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of cultured carp was higher than that of wild one, but that in viscera lower. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, the essential fatty acid content in Israeli carp was slightly higher than that in wild and cultured carp, and that in wild one was higher than that in cultured one. The w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid contents(w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid almost showed a similar trend to the essential fatty acid contents in wild and cultured carp, and Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the w3 HUFA in Israeli carp was considerably higher than those in cultured and wild carp. In the ratio (A/C) of fatty acid content(A) in cultured carp to that(C) in diet, the A/C ratios of $C_{20:5}\;w3(0.12),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.53),\;C_{22:5}\;w3(0.68)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.26)$ were much lower and in the ratio (B/C) of fatty acid content (B) in Israeli carp, the B/C ratios of $C_{18:3}\;w3(0.61),\;C_{20:5}\;w3(0.11),\;C_{22:4}\;w6(0.16),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.07)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.79)$ were also lower than the other fatty acid. Consequently, it is considered that the ratios of w3 HUFA is related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acid and growth rates of cultured and Israeli carp.